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REESE  LIBRARY 

OF    THE 

UNIVERSITY    OF   CALIFORNIA. 

Received 
Accessions  No.      >*  Shelf  N^ 


A 


FROM 

TWENTY-THIRD  ANNUAL  REPORT 

ON  THE 

NEW  YORK  STATE  CABINET  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY, 

FOR  THE  YEAR  1869. 


APPENDIX     D 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS, 


BY  J.   A.   LINTNER. 


APPENDIX    E. 

ON  CUCULLIA  INTERMEDIA  NOV.  SPEC.,  ETC.  I  BY  A.  SPEYER,  M.  D. 


IIsT   ADVANCE   OIF1  THE   REPORT. 


ALBANY: 
WEED,  PARSONS  AND  COMPANY,  PRINTERS. 

1872. 


CONTENTS. 


PACK. 

1.  Biography  of  Hemileuca  Maia  (Drury) 5 

2.  Observations  on  Melitaea  Phaeton  (Fdbr.) 22 

3.  Notes  on  Melitaea  Nycteis  (Doiibl.) 26 

4.  Notes  on  Pieris  oleracea  (Harris) 28 

5.  Description  of  new  species  of  Nisoniades 30 

6.  Description  of  a  new  Sphinx 37 

7.  List  of  Sphingidae  occurring  in  the  State  of  New  York 40 

8.  List  of  Butterflies  occurring  in  the  State  of  New  York 44 

9.  Calendar  of  Butterflies  for  the  year  1869 48 

10.  Dates  of  Collection  of  New  York  Heterocera 56 

11.  List  of  North  American  Lepidoptera  contained  .in  "  Species  General  des 

LepidopteTes  par  A.  Guenee  " 66 

12.  Notes  on  Cucullia  intermedia  Speyer 81 

E.  On  Cucullia  intermedia  n.  sp.  and  C.  lucif  uga  W.-  V. ;    By  A.  Speyer,  M.  D.  85 


(£>.) 

ENTOMOLOGICAL   CONTRIBUTIONS. 

Br  J.  A.  LINTNER 


I.  BIOGRAPHY  OF  HEMILKUCA  MAIA  (DRURY). 


On  the  llth  of  May  (1869)  there  was  found  at  Center,  Albany  county, 
N.  Y.,  a  belt  of  eggs  encircling  a  small  twig  of  Quercus  ilicifolia, 
which  was  evidently  the  deposit  of  some  species  of  Heterocera,  but 
which,  at  the  time,  could  only  be  referred  problematically  to  the 
Bombycidse. 

The  Egg.  —  Its  form  is  obovate,  laterally  and  apically  compressed ; 
its  transverse  diameter  is  .075  of  an  inch,  its  greater  conjugate  .06  of 
an  inch,  and  its  lesser  conjugate  .045  of  an  inch.  Its  color  is  reddish- 
brown  on  so  much  of  its  apical  portion  as  is  visible  when  observed  in 
the  belt,  and  yellowish- white  on  the  remaining  part.  When  examined 
with  a  high  magnifying  power,  minute  blackish  dots  are  seen  sparsely 
sprinkled  over  it,  in  each  of  which  is  a  white  central  point,  apparently 
papilliform. 

During  the  ensuing  two  months,  five  additional  clusters  of  egg-shells 
(the  larvae  having  emerged)  were  found  at  the  same  locality,  from  which 
the  following  description  is  drawn : 

Egg-lelt  (Plate  8,  fig.  3).  —  The  belts  vary  in  length  from  .25  to  .60 
of  an  inch,  and  surround  twigs  of  Quercus  ilicifolia  and  Q.  prinoides 
which  range  in  diameter  from  .08  to  .16  of  an  inch.  The  smallest 
number  of  eggs  in  a  belt  is  seventy  —  the  greatest  number  about  one 
hundred  and  seventy.  "While  resembling,  in  their  arrangement,  those 
of  the  Lackey  Moth  of  Europe  (Glisiocampa  neustria  Linn.),  unlike 
these,  they  are  not  deposited  in  a  continuous  spiral,  but  in  somewhat 
irregular  rings.  Those  of  the  first  ring  (the  first  in  order  of  deposit) 


6  TWENTY-THIRD  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  CABINET.  138 

which  is  invariably  placed  the  lowest  on  the  twig,  are  attached  to  the 
bark  by  their  sides ;  in  the  next  ring  they  are  somewhat  inclined ;  those 
of  the  succeeding  rings,  including  the  last,  are  placed  on  end,  perpen- 
dicularly, with  their  transverse  diameter  at  right  angles  with  the  twig. 
A  quincuncial  order  of  arrangement  is  readily  traceable,  i.  0.,  any  one 
of  the  interior  eggs  is  central  to  four  others,  of  which  two  are  in  the 
ring  above  and  two  below ;  to  these  it  is  cemented  at  points  midway 
to  the  apices  of  the  lesser  and  greater  conjugates.  When  the  regularity 
of  deposit  has  been  interrupted,  the  quincuncial  order  is  not  maintained ; 
but,  through  the  crowding  together  of  the  members  of  a  ring,  the 
assumed  central  egg  may  be  united  to  one  or  two  of  the  lateral  ones, 
thus  giving  it  five  or  six  points  of  union  with  those  surrounding  it. 
From  the  above-described  arrangement,  it  follows  that  an  extension 
over  all  the  rings,  of  the  lines  joining  the  eggs  of  one  ring  to  those  of 
another,  will  give  us  a  succession  of  spiral  bands  crossing  the  stem  at 
an  angle  approaching  45°,  and  making  about  one  circuit  around  it. 
The  belt  is  entirely  free  from  any  covering  of  down  or  other  protecting 
material. 

Egg  Cement.  —  The  eggs  are  firmly  united  to  one  another  and  to  the 
twig  by  a  glutinous  matter,*  in  which  they  are  enveloped  as  they  pass 
from  the  oviduct.  When,  by  the  drying  of  the  twig  and  its  consequent 
shrinkage,  the  belt  is  loosened  and  capable  of  being  withdrawn,  this 
matter  is  seen  as  rings  of  a  black  substance  surrounding  the  points  of 
attachment  of  the  egg  to  the  twig ;  but  around  the  points  of  union  of 
the  eggs  to  one  another  it  assumes  a  reddish  color. 

For  this  difference  of  color,  no  ready  explanation  presents  itself. 
Were  its  black  hue  owing  to  a  thickening  of  the  glutinous  matter  by 
its  gravitative  flow  down  the  egg  while  in  a  semi-fluid  state,  then  upon 
the  lower  side  of  a  horizontal  or  inclined  twig,  it  would  be  found  either 
surrounding  the  points  of  union  of  the  egg  to  the  adjoining  ones,  or 
collected  at  the  apex.  If  it  were  a  special  secretion,  deposited  upon 
the  base  of  the  egg  on  its  expulsion  from  the  oviduct,  different  from 
that  enveloping  it,  then  it  should  not  occur  on  the  sides  of  the  horizon- 
tally-placed eggs  of  the  first  ring,  as  required  by  their  exceptional 
position.  That  it  is  not  a  chemical  change  resulting  from  contact  with 
the  bark,  appears  from  the  fact  that  it  assumes  the  same  character  in 
the  oviposition  of  several  of  the  Bornbycidse  occurring  in  confinement 
within  paper,  wooden  and  metallic  boxes. 

*  In  many  of  the  Lepidoptera  this  matter  imparts  to  the  eggs  their  color.  Among 
a  large  brood  of  Telea  Polyphemus  (Linn.)  reared  by  me,  one  individual,  after  having 
been  pinned  and  poisoned  as  were  all  the  others,  was  found  to  have  strewn  her  eggs 
loosely  about  her ;  they  were  without  the  slightest  degree  of  adhesiveness,  and  all 
were  of  an  abnormal  uniform  white  color. 


139  BIOGRAPHY  OF  HEMILEUCA  MAIA.  7 

Experiments  instituted  upon  the  solubility  of  tins  cement,  show  it 
to  be  unaffected  by  immersion  for  twenty-four  hours  in  cold  water, 
alcohol,  ether  or  chloroform.  Subjected  to  boiling  water  in  a  state 
of  rapid  ebullition  for  the  space  of  one  hour,  it  became  softened  suf 
ficiently  to  allow  the  eggs  which  were  still  cohering  to  be  separated  by 
the  point  of  a  knife.  Upon  the  subsequent  drying  of  the  belt,  it  was 
found  to  be  as  firmly  bound  together  as  at  first. 

Oviposition. — The  eggs  are  deposited  in  the  fall,  probably  in  the 
month  of  October,  soon  after  the  emergence  from  the  pupa,  as  in  the 
neighboring  sub-family  of  Attacinae,  in  which  the  female  comes  from  the 
cocoon  with  her  abdomen  distended  with  fully  matured  eggs,  finds  her 
mate  the  same  evening  if  there  be  one  in  the  vicinity,  and  deposits 
her  eggs  very  soon  thereafter,*  or  in  some  instances  a  portion  even 
before  mating.f  While  engaged  in  ovipositing,  the  head  of  the  moth 
is  directed  toward  the  tip  of  the  twig,  and  she  probably  performs 
successive  circuits  about  the  stem,  corresponding  in  number  to  that 
of  the  egg-rings. 

Ilyljer  nation. — How  it  is  possible  for  eggs,  wholly  unprotected  as 
are  these,  to  endure  the  rigors  of  winter,  is  still  a  mystery.  Their 
film-like  shell,  no  thicker  than  a  sheet  of  delicate  note  paper,  seems 
wholly  insufficient  to  preserve  unharmed  the  principle  of  life  which  it 
is  destined  to  protect  against  a  temperature  of  zero,  and  even  several 
degrees  lower.  It  might  justly  be  regarded  as  a  wise  provision  in 
nature  that  so  very  few  of  the  Lepidoptera  are  subject  to  the  severe 
ordeal  of  hybernating  in  the  egg ;  and  in  the  few  instances  where  this 
occurs,  the  coverings  which  we  find  thrown  over  the  eggs  by  the 
instinct  and  ofttimes  cunning  skill  of  the  parent  moth,  appear  so 
admirably  adapted  to  afford  them  the  required  protection,  that  we 
might  be  excusable  if,  from  partial  observation,  we  educed  a  law  admit- 
ting of  no  exceptions.  Thus,  among  the  European  moths  the  follow- 
ing instances  occur :  The  Gipsy  Moth  (Ocneria  dispar  Linn.)  has  the 
extremity  of  the  body  of  the  female  thickly  clothed  with  downy  hairs, 
which  she  employs  for  bedding,  for  singly  enveloping,  and  for  exteriorly 
coating,  in  beautiful  regularity,  her  deposit  of  eggs  intended  to  survive 
the  winter.  The  Cnethocampa  processioned  (Linn.)  deposits  her  eggs 
in  July  on  the  trunks  of  trees,  first  coating  the  bark  with  a  gummy 
matter  extruded  from  her  abdomen,  which  she  covers  with  hairs  plucked 
from  her  terminal  tuft,  and  upon  these  places,  in  regular  order,  her 
eggs,  completing  the  operation  by  spreading  over  them  additional  hairs 
of  a  color  so  resembling  that  of  the  bark  as  to  serve  the  additional  pur- 

*  A  Te<,ea  Polyphemus  which  emerged  with  me  on  the  18th  June,  coupled  during 
the  night,  "oviposited  the  following  day,  and  died  on  the  22d  June. 
\  THOUVELOT,  in  the  American  Naturalist,  vol.  1,  page  36. 


8  TWENTY-THIRD  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  CABINET.         140 

pose  of  eluding  observation.  Ocneria  salads  (Linn.)  employs  for  a 
protection  a  thick  covering  of  a  wool-like  substance.  Dicranura  ver- 
~basci  (Godt.)  and  D.  furcula  (Linn.)  which  place  their  eggs  singly  or 
in  two's  and  three's,  also  cover  them  with  hairs  from  their  body.  Lozo- 
tmnia  rosana  (Stephens)  whose  eggs  occur  in  oval  clusters  on  trees  or 
neighboring  objects,  guards  them  with  a  yellowish  cement. 

Of  our  moths,  we  have,  unfortunately,  but  a  very  limited  knowledge 
of  their  early  history.  Of  two  species,  their  hybernating  clusters  are 
familiar  to  us,  viz.,  those  of  Orgyia  leucostigma  Harris,  a  moth  which 
has  abounded  in  Albany  during  the  last  and  several  preceding  years  to 
such  an  extent  as  to  prove  a  serious  nuisance,  even  defoliating  some  of 
our  shade  trees;  and  those  of  Glisiocampa  decipiens  Walker,  the 
imago  of  the  common  apple-tree  caterpillar,  allied  to  the  European 
C.  neustria.  Both  of  these  seem  admirably  protected  from  cold  and  other 
exposure;  the  former  —  an  oblong  mass  —  by  a  bedding  upon  the 
cocoon  from  which  the  female  emerged,  and  a  thick  covering  of  a  tough, 
white,  frothy  secretion,  as  may  be  seen  in  numerous  specimens  on  the 
trunks  of  the  trees  along  our  streets ;  the  latter  by  a  thick,  compact, 
gummy  substance  entirely  coating  the  belt  and  binding  it  to  the  twig 
of  wild  cherry  or  apple.  We  may  venture  to  ascribe  the  same  method 
of  oviposition  and  protection  to  Glisiocampa  sylvatica  Harris,  the  eggs 
of  which  have  never  been  observed  by  me,  nor  am  I  able  to  find  any 
record  of  their  observation.* 
—  The  eggs  of  the  Catocalas  also  hybernate,  as  observed  in  Europe  by 

*  Since  the  above  was  written  the  egg-belt  of  this  moth  has  been  described  and 
figured  in  the  American  Entomologist,  vol.  ii,  p.  261.  Mr.  Riley  states  that  "  with 
each  egg  is  secreted  a  brown  varnish  which  firmly  fastens  it  to  the  twig  and  to  ita 
neighbor,  and  which,  upon  becoming  dry,  forms  a  carinated  net-work  of  brown 
over  the  pale  egg-shell."  In  this  thin  covering  of  varnish  over  the  eggs  of  this 
species,  we  may  note  a  very  near  approach  to  the  naked  eggs  of  C.  neuxtria,  to 
which  species  our  American  moth  is  so  closely  allied  in  appearance,  that  were  it 
not  for  marked  larval  difference,  we  might  believe  the  two  identical. 

Mr.  Riley  has  also  communicated  to  me  the  interesting  fact,  that  the  egg-belts  of 
C.  decipiens  occurring  in  Missouri,  are  covered  with  a  coating  of  gum  much  thinner 
than  are  those  which  occur  in  New  York,  specimens  of  which  were  shown  him. 
In  this  State,  the  eggs  are  entirely  hidden  beneath  their  smooth,  thick  coating,  while 
in  those  of  Missouri  they  are  distinctly  visible.  A  figure  of  one  of  these  belts, 
from  Missouri,  is  given  in  the  American  Entomologist,  vol.  i,  p.  208,  where  the  moth 
is  referred  to  under  its  familiar  synonymical  name  of  (7.  Americana  Harris.  The 
esrgs  are  represented  as  so  entirely  destitute  of  any  coating,  that  it  may  be  ques- 
tioned whether  they  were  not  figured  from  the  shells  after  the  larvae  had  emerged 
and  consumed  most  of  the  gummy  matter,  as  they  are  accustomed  to  do,  before 
commencing  to  feed  upon  the  leaves. 

This  variation  in  the  covering  of  these  egg-belts  presents  the  interesting  subject 
of  inquiry,  whether  it  may  not  be  the  result  of  climatic  causes,  and  an  adaptation 
to  the  degree  of  protection  required.  If  it  be  so,  we  shall  find  the  covering  .diminish 
ing  in  thickness  as  we  follow  the  moth  southward  in  its  range  from  Maine  to  Georgia 


141  BIOGRAPHY  OF  HEMILEUCA  MAT  A.  9 

Dr.  Speyer,  and  in  this  country  by  Mr.  Riley.  They  have  been  found 
by  Mr.  Riley,  in  clusters,  beneath  the  bark  of  the  trees  upon  which  the 
larvae  feed,  appressed  closely  together  and  partly  overlapping,  with  no 
protection  beyond  that  afforded  by  the  shelter  of  the  bark. 

But  that  these  coverings  are  not  indispensable  to  a  safe  hybernation 
is  shown  by  the  entirely  naked  and  exposed  egg-belts  of  H.  Maiay 
and  of  the  Lackey  Moth  (Clisiocampa  neustria)  of  Europe.  The  eggs 
of  the  former  moth,  from  which  emerged  the  larvae  which  form  the 
subject  of  this  paper,  endured  a  winter  in  which  the  thermometer  in 
their  immediate  vicinity  fell  to  8°  below  zero  of  Fahrenheit.* 

Some  experiments  which  have  been  made  to  ascertain  the  effects  of 
cold  upon  the  eggs  of  insects  have  disclosed  the  fact  that  they  possess 
a  remarkable  power  of  retaining  their  vitality  under  very  low  tempera- 
tures. The  eggs  of  a  Yanessa  and  of  several  other  Lepidoptera,  were 
exposed  by  Spallanzani  for  five  hours  to  a  freezing  mixture  indicating 
—22°,  without  the  least  injury  resulting  to  them,  for  they  all  subse- 
quently disclosed  their  larvae. 

It  is  probable  that  the  eggs  are  in  reality  not  frozen,  but  that  their 
contents  continue  fluid  under  the  greatest  cold  to  which  they  may  be 
subjected  in  their  natural  exposure.  Some  eggs  of  0.  leucostigma 
before  referred  to,  which  I  had  divested  of  their  covering  and  left 
exposed  during  a  portion  of  the  winter,  were  examined  by  me  under  a 
temperature  of  18°  below  zero,  and  were  found  to  be  in  their  natural 
fluid  condition. 

For  this  extraordinary  capability  of  resisting  cold,  no  satisfactory 
reason  has  been  assigned.  Among  other  conjectures,  it  has  been  sug- 
gested that  a  spirituous  or  an  oleaginous  element  might  possibly  enter 
into  the  composition  of  the  eggs. 

Hatching.  —  The  larvae  emerged  on  the  27th  of  May,  sixteen  days 
after  they  had  been  brought  within  doors,  and  deposited  in  a  glass- 
covered  box.  Their  escape  from  the  shell  was,  without  a  single  excep- 
tion, from  the  apex,  through  a  regular  elliptical  opening  eaten  by  the 
larvae,  corresponding  in  outline  to  a  depression  previously  existing.  A 
very  few  of  the  eggs  did  not  develop.f 

Egg-shell.  —  The  shells  are  translucent,  of  a  brownish-yellow  color 
superiorly,  and  whitish  on  their  basal  half.  J^o  portion  of  the  shells, 
beyond  that  above  mentioned,  was  eaten  by  the  larvae. 

*  The  eggs  of  our  November  Motli  (OporaUa  dilutata  Albin)  —  pronounced  by 
Fitch  identical  with  the  European  species  —  are  doubtless  deposited  in  the  month 
of  November,  nakedly,  upon  the  twigs  or  buds,  as  are  those  of  its  European  allies. 

f  In  the  belts  subsequently  collected,  there  were  found  quite  a  number  of  unde- 
veloped ova.  In  one  belt,  but  one  of  the  eggs  composing  the  first  ring  had  produced 
its  inclosed  larvae. 


10  TWENTY-THIRD  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  CABINET.        142 

Young  Larvce. — When  first  escaped  from  the  shell,  they  are  of  a 
pale  reddish-brown  color,  which  gradually  changes  in  the  course  of 
a  few  hours  to  fuscous.  Their  length  is  .13  of  an  inch.  Under  a  high 
magnifying  power,  the  larva  appears  as  follows :  The  head  is  shining 
black  and  bears  a  few  whitish  hairs  of  the  length  of  about  one-half  its 
diameter;  its  dimensions  taken  from  the  case  after  its  molt  are,  length 
.032  of  an  inch,  breadth  .03  of  an  inch.  The  body  is  glossy  black 
with  minute  granulations  dorsally  and  laterally,  reddish-brown  and 
smooth  ventrally.  Its  armature  consists  of  eight  rows  of  spines  on 
the  anterior  segments  (varying  from  five  to  eight  rows  on  the  other 
segments  as  stated  hereafter)  which  are  glossy  black,  subcylindrical,. 
muricate,  in  length  nearly  equaling  the  diameter  of  the  larva,  giving 
out  at  the  apex  four  diverging  spinules  and  a  curved  ciliated  bristle  of 
nearly  double  the  length  of  the  spine.  The  spines  of  the  three  anterior 
segments  in  the  six  superior  rows  are  forked  at  about  their  apical 
fourth,  with  each  fork  bearing  its  spinules  and  bristle  as  above.  The 
anal  plates  of  the  larva  have  on  them  a  few  black  hairs. 

There  being  no  food  at  hand,  the  larvae  collected  in  a  body  in  an 
angle  of  the  box  in  which  they  were  confined.  The  following  day  the 
colony  was  several  times  observed  in  motion,  probably  in  quest  of  food, 
in  regular  procession  of  two  or  three  abreast.  On  the  30th,  after  their 
refusal  of  a  half  dozen  species  of  leaves,  oak-leaves  were  given  them, 
and  upon  these  they  immediately  commenced  to  feed  vigorously. 
Beginning  at  the  margin  of  a  leaf,  they  ate  inwardly,  consuming  in 
their  progress  even  the  larger  veinlets,  but  not  the  midrib  except  at  its 
tip.  On  the  2d  of  June,  they  had  collected  in  three  clusters  —  two 
on  separate  leaves  and  the  third  on  a  twig — and  had  assumed  their 
position  for  molting  on  a  slight  web  spun  beneath  them,  in  which  the 
booklets  of  their  anal  legs  were  firmly  implanted. 

First  molt.  —  On  the  morning  of  the  4th  of  June,  they  were  found  to 
have  undergone  this  change  during  the  night.  Their  cast  skins 
(exuviae)  were  adhering  to  the  surface  to  which  the  larvae  had  been 
attached,  and  had  not  been  fed  upon  by  them ;  the  detached  head-cases 
were  strewn  over  the  bottom  of  the  box.  They  now  measure  three- 
tenths  of  an  inch  in  length.  The  head  is  shining  black,  with  a  few 
black  hairs.  The  body  is  blackish,  and  when  highly  magnified, 
granulated.  The-  spines  are  glossy  black,  with  three  or  more  brandies, 
in  the  truncated  tips  of  which  are  inserted  a  bristle  of  about  one-third 
the  length  of  the  spine.  The  spines  of  the  two  anterior  segments  are 
longer  than  the  others ;  on  segments  three  to  seven  inclusive  in  the  two 
superior  rows,  the  main  spine  (which  is  trifid  on  segment  three,  bilid 
on  segment  four  and  simple  on  segments  five  to  seven)  is  acutely  ter- 


143  BIOGRAPHY  OF  HEMILEUCA  MAI  A.  \\ 

ruinated,  wliile  its  principal  branches  have  the  termination  and  arma- 
ture of  those  elsewhere. 

At  this  age,  the  larva  was  observed  to  carry  a  thread  with  it  in  all 
its  movements  over  the  leaf. 

On  the  morning  of  the  9th,  the  larvae  had  taken  position  for  another 
molting,  and  were  of  the  length  of  .45  of  an  inch. 

Second  molting.  —  Two  and  a  quarter  days  from  the  time  above 
noted,  or  at  noon  of  the  llth,  the  first  of  the  colony  molted  for  tho 
second  time,  and  the  entire  number  before  the  close  of  the  day.* 
A  half  hour  after  the  change,  the  head  of  the  larva  was  of  a  rufous 
color.  The  body,  fuscous  with  obscure  red  stigrnatal  spots,  and 
sprinkled  with  rufous  granulations,  of  which  there  is  a  larger  one 
laterally  on  each  segment  below  the  subdorsal  row  of  spines.  Spines, 
rufous,  with  fulvous  branches ;  those  of  the  two  superior  rows  tipped 
with  a  bristle,  often  black  and  numerously  branched  ;  the  lateral  spines 
less  branching,  and  tipped  with  longer  fulvous  bristles.  The  legs  and 
prolegs,  rufous ;  the  former  with  the  tarsus  black.  Three  hours  after 
the  molt  the  larvae  had  changed  to  a  uniform  reddish-brown  color. 

During  this  stage  of  development,  the  larvae  disclosed  characters  in 
accordance  with  descriptions  and  representations  of  H.  Maia,  which 
enabled  me  to  refer  them  to  that  species. 

Third  molting. — June  20th.f  Length  of  larva,  one  inch.  Color, 
fuscous.  Spines  of  the  two  superior  rows  on  segments  3-10  and  the 
mesial  one  on  segment  11,  red  with  their  terminal  third  black,  simple, 
fasciculate,  thickly  radiating  from  a  black,  slightly  elevated  tubercle ; 
the  other  spines  are  glossy  black,  sparsely  branched,  the  branches 
cylindrical,  whitish  near  their  tips,  and  having  inserted  in  them  a 
delicate,  acute  black  bristle.  Stigmata  linear,  tawny  colored. 

Sting  of  larva.  —  Some  experiments  made  with  the  larva  subse- 
quent to  the  molting  above  recorded,  in  examination  of  its  stinging 
powers,  which  were  first  noticed  at  this  stage  of  its  growth,  indicate 
its  possession  of  this  means  of  defense  in  a  degree  considerably  exceed- 
ing that  of  the  closely  allied  species,  Hyperchiria  lo  (Fabr.) 

A  larva  was  dropped  three  or  four  times  from  a  height  of  about  ten 
inches  upon  the  back  of  the  first  joint  of  the  thumb.  The  sensation 
did  not  differ  materially  in  kind  from  the  sting  of  the  nettle,  but  was 
more  acute.  In  a  few  minutes  the  surface  became  reddened,  and  in  a 
short  time  numerous  slightly  elevated  whitish  blotches  made  their 
appearance,  accompanied  with  a  burning  and  itching.  The  following 

*  Of  their  exuviae,  a  small  number  had  the  head  case  attached;  of  those  which 
were  separated,  nearly  half  had  the  collar,  with  its  spines,  united  to  the  head-case. 

f  About  one-half  of  the  cast  skins  were  separated  from  their  head-cases,  and  nearly 
all  of  the  cases  had  attached  to  them  the  collar,  bearing  its  four  spines. 


12  TWENTY-THIRD  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  CABINET.          144 

day  the  thumb  could  not  be  bent  without  experiencing  a  sensible 
degree  of  pain,  which  was  materially  increased  by  an  attempt  to  bring 
the  joints  to  a  right  angle.  This  stiffness  of  the  joint  continued  for 
four  days.  When  the  blotches  subsided,  small  purplish  spots  of  coagu- 
lated blood  appeared  in  their  place,  which  by  degrees  became  more 
circumscribed,  until  after  the  lapse  of  a  few  days,  when  they  presented 
an  appearance  similar  to  that  of  grains  of  gunpowder  burned  beneath 
the  skin.  These  gradually  disappeared ;  those  nearer  the  surface  by  a 
scaling  of  the  skin  above  them ;  those  deeper,  removed  by  the  slower 
process  of  absorption,  were  visible  at  least  two  weeks. 

When  the  larva  was  permitted  to  fall  upon  the  thicker  skin  of  the 
palm  of  the  hand,  a  slight  stinging  sensation  was  experienced,  and  minute 
purple  dots  were  developed,  continuing  a  shorter  time  than  the  above. 

The  sting  is  doubtless  the  result,  not  of  broken  tips  of  the  spines 
remaining  in  the  flesh  —  for  none  such  could  be  observevl  by  careful 
scrutiny  with  a  lens  —  but  of  a  poison  secreted  by  the  larva,  and  prob- 
ably injected  through  a  minute  aperture  in  the  tip  of  the  spine. 
Whether  its  excretion  is  voluntary  or  involuntary  was  not  determined, 
it  not  having  occurred  to  institute  the  simple  experiment  by  which 
that  point  could  readily  have  been  ascertained.  A  slight  motion  of  the 
larva,  apparently  a  contractile  one,  was  frequently  observed  to  accom- 
pany the  sting ;  but  this  may  have  been  either  defensive,  or  simply  the 
consequence  of  alarm  at  being  rudely  touched. 

Some  tips  of  the  spines  clipped  oif  and  placed  between  slides  under 
a  high  magnifying  power,  showed,  under  varying  pressure,  a  motion  of 
a  fluid  within  them ;  but  no  apical  opening  could  be  discovered  for  its 
escape. 

The  ability  to  inflict  a  sting  does  not  belong  to  all  the  spines  of  the 
larva,  but  only  to  those  of  the  two  subdorsal  rows  on  segments  three 
to  ten,  and  the  dorsal  spine  on  segment  eleven.  These  differ  from 
those  elsewhere  on  the  body  in  their  fascicular  arrangement,  their 
shorter  length,  the  regular  taper  of  the  branches,  and  their  tawny 
color,  as  appears  in  detail  in  the  description  given  of  the  mature  larva. 
With  this  interesting  structural  peculiarity  in  mind,  the  larva  may  be 
handled  with  impunity,  as  was  repeatedly  done  with  the  fifty  or  more 
individuals  composing  the  colony  from  which  these  notes  were  drawn, 
in  the  frequent  .transfers  which  they  required  as  they  approached 
maturity,  to  fresh  food  and  cleansed  quarters.  With  proper  care, 
the  thumb  and  fingers  could  safely  be  passed  along  their  sides  and 
beneath  them,  slowly  raising  them  from  the  leaf  or  stem  to  which  they 
were  attached  ;  but  if  attempted  too  hastily,  the  larva  throws  itself  in  a 
circle,  projects  its  defensive  armor,  and  inflicts  a  sting  which  effectually 
releases  it  from  the  grasp. 


[145]  BlO  GRA  PHY  OF  HE  MILE  UCA   MAI  A.  \  3 

Fourth  molting  —  June  28  -  29.  Length,  one  inch  and  one-tenth  • 
diameter,  two-tenths  of  an  inch ;  including  bristles,  four-tenths  of  an 
inch.  Upon  first  emerging  from  the  old  skin,  the  head  and  all  the 
spines  are  pale  red.  After  a  few  hours,  the  head  becomes  reddish- 
brown,  and  the  spines  of  their  normal  color ;  the  body  is  black  with 
numerous  small,  whitish,  oval  papillae,  from  each  of  which  a  short  black 
hair  proceeds.  The  stigmata  are  acutely  ellipsoidal  and  white. 

The  head-cases  of  the  larvae  with  the  spined  collar  adhering  by  one 
of  its  corners,  with  few  exceptions  remained  attached  to  the  cast  skin, 
in  this  and  in  the  following  molting. 

On  transferring  the  larvae  to  fresh  leaves  on  the  afternoon  of  the  9th  of 
July,  five  were  found  in  position  for  molting,  attached  by  their  prolegs 
to  the  twigs,  with  their  heads  downward.  On  the  morning  of  the 
10th,  nearly  all  had  taken  their  position.  Length,  2.5  inches ;  diameter, 
.28  of  an  inch. 

Fifth  molting — July  11-12.  Length,  one  inch  and  one-half; 
diameter,  one-fourth  of  an  inch.  The  superior  spines  on  segment  2, 
have  short,  fascicular,  tawny,  black-tipped  spinules,  like  those  of  the  two 
dorsal  rows,  encircling  their  base;  on  segments  3-11,  the  lateral  row 
of  spines  (second  from  above)  have  similar  fascicular  spinules  bor- 
dering the  upper  half  of  their  base,  as  have  also  the  two  ante-superior 
spines  of  segment  12  at  their  anterior  basal  half.  This  interesting 
impartation  of  the  characteristic  features  of  the  seventeen  dorsal  fascicles 
to  each  one  of  the  surrounding  spines,  to  a  greater  or  less  extent,  encircl- 
ing some  and  bisecting  others,  is  a  feature  developed  at  this  molting. 

At  no  stage  of  its  growth,  is  the  exuvia  eaten  by  the  larva,  as  is  done 
by  Hyperchiria  lo  at  its  first  and  second  moltings,  but  probably  not 
at  those  later. 

On  the  17th  of  July  several  of  the  larvae  descended  from  the  branches 
on  which  they  had  been  feeding,  and  gave  indications  of  having  attained 
maturity. 

Mature  larva.  —  Length  from  one  and  three-fourths  to  tTvo  and  one- 
half  inches ;  diameter,  three-tenths,  or,  inclusive  of  lateral  spines,  six- 
tenths  of  an  inch.  The  head  is  round,  depressed  at  the  clypeus,  with 
a  few  short,  brown  hairs.  The  collar  is  glossy  and  is  bordered  in  front 
with  four  of  the  eight  spines,  directed  somewhat  anteriorly,  with  which 
the  first  segment  is  armed.  The  body  tapers  moderately  at  the 
extremities,  is  fuscous,  sometimes  black,  sprinkled  with  numerous 
whitish  ovoid  spots  bearing  each  a  short  fuscous  hair,  which  are  con- 
fluent along  the  stigmata.  The  two  superior  rows  of  spines  on  seg- 
ments three  to  ten  inclusive  are  fascicular,  spreading  over  the  anterior 
half  of  the  segment,  thirty  to  forty  in  each  fascicle,  cylindrical,  tawny- 
colored,  tapering  near  their  apex  to  an  acute  black  tip ;  the  spines  of  the 
[Assem.  No.  133.]  IP. 


14  TWENTY-THIRD  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  CABINET.      [146] 

lateral  row,  the  substigmatal  and  the  ventral  (the  latter  interrupted  on 
the  proleg-bearing  and  penultimate  segments)  are  twice  the  length  of 
the  superior  spines,  of  a  glossy  black  color,  with  a  tapering  trunk,  which 
gives  off  laterally  and  apically  about  twelve  cylindrical  branches  of 
nearly  equal  length  with  the  trunk ;  of  these  branches  the  lateral  ones 
are  white,  translucent  and  mucronate,  having  the  terminal  spinule, 
black,  slender,  acute  and  of  about  one-half  the  length  of  the  branch 
from  which  it  proceeds.  The  number  of  spines  borne  by  the  several, 
segments  is  from  five  to  nine,  as  appears  in  the  following  formula : 
iA|4A  ^  w.  Ik  _».  The  stigmata  are  of  the  color  of  the  abdominal 
spots,  and  acutely  ellipsoidal  in  outline.  The  caudal  plates  and  shield 
are  deep  red,  with  pitted  surfaces  and  short  hairs.  The  legs  are  glossy 
black,  with  black  hairs.  The  prolegs  are  red,  of  the  shade  of  the  head, 
with  black  hairs  exteriorly,  granulated  interiorly,  a  smooth  glossy  spot 
externally,  and  with  fuscous  terminal  booklets.  Beneath,  a  median 
line  of  round  red  spots,  of  which  there  is  one  on  the  middle  of  each 
segment  from  five  to  eleven. 

Food-plants.  —  The  larva  probably  feeds  on  most,  if  not  all,  of  our 
oaks.  My  colony,  during  its  progress  to  maturity,  partook  of  five 
species  and  was  readily  changed  from  one  to  another.  Mr.  Walsh 
states*  that  "the  eggs  of  the  moth  are  deposited,  out  west,  on  the 
scrub  willow  and  different  species  of  oak ;"  from  which  it  may  be 
inferred  that  the  former  (unknown  to  us  under  its  local  name)  is  the 
plant  on  which  it  more  frequently  occurs  in  that  region.  It  has  also 
been  reported  to  Mr.  Walsh  as  occurring  on  the  wild  cherry  and  on 
black  walnut. 

Parasites.  —  Although  so  enveloped  in  spines  as  scarcely  to  leave  a 
space  sufficiently  exposed  for  other  than  a  random  thrust  of  an  oviposi- 
tor, our  larva  does  not  enjoy  entire  immunity  from  parasitic  attack. 
Of  a  colony  of  about  thirty  individuals  found  after  their  second  molt, 
eight  of  the  number  proved  to  have  been  ichneumonized,  and  during 
the  months  of  June  and  July,  two  species  of  parasites  were  obtained 
from  them.  Several  days  after  the  larvae  were  collected,  two  of  them, 
which  had  meanwhile  increased  very  little  in  size,  and  had  rested  fre- 
quently from  feeding,  were  found  apparently  affixed  to  a  stem  by  their 
anterior  and  posterior  legs,  with  the  central  portion  of  the  body  raised 
up  and  enfolding  in  its  curve,  a  parasitic  cocoon  lying  between  it  and 
the  stem  and  closely  clasped  on  each  side  by  the  prolegs.  The  cocoons 
disclosed  their  imagines  on  the  26th  of  June  and  3d  of  July.  They 
were  submitted  to  Mr.  E.  T.  Cresson  for  determination  and  were  found 
to  be  the  Limneria  fugitiva  (Say),  which  Mr.  C.  states  "  seems  also  to 

*  American  Entomologist,  1868,  vol.  i,  page  186. 


[147]  BIOGRAPHY  OF  HEMILEUCA  MAIA.  15 

be  parasitic  on  Dryooampa  stigma"*  An  examination  of  the  remains 
of  the  larva  showed  that  only  the  skin  was  left;  the  parasite  through 
its  consumption  of  the  entire  interior  portions  had  attained  such  a 
size  that  in  the  contraction  of  its  pupal  change,  it  had  broken  through 
the  larval  skin  ventral] y,  disclosing  one-half  of  the  cocoon,  while  the 
other  half  occupied  all  of  the  skin  except  the  extremities.  The  cocoon 
is  regularly  oval  in  form,  and  measures  .35  of  an  inch  in  length. 

Of  the  second  parasite  twenty-five  individuals  were  obtained  from 
six  larvae  between  the  5th  and  12th  of  July,  the  number  from  each 
larva  varying  from  one  to  ten.  Their  small,  white,  elongate-oval 
cocoons  were  spun  upon  the  outside  of  the  larva,  and  after  a  few  days  of 
pupation  (the  period  was  not  noted)  gave  out  through  their  apical  lid 
the  imago,  which,  according  to  Mr.  Cresson,  is  an  undetermined  species 
of  Microgaster. 

The  editors  of  the  American  Entomologist  have  had  sent  to  them 
a  Maia  larva  with  its  body  covered  with  the  egg-like  cocoons  of  some 
Hymenopterous  Ichneumon,  the  species  of  which  had  not  been  ascer- 
tained by  them,  but  which  was  probably  the  above  Microgaster. 

Pupation.  —  After  about  a  day  passed  by  the  larvae  in  traveling 
around  the  box  in  which  they  were  inclosed,  among  and  beneath  the 
leaves  with  which  the  ground  was  strewn,  they  selected  their  positions 
for  pupation.  The  larger  number  prepared  for  themselves  a  simple 
cell,  by  scooping  out  the  ground  from  beneath  a  leaf,  to  the  depth  of 
the  diameter  of  their  body  ;  a  few  buried  themselves  just  beneath  the 
surface,  barely  covered  by  a  mantle  of  grains  of  earth,  loosely  spun 
together. 

On  the  22d  of  July  occurred  the  first  transformation  to  the  pupa, 
-and  the  last  about  August  1st.  Several  of  the  larvae  died  without 
entering  their  pupal  state,  which  may  have  been  the  result  of  transfer- 
ring them  too  soon  to  the  pupa-box.  No  change  of  color  was  per- 
ceived, indicating  their  having  arrived  at  maturity ;  f  but  they  were 
presumed  to  have  attained  that  stage  when  they  descended  from  the 
leaves,  and  seemed  disinclined  to  remain  upon  them  when  replaced,  or 
to  partake  of  food.  About  forty  of  the  colony  passed  safely  through 
their  moltings,  and  assumed  their  pupal  form. 

Pupa  (Plate  8,  fig.  2).  —  Color,  black;  cephalic  and  thoracic  region 
uniformly  rounded,  with  the  exception  of  a  slight  sutural  elevation 
between  the  first  and  second  segments;  antennae-cases  and  leg-cases 

*  Some  parasites,  bred  by  Mr.  Bassett  of  Waterbury,  Ct.,  from  larvas  which  were 
identified  by  Mr.  Riley  as  those  of  Dryocampa  senatoria,  were,  upon  examination, 
found  to  be  identical  with  these.  In  the  larval  remains  from  which  they  had  been 
procured,  a  similar  cocoon  had  been  formed,  and  occupying  the  same  position  in 
relation  to  the  larva  as  those  above  described. 

f  Among  the  Sphingidae,  the  readiness  for  pupation  is  unerringly  indicated  bj  a 
material  change  in  color  to  duller  and  diffused  shades. 


16  TWENTY-THIRD  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  CABINET.      [148J 

showing  no  relief;  their  surface,  as  also  that  of  the  wing-cases,  rough  or 
crape-like ;  the  abdominal  portion,  conical  in  the  male,  and  slightly 
ovoid  in  the  female.  The  margins  of  the  three  sutures  pertaining  to 
segments  4  -  Y  have  a  plaited  appearance ;  the  next  three  sutures  are 
regularly  striated,  as  if  milled  on  their  anterior  margin,  as  appears 
more  distinctly  when  the  pupa-case  has  been  extended  by  the  escape 
of  the  imago ;  the  anterior  margin  of  the  eleventh  segment  is  promi- 
nently plaited.  The  terminal  spine  is  triangular,  flattened,  and  ends 
in  a  number  of  short,  brown,  bristly  fibres.  Length  of  the  male  pupa, 
.80  to  .95  of  an  inch ;  of  the  female,  from  .95  to  1.10  of  an  inch ; 
diameter  of  male,  .31  to  .38  of  an  inch ;  of  female,  .38  to  .42  of  an 
inch. 

The  pupa  may  be  readily  separated  from  that  of  Hyperchiria  lo 
(Fabr.)  by  the  absence  of  the  short  ferruginous  hairs  which  characterize 
the  latter. 

Imago. —  The  moth  has  been  described  and  figured  by  various 
authors  from  the  time  of  Fabricius  to  Harris,  and  its  description  at  the 
present  would,  therefore,  be  quite  unnecessary.  In  the  last  edition  of 
Harris'  Insects  Injurious  to  Vegetation,  an  excellent  figure  is  given  of  it. 
Its  translucent  crape-like  wings,  the  white  mesial  band  traversing  the 
black  wings,  the  conspicuous  red  anal  tuft  of  the  male  —  combine  to 
render  it  one  of  the  most  beautiful  of  our  moths,  and  a  valued  addition 
to  entomological  collections. 

The  first  imago  from  the  above  pupse  emerged  on  September  18th, 
a  second  on  the  24th,  a  third  on  the  29th,  a  fourth  on  the  30th,  and 
the  last  for  the  season  on  October  4th.  Of  these  six  individuals,  only 
one  was  a  female. 

Metamorphoses. —  For  convenience  of  reference,  the  periods  required 
for  the  several  changes  embraced  in  the  transformation  of  H.  Maia 
is  herewith  tabulated : 

From  hatching  to  first  molt 8  days. 

first  molt  to  second  molt 7 

second  molt  to  third  molt 9 

third  molt  to  fourth  molt 8 

fourth  molt  to  fifth  molt 13 

fifth  molt  to  maturity 6 

maturity  to  pupa 5 

pupa  to  imago 58 

Duration  of  larval  state 56 

Duration  of  pupa  state 58 

From  the  egg  to  the  imago 114 

Discrepancies. —  The  published  accounts  of  this  moth  are  so  uncer- 
tain and  conflicting  as  to  show  a  very  imperfect  knowledge  of  its 
larval  state,  and  of  the  method  and  duration  of  its  pupation.  The 
figures  given  by  Abbot  of  the  larvae  are  quite  inaccurate ;  and  he  also 


[149]  BIOGRAPHY  OF  HEMILEUCA  MAI  A.  17 

states  that  they  enter  the  ground  for  their  transformation.  Harris 
says  that  the  moth  has  been  reported  to  him  as  occurring  in  July  and 
the  beginning  of  August.  The  description  of  the  larva  given  in 
Morris'  Synopsis  is  also  inapplicable  to  it.  In  a  notice  of  a  commu- 
nication read  by  Mr.  Wood  before  the  Entomological  Society  of 
Philadelphia,*  it  is  asserted  that  the  larvae  "  went  into  the  ground  the 
last  of  August,  1859,  and  became  perfect  insects  on  October  10th, 
1860."  We  believe  this  statement  to  be  an  error,  which  may  have 
occurred  either  in  inserting  in  the  report  the  supposed  years  not  men- 
tioned in  the  communication,  or  the  transformation  of  the  August 
(1859)  larvae  into  imagines  in  October  of  the  same  year  may  have 
escaped  the  observation  of  Mr.  Wood  "  near  the  sea-shore ;"  and  he 
would,  therefore,  naturally  refer  the  moths  observed  by  him  in  Octo- 
ber, 1860,  to  the  larvae  of  the  preceding  year.  It  is  very  improbable 
that  a  transformation,  requiring  less  than  two  months  of  a  cool,  within- 
door  temperature  during  the  latter  part  of  summer,  would,  under 
natural  conditions,  be  extended  over  an  entire  summer  and  prolonged 
to  fourteen  months.  (See  note  appended.) 

Mr.  Walsh  writes  of  it:f  "The  larvae  are  at  first  entirely  black. 
When  full  grown  they  have  a  yellow  band,  variegated  with  short  black 
lines  on  each  side  of  the  body ;  the  head  and  collar  are  chestnut-brown. 
During  the  month  of  August  they  descend  into  the  ground,  where 
they  change  to  chestnut-brown  chrysalids."  Our  larvae  were  without 
the  band  and  short  black  lines,  and  the  pupae  were  chestnut-brown 
only  in  the  brief  interval  between  the  casting  of  the  larva-skin  and 
their  assumption  of  their  normal  color. 

Rarity. —  The  moth  is  quite  rare  in  the  State  of  New  York.  It 
had  never  been  taken  by  me  during  fifteen  years  of  collecting ;  and 
I  have  heard  of  its  capture  but  once  in  this  State,  an  individual  hav- 
ing been  caught  a  few  years  since  in  the  vicinity  of  Albany.  The 
number  of  clusters  of  its  eggs  found  at  Center,  without  search  having 
been  made  for  them,  would  indicate  a  greater  frequency  of  its  occur- 
rence. 

Its  rarity  may  find  an  explanation  in  the  social  habit  of  the  larvae 
during  the  first  half  of  their  existence.  Unfortunately  possessing  a 
color  in  marked  contrast  with  the  leaves  on  which  they  feed,  even  a 
solitary  individual  would  be  but  illy  fitted  to  escape  the  searching  eye 
of  bird  or  parasite  that  preys  upon  it;  but  assembled  in  a  compact 
mass,  and  feeding  without  the  slightest  attempt  at  concealment,  it  is 
simply  impossible  for  it  to  elude  detection.  Its  formidable  array  of 
spines  undoubtedly  induces  many  of  the  insectiverous  birds  to  pass  it  by 

*  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil,  1867,  vol.  1,  p.  46. 
f  American  Entomologist,  1868,  vol.  1,  p.  186. 


18  TWENTY-THIRD  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  CABINET.        U50J 

unmolested.  A  more  courageous  bird,  venturing  an  experimental 
taste,  may  find  in  the  stinging  bristles,  as  it  passes  down  its  throat,  no 
inducement  to  repeat  the  experiment.  But  as  our  cross-bills  (Ourvi- 
rosira  Americana  and  0.  leucoptera)  are  furnished  with  a  mandibular 
structure  peculiarly  adapted  to  opening  the  cones  of  hemlock  and  pines 
and  extracting  their  seeds,  so  there  are  probably  birds  specially  fitted 
by  formation  of  beak  or  method  of  feeding  to  find  in  our  repellant 
Maia  a  harmless  and  attractive  morsel.  To  such  an  one,  the  discovery 
of  a  colony  of  the  larvae  would  be  equivalent  to  the  destruction  of 
each  individual  member.  From  a  belt  of  eggs  now  in  my  possession, 
a  brood  of  larvae,  numbering  over  one  hundred,  had  emerged  at  Center, 
and  were  feeding  socially  on  a  small  bush  of  Q.  prinoides.  Desirous 
of  instituting  a  comparison  between  their  development  under  the  con- 
ditions there  existing,  and  my  colony  being  reared  in  confinement,  I 
observed  them  on  several  occasions  until  after  their  second  molting. 
Returning  after  an  interval  of  three  days,  not  an  individual  remained 
on  the  bush,  nor  was  I  able  by  a  rigid  search  to  discover  a  single  one 
on  any  of  the  several  oaks  surrounding  it.  They  had  not  scattered,  as 
they  probably  do  when  further  advanced ;  but  the  entire  colony  had 
without  doubt  been  destroyed.* 

Habits  of  the  Imago. —  The  moths  reared  by  me  manifested  a  great 
degree  of  restlessness  upon  their  emergence  from  pupa,  and  an  appa- 
rent disinclination  to  accept  the  provision  made  for  the  suspended 
position  assumed  by  them  during  the  expansion  of  their  wings,  viz., 
a  thin,  coarse-threaded  muslin  covering  of  the  pupa-box,  which  had 
been  found  well  adapted  to  the  wants  of  large  numbers  of  newly- 
emerged  Lepidoptera.  A  small  branch  of  oak  placed  in  the  box 

*  From  an  observation  subsequently  made,  we  have  reason  to  believe  that  very 
efficient  destroyers  of  these  colonies  of  larvae  are  to  be  found  among  the  "  bugs  "  of 
the  order  of  Hemiptera,  especially  in  the  family  of  Pentatomidae.  In  the  early  part 
of  June,  a  small  number  of  these  larvae  were  discovered  on  their  usual  food-plant, 
and  near  them  was  the  egg-belt,  of  about  the  ordinary  size,  from  which  they  had 
emerged.  Thinking  that  the  colony  might,  from  some  cause,  have  separated,  the 
bush  and  the  adjoining  ones  were  examined  in  search  of  the  remainder,  without 
finding  any  trace  of  them.  Returning  to  the  larvae  to  secure  them  for  rearing,  the 
explanation  of  their  reduced  number  was  disclosed  in  the  discovery  of  an  Arma  in 
proximity  to  them,  with  one  of  them  impaled  upon  his  beak  (rostrum  of  Fabricius). 
Finding  the  locality  a  favorable  feeding  ground,  he  had  no  doubt  selected  it  for  his 
abode,  taking  one  from  the  company  as  often  as  his  appetite  demanded,  until  their 
original  number  of  one  hundred  and  ten,  as  indicated  by  the  egg-shells  of  the  belt, 
had  been  reduced  to  twenty -two  (they  were  at  this  time  between  their  second  and 
third  meltings).  In  a  few  days  the  last  one  of  the  brood  would  doubtless  have  been 
appropriated  by  the  intrusive  guest.  To  the  kindness  of  Mr.  Uhler,  I  am  indebted 
for  its  determination  as  the  Arma  modesta  of  Dallas  —  congeneric  with  a  valued 
ally,  as  shown  by  Riley,  in  our  contests  with  Doryphora  10-lineata  Say,  for  the 
preservation  of  our  potato-vines,  viz.,  A  spinosa  Dallas,  and  also  nearly  allied  to 
another  friend,  Podisus  placidus  Uhler,  which  preys  upon  the  current- worm. 


[151]  BIOGRAPHY  OF  HEMILEUCA  MAIA.  19 

proved  no  more  acceptable ;  nor  were  they  satisfied  with  any  of  the 
several  objects  or  surfaces  offered  them.  Their  singular  activity  at 
this  stage  suggested  the  suspicion  that  the  expenditure  of  a  liberal 
amount  of  physical  energy  must  necessarily  precede  their  perfect 
development. 

The  same  disposition  was  again  manifested  very  soon  after  the  full 
expansion  of  their  wings.  A  large  proportion  of  the  Bombycidae,  and 
all  of  the  subfamily  of  Ceratocampinse  with  which  Maia  is  grouped, 
so  far  as  we  are  acquainted  with  their  habits,  are  characterized  by  a 
prolonged  state  of  inactivity,  or  lethargic  condition,  following  their 
imaginal  development,  from  which  they  are  not  readily  aroused  in  the 
process  of  pinning,  or  even  by  two  or  three  unsuccessful  efforts  prop- 
erly to  insert  the  pin.  But  so  marked  is  the  contrast  presented  by 
Maia  that,  unless  its  apparition  be  carefully  watched,  and  the  individual 
pinned  within  an  hour  after  attaining  its  full  development,  a  perfect 
specimen  can  rarely  be  obtained.  It  resumes  its  movements  over  the 
sides  of  the  breeding  cage,  and  the  continual  fluttering  of  its  wings, 
although  comparatively  moderate,  suffices  very  soon  to  divest  it  of 
many  of  its  slightly  attached  wing-scales ;  the  attempt  to  pin  it  while 
in  this  excited  condition  is  rarely  accomplished  without  seriously  mar- 
ring its  beauty. 

The  flight  of  the  moth  has  been  observed  by  Mr.  William  Calverley, 
of  Utica,  N.  Y.  He  informs  me  that  numbers  were  seen  by  him  from 
the  18th  to  the  25th  of  October,  in  oak  openings,  at  Kankakee,  Indiana, 
where  they  were  commonly  known  as  the  "  deer  moth."  Their  flight 
was  short,  and  usually  terminated  by  their  suddenly  dropping  in  the 
grass,  where  they  could  very  seldom  be  found,  although  the  spot  of 
their  fall  was  carefully  noted,  and  immediate  search  instituted.  Several 
were  taken  by  him,  by  striking  them  down  during  flight  with  his  hat. 

Geographical  range.  —  Our  knowledge  upon  this  point  is  not  very 
full.  It  is  known  to  extend  from  Maine  through  each  of  the  sea-board 
States  to  Georgia.  In  its  western  distribution,  we  have  it  reported 
from  Indiana,  Illinois,*  Missouri  f  and  lowa.J 

Synonymy.  —  In  the  following  table  the  principal  authors  only,  who 
have  described  or  written  of  this  species,  are  cited,  omitting  several 
minor  references  occurring  in  our  scientific  journals  and  other  pub- 
lications : 

Phalcena  (Bombyx}  Maia  Drury.     Illus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1773,  II,  p.  42,  pi.  24,  f.  3,  $ . 
Bombyx  Proserpina  Fabr.     Syst.  Ent.,  1775,  p.  561,  n.  17. 
Phalcena  Maja  Cramer.     Pap.  Exot.,  1776,  II,  pi.  98,  p.  3,  f.  A,  $ . 
Bombyx  Proserpina  Grmel.     Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  1788-93,  n.  2407. 
Bombyx  Proserpina  Fabr.     Spec.  Ins.,  1781,  II,  p.  173,  n.  31. 

*  The  American  Entomologist,  vol.  i,  p.  186.        f  Ib.  p.  247.        $  Ib.  p.  252. 


20  TWENTY-THIRD  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  CABINET.       [152] 

Bombyx  Proserpina  Fabr.     Mant.  Ins.,  1787,  II,  p.  110,  n.  35. 

Bombyx  Proserpina  Fabr.     Ent.  Syst.  em.,  1792,  III,  p.  419,  n.  40. 

Bombyx  Proserpina  Pal.  Bauv.     Ins.  Af.  Amer.  Lep.,  1786-97,  pi.  24,  figs.  2,  3. 

Bombyx  Proserpina  Olivier :  in  Enc.  Method.  Hist.  Nat.  Ins.,  1789,  V,  p.  37,  n.  48. 

Phalcena  Proserpina  Smith.     Sm.-Abb.  Lep.  Ins.  Geor.,  1797,  II,  p.  99,  pi.  50,  $  ,  $  . 

Saturnia  Maia  Hiibner.     Yerz.  Schm..  1816,  p.  157. 

Saturnia  Proserpina  F.     Harr.  Cat.  An.  and  PI.  Mass.,  1835,  p.  72. 

Saturnia  Maia  Westw.-Drur.     Illus.  Exot.  Ent.,  1837,  II,  p.  45,  pi.  24,  f.  3,  $ . 

Saturnia  Maia  Drur.     Harr.  Eep.  Ins.  Mass.,  1841,  p.  285. 

Saturnia  Maia  Duncan.     Nat.  Lib.,  1845,  XXXII,  p.  154,  pi.  16,  f.  1. 

Saturnia  Maia  Dmr.     Harr.  Treat.  Ins.  New  Eng.,  1852,  p.  305. 

Saturnia  Maia  Emm.  Agric.  N.  Y.,  1854,  V,  p.  231,  pi.  39,  figs.  2,  3,  $ ,  $ . 

H&mileuca  Maia  Walker.     Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.,  1855,  v.  VI. 

Saturnia  Maia  Drur.     Morr.  Synop.  Lep.  N.  A.,  1862,  p.  221. 

Saturnia  Maia  Drur.     Harr.  Ins.  Inj.  Veg.,  1862,  p.  396,  f.  193,  $ . 

Euchronia  Maia  Packard :  in  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Ph.,  1864,  III,  p.  383. 

Hemileuca  Maia  Gr.  and  Kob :  in  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  VIII,  p.  376. 

NOTE. —  Since  the  above  was  written,  I  observe  that  Mr.  P.  S. 
Sprague  reports  *  that  from  a  brood  of  H.  Maia  which  he  reared  from 
the  larvae,  a  portion  emerged  in  October,  and  one  deformed  specimen 
in  the  following  May,  and  that  according  to  Miss  C.  Guild,  "  of  the 
same  brood  of  larvae  all  going  into  the  chrysalis  at  the  same  time,  part 
came  out  in  October  and  others  not  until  the  following  October,  some 
lying  in  chrysalis  one  year  longer  than  others."  This  statement  of 
Miss  Guild  conforms  to  that  of  Mr.  Wood,  previously  cited,  but  it 
seems  so  remarkable  that  a  moth  should  have  three  distinct  periods  of 
emergence,  viz.,  September -October,  May- June  and  October  of  the 
following  year,  that  we  are  not  prepared  to  receive  it  as  an  accepted 
portion  of  the  history  of  our  insect,  without  additional  confirmatory 
evidence.  It  is  not  very  rare  among  the  Sphingidae  for  a  pupa  to  pass 
over  one  spring  and  emerge  the  year  thereafter,  but  in  these  instances, 
there  is  not,  to  our  knowledge,  a  regular  previous  late-summer  or  early- 
fall  brood,  as  with  H.  Maia. 

From  my  observations  it  appears  that  a  limited  number  of  the  moths 
emerge  after  a  pupation  of  about  two  months.  Much  the  larger  por- 
tion of  the  pupae  of  my  colony  survived  the  winter.  On  June  4th, 
one  produced  the  moth;  thence  to  July  4th,  five  additional  ones 
emerged.  An  examination  of  the  pupae  a  month  or  two  thereafter, 
showed  the  remaining  ones  to  be  dead.  "While  the  number  of  moths 
produced  as  above  in  the  summer  was  the  same  as  the  number  in  the 
fall  (six  in  each  instance),  yet  the  fact  of  most  of  the  pupae  continuing 
alive  during  the  winter,  would  indicate  the  summer  as  the  regular 
period  of  appearance.  This,  however,  seems  to  be  at  variance  with 
Mr.  Sprague's  observations. 

*  Canadian  Entomologist,  1859,  vol.  i,  p.  41. 


[153]  BIOGRAPHY  OF  HEMILEUCA  MAI  A.  21 

I  embrace  the  present  opportunity  to  record  the  additional  fact, 
that,  at  Center  on  Sept.  19,  1870,  I  saw  four  specimens  of  H.  Maia  in 
flight  at  midday ;  and,  at  a  distance  not  permitting  of  positive  identifi- 
cation, what  I  believed  to  be  three  others.  Its  occurrence  was  in  a 
portion  of  the  Center  locality  which  I  visited  on  this  occasion  only, 
and  am  therefore  without  knowledge  of  its  appearance  at  this  place  at 
other  seasons  or  of  its  abundance.  The  flight  was  rapid,  in  a  direct 
line,  and  disclosed  the  same  phenomenon  of  sudden  disappearance  as 
noticed  by  Mr.  Calverly,  so  that  I  was  unable  to  effect  a  capture.  Its 
midday  flight  is  undoubtedly  voluntary,  for  in  most  of  the  above 
instances  the  moth  was  first  observed  so  remote  from  me  as  to  exclude 
the  idea  of  its  being  disturbed  at  my  approach. 

Of  the  larvae  referred  to  in  the  foot  note  of  page  150,  a  small  number 
were  successfully  carried  through  their  several  transformations  to  their 
perfect  state.  On  the  30th  of  September,  a  moth  presenting  a  remark- 
able and  beautiful  variety  was  disclosed,  which  will  be  found  faithfully 
represented  on  Plate  8,  fig.  1. 

The  anterior  wings  above  are  wholly  black,  with  the  exception  of  some 
orange  scales  on  the  discal  cross-vein  and  submedian  nervules.  Beneath 
is  a  faint  whitish  band,  one-half  line  in  diameter,  consisting  of  rather 
long  and  delicate  hairs  implanted  among  the  black  scales ;  if  the  sur- 
face of  the  wing  be  brought  in  plane  with  the  eye  and  observed  from 
its  outer  margin,  the  white  hairs  then  appear  as  a  distinct  white 
band.  In  normal  specimens  of  the  species,  this  band  on  the  lower 
surface  is  usually  about  double  the  width  of  that  of  the  upper. 

On  the  posterior  wings,  the  band  is  quite  narrow  and  only  extends 
to  the  subcostal  nervure,  instead  of  reaching  the  costal  margin  as  ordi- 
narily. The  black  of  the  basal  region  unites  with  the  discal  spot,  and 
the  white  band  is  not  elbowed  behind  the  cell.  Beneath,  the  band 
corresponds  in  outline  with  that  of  the  upper  surface,  and  at  a  point  on 
the  costa,  wrhich  it  would  reach  if  extended,  are  a  few  white  hairs. 
Expanse  of  wings,  2.6  inches. 
[Assem.  No.  133.]  20 


22  TWENTY-THIRD  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  CABINET.        [154] 


II.  OBSERVATIONS  ON  MELIT^A  PHAETON  (FABR). 


Two  males  and  one  female  of  the  above  species  were  taken  at 
Center,  July  6th,  which,  from  their  worn  appearance,  had  evidently 
been  abroad  for  several  days.  Owing  to  frequent  rains  and  unusually 
cold  weather,  the  locality  had  not  been  visited  during  the  preceding 
four  weeks,  except  on  the  15th  and  22d  of  June  —  the  latter  a  very 
unfavorable  day  for  the  flight  of  diurnals ;  the  first  apparition  of  the 
species,  therefore,  for  the  present  year  (1869)  could  not  be  noticed.  In 
a  record  kept  by  Mr.  Otto  Meske,  of  Albany  —  an  enthusiastic  student 
of  entomology,  who  for  several  preceding  years  had  diligently  collected 
the  Lepidoptera  of  this  vicinity  —  the  first  capture  of  this  butterfly  is 
noted  on  June  30,  1868,  and  June  19,  186T. 

Observing  the  abdomen  of  the  above  female  to  be  much  distended, 
apparently  with  eggs,  she  was  pinned  (otherwise  uninjured)  in  a  box. 
Upon  opening  the  box  on  the  9th  of  July,  a  cluster  of  eggs  was  found 
deposited  therein,  numbering  about  one  hundred. 

The  eggs  were  of  a  pale  orange-color,  smooth,  moderately  pyriform, 
with  a  slight  apical  concavity.  On  the  12th  they  were  observed  to 
have  changed  to  a  brownish  color.  On  the  13th,  they  were  of  a  red- 
dish-brown, and  had  developed  some  coarse  ribs.  By  the  17th,  they 
had  passed  into  a  purple  shade,  and  were  flattened  apically.  On  the 
28th,  they  had  assumed  a  grey  shade,  and  were  marked  with  a  black 
spot  at  the  apex,  indicating  the  position  of  the  head  of  the  inclosed 
larva. 

The  larva  emerged  from  the  eggs  July  29th.  Their  length  was  six 
hundredths  of  an  inch.  The  head  was  round  and  of  a  glossy  black ; 
the  body  of  a  dull,  pale  green,  bearing  some  short,  whitish  hairs 
Their  motions  were  very  sprightly.  Showing  a  disposition  to  leave  the 
stem  of  Chelone  gldbra  on  which  they  had  been  placed  and  commenced 
to  feed,  they  were  inclosed  in  a  small  tin  box,  with  a  few  of  the  tender, 
terminal  leaves. 

On  the  6th  of  August  occurred  their  first  molting.  The  larvae  now 
measured  one-tenth  of  an  inch  in  length.  The  head  was  shining  black, 
and  bilobed,  and  the  collar  was  also  black  ;  the  body  of  a  pale  brown 
shade,  with  rows  of  short  black  spines,  and  with  scattered  whitish  hairs. 
Of  the  large  number  of  eggs  deposited,  but  twenty  larvae  remained  at 
this  date,  and  the  dead  bodies  of  several  others  were  lying  in  the  box. 


[155]  OBSERVATIONS  ON  MELITJEA  PHAETON.  23 

The  larvae  fed  on  the  lower  portion  of  the  leaf  (leaving  the  upper 
cuticle),  within  a  web  which  they  had  spun  beneath  it  and  extending 
thence  a  short  distance  to  the  side  of  the  box,  within  which  they  could 
be  seen  at  rest  or  diligently  employed  in  adding  to  the  web. 

The  second  molting  commenced  on  the  12th  of  August,  and  was 
completed  on  the  14th.  The  length  of  the  larvae  was  now  one-fourth 
of  an  inch.  Head  black,  subcordate,  with  black  hairs ;  the  body  yellow- 
brown,  darker  at  the  extremities,  with  seven  rows  of  black  spines 
having  conical  trunks  and  numerous  fine  branches. 

When  about  in  readiness  for  their  third  molting,  they  had  attained 
a  length  of  four-tenths  of  an  inch,  and  a  diameter  of  seven-hundredths 
of  an  inch  centrally,  with  attenuated  extremities.  The  anal  and  the 
two  anterior  segments  are  now  black,  and  the  third  partially  so; 
the  rest  of  the  body  is  of  a  clear  brown,  with  the  incisures  and  two 
narrow  bands  on  each  segment,  black.  The  spines  of  the  dorsal  row 
are  small ;  in  the  next  row  (subdorsal)  they  are  large  and  placed  on  an 
extended  black  base;  in  the  next  (lateral)  they  are  slightly  larger 
than  the  dorsal,  and  like  them,  are  located  on  the  anterior  of  the  seg- 
ment; those  of  the  next  (substigmatal)  row  are  of  the  size  of  the 
subdorsal  and  correspondingly  located  on  the  posterior  of  the  segment. 
Some  of  the  spines  of  the  posterior  extremity  of  the  body  are  branchless. 

August  20th,  the  larvae  were  transferred  to  stems  of  Chelone  within 
a  glass  jar,  when  they  at  once  commenced  spinning  a*  web  between 
some  leaves,  but  not  drawing  them  together.  On  the  22d,  some  of 
their  exuviae  were  observed  in  the  web,  indicating  a  molting  (the  third) 
of  some  of  their  number.  Although  fresh  leaves  were  several  times 
given  them,  they  partook  of  no  food  after  their  removal  to  the  jar,  nor, 
judging  from  the  condition  of  the  leaves,  had  they  eaten  for  a  few  days 
prior  to  their  removal  —  perhaps  not  after  they  had  attained  the  period 
just  preceding  their  third  molt.  Toward  the  last  of  the  month,  some 
of  the  larvae  died,  and  by  the  middle  of  September  none  remained 
alive. 

From  the  above  observations,  and  from  similar  ones  on  M.  Nycteis^ 
we  may  conclude  that  these  two  Melitaeas,  at  least,  hybernate  without 
attaining  any  considerable  size,  and  probably  after  their  third  molting. 
It  would  seem,  that,  in  preparing  for  their  hybernation,  they  collect 
within  a  slight  web  spun  between  a  couple  of  leaves,  in  which  shelter 
they  remain,  and  fall  with  the  leaves  to  the  ground.  An  additional 
covering  of  leaves  above  them  would  secure  the  amount  of  moisture 
necessary  for  their  preservation,  and  serve  to  shield  them  from  the 
winds  and  frosts  of  autumn,  until  the  snows  of  winter  throw  over  them 
a  protecting  mantle.  About  the  20th  of  May  (inferring  from  larval 
observations  on  M.  Nycteis]  the  larva  awakens  from  its  protracted 
repose  of  from  eight  to  nine  months  duration,  and  seeks  its  food.  As 


24  TWENTY-THIRD  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  CABINET.      [156] 

its  proper  food-plant  can  hardly  have  made  its  appearance  thus  early 
in  the  season,  some  other  plant  probably  serves  its  purpose.* 

Yery  many  of  the  larvae  inevitably  perish  during  the  long  period  of 
their  lethargic  condition  and  consequent  abstinence  from  food,  in  which 
interval  they  are  necessarily  subjected  to  trying  vicissitudes  of  tem- 
perature, to  various  hygrometrical  conditions,  and  to  destruction  from 
many  foes.  When  to  these  we  add  the  increased  danger  to  which  they 
are  exposed  during  the  earlier  stages  of  their  existence,  it  will  not  be  a 
matter  of  surprise,  that,  of  the  eggs  deposited,  so  small  a  proportion  — 
estimated  at  from  one  to  four  per  cent,  as  the  seasons  may  prove  more 
or  less  favorable  —  attain  the  perfect  state. 

In  localities  where  the  butterfly  occurs  in  any  considerable  numbers, 
the  young  larvae  could  doubtless  be  easily  found  upon  its  food-plant. 
On  some  stems  of  Ohelone  glabra  gathered  on  the  28th  of  July,  at 
Center,  from  the  ditch  beside  the  New  York  Central  Railroad,  and 
placed  beneath  an  inverted  jar  to  retain  them  in  condition  for  food, 
eight  days  thereafter  six  of  the  larvae,  in  readiness  for  their  first  molt- 
ing, were  discovered  feeding  on  the  lower  surface  of  a  leaf  where  it 
rested  against  the  glass. 

This  species  presents  a  notable  illustration  of  the  localization  of 
certain  insects,  several  other  examples  of  which,  in  connection  with  the 
Center  locality,  although  less  marked,  will  be  referred  to  in  future 
notes.  While  this  prolific  collecting  field,  as  limited  by  almost 
fruitless  explorations  of  adjacent  territory,  embraces  a  tract  of  about 
three-fourths  of  a  mile  square,  the  Phaeton  habitat  proper  has  a  radius 
of  but  one-eighth  of  a  mile,  with  an  occasional  elliptical  extension  to 
one-fourth  of  a  mile  in  diameter.  Its  central  point  is  the  extension  of 
a  swamp  over  a  seldom  traveled  road,  where  a  few  inches  of  water  is 
found  throughout  the  summer.  Upon  the  wet  sands  adjacent,  the  but- 
terfly can  usually  be  met  with  during  its  season,  often  in  little  com- 
panies, sipping  the  moisture  from  the  ground,  after  the  habit  of  O. 
Philodice,  and,  when  alarmed,  flying  for  a  short  distance  and  then 
alighting  in  the  surrounding  bushes.  Beyond  these  limits  the  species 

*  It  has  been  reared  by  Mr.  Scudder  on  the  black  currant,  and  has  been  taken  by 
him  on  the  barberry  (Berberis  Canadensis).  He  also  records  it  as  having  been  seen  by 
Dr.  A.  S.  Packard,  Jr.,  feeding  on  Aster,  Viburnum  dentalium  [dentatum?]  and 
Corylus  Americana. 

It  is  also  reported  in  the  Canadian  Entomologist,  vol.  ii,  p.  36,  as  having  been 
found  in  West  Virginia  by  Mr.  J.  L.  Mead,  within  close  webs,  attached  to  Iron  weed 
( Veronica)  [Vernonia  ?]  and  a  species  of  Solidago  —  in  one  instance  a  web  being 
attached  to  the  two  plants. 

The  English  Melitaeas  feed  on  various  species  of  germander  (Teucrium),  speedwell 
( Veronica),  cow- wheat  (Melampyruri),  plaintain  (Plantago),  and  other  low-growing 
plants ;  most  of  them  are  confined  to  one  food-plant,  but  others  are  equally  common 
on  three  or  four  different  species. — Newman's  British  Butterflies. 


[157]  OBSERVATIONS  ON  MELIT^EA  PHAETON.  25 

has  not  been  observed,  during  five  years  of  frequent  visits  to  this 
locality  by  Mr.  Peck  and  Mr.  Meske.  One  specimen  has  been  taken 
by  the  former  in  Sandlake,  N.  Y.  It  has  also  been  captured  near 
Utica,  N.  Y.  I  have  not  met  with  it  at  Schoharie,  !N".  Y.,  nor  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Albany  except  at  Center,  although  its  favorite  food- 
plant  is  of  common  occurrence  in  this  vicinity. 

While  the  genus  Melitsea,  as  recently  restricted  by  Edwards,*  is  only 
represented  east  of  the  Mississippi  river  by  the  single  species  Phaeton 
(our  smaller  Melitseas  being  placed  by  him  in  the  genus  Phyciodes  of 
Hiibner),  it  is  interesting  to  note,  as  illustrative  of  faunal  distribution, 
its  full  representation  in  our  western  States  and  territories.  Of  the 
seventeen  other  species  recorded  as  congeneric,  one  is  from  Texas,  one 
is  credited  to  Colorado  only,  one  to  Oregon  only,  one  to  Alaska,  and 
thirteen  occur  in  California  (of  which  number  three  are  also  found  in 
Colorado,  in  Nevada  and  in  Oregon). 

*  Synopsis  of  North  American  Butterflies,  pp.  15, 16. 


26  TWENTY-THIRD  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  CABINET.      [158] 


III.  NOTES  ON  MELITHA  NTCTEIS  (DOUBL). 


On  June  15th  two  larvae  of  this  species  were  collected  in  different 
localities  at  Center  feeding  on  Helictnihus  divaricatus  L.  They  were 
of  the  length  respectively  of  .75  and  .80  of  an  inch.  The  head  was 
cordate,  broadest  at  the  summit,  of  a  glossy  black  shade,  with  numer- 
ous blackish  hairs  of  unequal  length.  The  body  was  reddish-brown, 
with  a  few  gray  dots ;  laterally  with  a  broad  testaceous  stigmatal  stripe, 
embracing  the  stigmata  and  the  substigmatal  row  of  spines.  The  spines 
were  rufous,  black-tipped,  thickly  verticillated  with  black  bristles ;  on 
the  first  segment  are  three  dorsal  granulations,  a  substigmatal  spine, 
and  some  clusters  of  short  hairs  projecting  over  the  head;  on  seg- 
ments 4  to  11,  a  dorsal  row  of  spines,  the  latter  segment  bearing  two 
dorsal  spines ;  on  segments  2  to  11,  a  subdorsal,  a  lateral  and  a  substig- 
matal row  of  similar  spines ;  on  segment  12,  two  subdorsal  spines  and 
an  anal,  ovate,  blackish  tubercle ;  above  the  legs  and  prolegs,  a  row  of 
short  spines,  with  sparse  tawny  hairs.  Stigmata  oval,  blackish.  Legs 
black ;  prolegs  rufous. 

On  the  morning  of  the  18th  one  of  the  larvae  was  found  resting  on 
the  upper  surface  of  a  leaf  in  position  for  molting.  The  following 
morning  (19th)  it  was  observed  to  have  molted  during  the  night,  and 
had  resumed  its  feeding.  Instead  of  the  broad  stigmatal  stripe,  there 
was  now  a  narrow  substigmatal  one,  embracing  the  substigmatal  row 
of  spines ;  above,  in  range  with  the  stigmata,  some  scattered  rufous 
dots.  Body  superiorly  fuscous ;  spines  reddish-brown.  Prolegs  rufes- 
cent ;  legs  black. 

The  mature  larva  measures  .95  of  an  inch.  Its  color  is  fuscous,  with 
white  dots  on  the  annulets.  The  bases  of  the  spines  are  glossy  black. 
The  substigmatal  stripe  is  rufous ;  and  the  stigmatal  rufous  spots, 
with  the  adjacent  papillae,  form  an  interrupted  stripe.  The  stig- 
mata are  black  and  broadly  oval.  On  the  21st  of  June,  the  more 
advanced  of  the  two  larvae  (the  other  was  sent  to  a  correspondent  that 
a  drawing  might  be  made  of  it)  was  found  changed  to  a  chrysalis, 
attached  by  its  anal  spine  to  the  margin  of  the  under  side  of  a  leaf. 

The  chrysalis  (Plate  8,  fig.  14)  was  .44  of  an  inch  in  length.  Color 
fuscous,  with  white  markings  on  the  wing-cases,  especially  at  their 
bases,  and  at  the  bases  of  the  spines  posteriorly,  covering  most  of  the 
4th  and  5th  segments ;  on  the  thoracic  projection  which  is  rounded 


[1 59]  NOTES  ON  MELITJEA  NYCTEIS.  27 

and  moderately  elevated,  are  five  subtriangular  white  spots  (of  which 
two  mark  protuberances),  radiating  from  its  center ;  stigmatal  region  ru- 
fescent.  The  head-case  is  slightly  excavated  in  front.  The  spines  are 
short,  not  acute,  three  each  on  the  6th,  9th,  10th  and  llth  segments, 
and  five  on  the  7th  and  8th ;  terminal  segment  recurved,  so  that  the 
body  of  the  chrysalis  forms  a  right  angle  with  the  short  spine  by 
which  it  is  suspended. 

The  imago  from  the  above  emerged  July  1st,  after  a  pupal  period 
of  ten  days. 

On  the  20th  of  August  some  young  larvae  (a  colony)  were  found  at 
Center  clustered  on  a  leaf  of  H.  divaricatus,  of  which  they  had  eaten 
the  upper  portion.  From  their  appearance,  they  doubtless  pertained  to 
Melitsea,  and  may  have  been  of  the  above  species.  When  alarmed  by 
a  sudden  motion  of  the  plant,  they  immediately  loosened  their  hold 
to  the  leaf  and  suffered  themselves  to  fall  to  the  ground,  with  their 
bodies  bent  in  a  circle.  After  lying  motionless  for  a  few  minutes,  if 
not  again  disturbed,  they  would  arouse  themselves  and  travel  rapidly 
away  to  some  place  of  concealment. 

When  about  to  transfer  them  to  fresh  leaves  on  the  23d,  they  were 
found  to  have  molted,  and  to  have  left  their  exuvise  with  attached 
head-cases,  within  a  slight  web  which  they  had  spun  on  a  leaf.  From 
a  comparison  of  the  size  of  the  head-cases  with  those  of  M.  Phaeton 
which  were  being  reared  at  the  same  time,  this  was  their  second  molting. 
They  subsequently  fed  moderately  on  the  surface  of  the  leaves,  which 
becoming  dried  were  removed  and  pinned  to  a  fresh  stem  of  the  H. 
annuus.  Without  leaving  their  position,  and  after  several  days'  cessa- 
tion from  feeding,  they  underwent  their  third  molting  on  the  29th. 

Although  fresh  leaves  of  H.  divwricatus  were  provided  for  them, 
they  could  not  be  induced  to  resume  feeding,  but  one  after  another 
died  and  fell  from  the  plant.  It  is  probable  that  at  this  stage  of  their 
growth  the  larvae  habitually  cease  from  feeding,  and  assume  the 
lethargic  condition  in  which  they  pass  the  winter — which  some  of 
this  colony  would  doubtless  have  done,  had  they  been  favored  with  the 
conditions  to  which  they  are  ordinarily  subjected. 

The  butterfly  has  occurred  abundantly  at  Center  during  the  two 
years  of  my  collecting  there,  appearing  from  the  middle  of  June  until 
about  the  20th  of  July,  its  period  of  greatest  abundance  being  about 
the  1st  of  July.  At  Bethlehem  (an  excellent  collecting  locality  three 
miles  south  of  Albany)  it  has  not  been  seen.  It  is  quite  rare  at  Scho- 
harie,  where  only  two  individuals  have  been  taken  by  me. 


28  TWENTY-THIRD  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  CABINET.      [160] 


IV.  NOTES  ON  PIERIS  OLERACRA  (HARRIS). 


Fifty  eggs  of  this  butterfly  were  collected  at  Schoharie,  1ST.  Y.,  on 
the  22d  August  from  a  small  patch  of  turnips  of  perhaps  twenty  square 
feet.  A  small  bed  of  cabbage  plants  adjoining,  yielded  none  of  the 
eggs,  indicating  a  marked  preference  by  the  insect  for  the  former  plant. 

With  few  exceptions,  the  eggs  were  placed  on  the  under  side  of  a 
leaf,  so  near  the  edge  as  to  render  it  probable  that  the  butterfly  in 
ovipositing  alights  on  the  margin  of  the  upper  surface,  and  bends  her 
body  over  its  edge  to  place  her  egg  on  the  less  exposed  under  surface. 
Usually  but  one  occurs  on  a  leaf,  but  occasionally  two  or  three  are 
found  so  near  together,  as  to  indicate  their  having  been  deposited  at 
the  same  time. 

The  eggs  are  ovoid  in  form,  corresponding  with  the  familiar  repre- 
sentation of  those  of  JPieris  brassica  of  Europe ;  they  are  of  a  yellow- 
green  color,  and  measure  .047  of  an  inch  in  length  (average  of  three), 
with  a  diameter  of  about  one-third  their  length.  They  are  fluted 
longitudinally,  presenting  fourteen  ribs  in  two  specimens  examined 
and  sixteen  in  a  third,  which  unite  in  about  half  the  number  near  the 
apex.  The  ribs  are  sharp-edged,  while  the  intervening  flutings  show 
about  forty  transverse  lines. 

Ten  eggs  disclosed  their  larvae  during  the  night  of  August  24-25. 
The  larvae  were  pale  green,  cylindrical,  with  some  short,  whitish  hairs, 
and  measured  .075  of  an  inch  long. 

The  emergence  of  a  larva  from  the  shell  was  observed,  and  for  a  half 
hour  it  was  seen  to  be  vigorously  plying  its  black-tipped  mandibles 
on  the  interior  surface  near  the  apex,  before  it  effected  an  opening. 
The  opening  made  with  so  much  labor  was  rapidly  enlarged  by  the 
larva  eating  a  sufficient  portion  of  the  shell  to  permit  its  egress. 
Immediately  upon  having  wholly  withdrawn  itself,  it  resumed  its 
feeding  upon  the  shell,  nearly  all  of  which  it  consumed.  It  increased 
rapidly  in  size ;  on  the  morning  of  the  26th  (twenty-four  hours  after  its 
disclosure)  it  measured  .13  of  an  inch  in  length. 

On  the  27th  p.  M.  four  larvae  had  molted  for  the  first  time,  and  four 
more  on  the  28th  A.  M.  (two  were  missing.) 

On  the  morning  of  the  30th  the  larvae  were  found  to  have  molted  for 
the  second  time ;  probably  some  of  the  number  underwent  their  change 


[161]  NOTES  ON  PIERIS   OLERACEA.  29 

the  preceding  afternoon  when  they  were  not  observed.  The  length  of 
the  smallest  was  .23  of  an  inch.  They  now  showed  numerous  dark 
colored  dots,  which  were  more  contiguous  on  the  dorsal  region,  where 
they  define  a  vascular  line  of  pale  green. 

August  31st,  A.  M.,  the  first  of  the  six  larvae  now  remaining,  molted  for 
the  third  time ;  its  length,  after  its  change  was  .31  of  an  inch.  A 
second  one  molted  in  the  afternoon  of  the  same  day,  and  the  four 
others,  by  noon  of  the  day  following,  September  1st. 

On  September  3d,  A.  M.,  the  first  of  the  larvae  molted  for  the  fourth 
and  last  time,  when  it  measured  .45  of  an  inch ;  three  were  in  position 
for  molting,  which  occurred  on  the  following  day. 

On  the  7th  two  of  the  larvae  suspended  themselves  for  their  pupal 
change,  and  the  other  three  (one  having  died)  on  the  morning  of  the 
8th.  Later  in  the  day  they  had  all  changed  to  pupae.  On  the  15th 
the  first  imago  emerged,  a  second  on  the  18th,  and  of  the  others  no 
note  was  made. 

The  transformations  of  the  butterflies  of  this  brood  are  completed  in 
remarkably  short  periods  of  time.  The  intervals  between  the  hatching 
of  the  egg  and  the  first  molting,  and  that  between  the  two  following 
mol tings,  are  each  but  two  days,  and  a  period  of  three  days  carries  it  to 
its  last  molt.  Thence  to  its  pupal  change  requires  but  five  days,  and 
the  brief  space  of  seven  days  suffices  for  converting  the  pupa  into 
the  perfect  insect.  The  entire  conversion  of  the  egg  into  the  imago 
is  effected  in  the  space  of  three  weeks.  I  have  elsewhere  shown 
(Proe.  Ent.  Soc.  Ph.,  vol.  iii,  p.  52),  that  there  are  at  least  three  annual 
broods  of  P.  oleracea,  viz.,  the  last  of  April,  the  early  part  of  July, 
and  last  of  August.  In  favorable  seasons,  a  fourth  apparition  may 
be  added  to  the  above,  in  the  latter  part  of  September.  From  the 
observations  recorded  below,  it  is  possible  that  this  last  appearance  is 
but  a  portion  of  the  spring  brood  brought  forth  by  an  unusually  warm 
autumn. 

On  the  19th  of  September  I  obtained,  from  the  same  small  bed  of 
turnips  from  which  the  former  collection  of  eggs  was  made,  fifty-three 
P.  oleracea  larvae,  most  of  which  were  nearly  of  full  size.  By  the 
25th,  all  had  transformed  to  pupae,  and  on  the  27th  one  made  its 
appearance  as  an  imago.  During  the  following  two  weeks  several 
others  emerged.  Some  weeks  having  passed  without  further  develop- 
ments, the  box  containing  the  pupae  was  removed  to  a  cold  room  for 
the  winter.  In  early  March  it  was  returned  to  a  warm  apartment,  and 
on  the  6th  of  April  an  imago  was  disclosed,  and  others  continued  to 
appear  during  the  remainder  of  the  month.  It  was  observed  that  all 
those  given  out  during  the  first  week  were  of  the  male  sex. 
[Assem.  No.  133.]  21 


30  TWENTY-THIRD  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  CABINET.       [162] 


V.  DESCRIPTION  OF  NEW  SPECIES  OF  NISONIADES. 


Nisoniades  Icelus  nov.  sp.*    Plate  7,  figs.  5,  6,  $  . 

Head  and  palpi  dark  brown,  the  latter  lighter  beneath,  and  inter 
spersed  with  gray  or  gray-tipped  hairs.  Antennae  brown,  annulated 
with  white  obscurely  above,  with  the  club  orange-tipped.  Thorax  dark 
brown,  with  scattered  scales  of  lighter  brown.  Abdomen  dark  brown, 
with  some  gray  scales,  especially  at  the  posterior  margin  of  the  segments. 

Anterior  wings  above  dark  brown,  basally  mottled  with  umber,  and 
sprinkled  with  yellow-brown  and  bluish-gray  scales.  A  continuous 
dark  brown  discal  band  (interrupted  or  much  constricted  below  the 
cell  in  J\T.  Martialis,  Plate  7,  fig.  7)  crosses  the  cell  from  the  end  of 
the  costal  fold  in  the  $  to  the  submedian  nervure,  with  fuscous  borders 
usually  obscure,  and  having  on  its  superior  half  some  bluish  hairs; 
in  N.  Brizo  (Plate  7,  fig.  9)  the  borders  are  well-defined,  black, 
and  the  bluish  hairs  are  continued  over  the  entire  length  of  the 
band.  The  submarginal  band,  consisting  of  bluish  hairs,  is  regularly 
curved,  parallel  to  the  hind  margin,  or  sometimes,  as  in  the  figure, 
slightly  receding  from  it  as  it  approaches  the  internal  margin;  its 
borders  are  well-defined  in  fuscous,  the  anterior  one  but  moderately 
sinuate  on  its  superior  half,  the  posterior  one  with  six  sagittate  spots 
superiorly  (the  second  and  third  apical  ones  more  elongate  than  in  N. 
Brizo\  thence  reaching  the  submedian  nervure  in  three  curves  similar 
to  the  corresponding  ones  of  the  anterior  border ;  upon  the  band,  between 
the  subcostal  nervules,  an  indistinct  elongated  whitish  spot  (not  in  J¥. 
Brizo].  Intermediate  to  the  two  bands,  resting  on  the  costa  and  extending 
to  the  second  median  nervule,  a  patch  of  bluish  scales,  interspersed  with 
umber-colored  ones ;  thence  to  the  inner  margin,  the  space  is  umber 
brown,  similar  to  the  shade  of  the  posterior  wings.  Along  the  hinder 
margin  is  a  series  of  umber  spots,  usually  crescentic  in  the  females, 
surrounded  by  bluish  scales  ;  behind  these,  a  narrow  dark  brown  mar- 
ginal line.  Fringe,  of  the  color  of  the  preceding  spots,  with  short  basal 
bluish  hairs. 

Posterior  wings  above,  umber-brown,  with  two  marginal  rows  of 
brownish-yellow  spots,  usually  eight  in  each,  and  two  contiguous 
smaller  discal  ones  (not  existing  in  N.  Brizo),  separated  by  the  cellu- 
lar fold ;  the  first  costal  spot  of  each  row  is  nearly  as  distinct  as  the 
others  (in  N.  Brizo,  obsolete). 

*  A  description  of  the  male  genital  armature  of  this  and  the  following  species,  has 
been  published  by  Messrs.  Scudder  and  Burgess  in  their  paper  on  "Asymmetry  in  the 
Appendages  of  Hexapod  Insects"  (Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  N.  H.,  1870,  vol.  xiii,  pp.  287, 288). 


[163]        DESCRIPTION  OF  NEW  SPECIES  OF  NISONIADES.  31 

Beneath  (Plate  7,  fig.  6),  on  the  superiors,  touching  the  discal  cross- 
vein  and  separated  by  the  disco-central  nervule,  are  two  elongate,  some- 
times indistinct,  yellow-brown  spots.  Between  the  subcostal  nervules, 
resting  on  elongate  dark-brown  spots,  of  which  the  second  and  third 
are  usually  forked  posteriorly,  are  three  grayish  quadrangular  spots ; 
behind  the  cell  are  two  smaller  ones  (sometimes  obsolete)  surrounded 
by  brown ;  between  the  median  nervules  are  two  quadrangular  gray 
spots  of  larger  size  than  the  preceding,  and  shaded  behind  with  brown : 
the  above  seven  spots  which  form  a  less  regular  curve  than  in  N. 
Brizo  $  beneath  (Plate  7,  fig.  10),  with  the  spots  less  conspicuous  and 
not  so  uniform  in  size,  correspond  in  position  to  the  submarginal  band 
of  the  upper  surface.  Posterior  to  these  is  a  row  of  grayish  spots  run- 
ning from  an  apical  patch  of  pale  blue  scales ;  there  is  also  a  row  of 
elongate  whitish  spots  resting  anteriorly  on  a  black  terminal  line. 

On  the  inferiors  are  two  discal,  yellow-brown,  rounded  spots,  and 
the  two  rows  of  similar  spots  of  the  hind  margin,  the  anterior  one  of 
which  is  preceded  by  a  row  of  elongate  dark-brown  spots.  Cilia  of 
the  color  of  the  ground  of  the  wings,  with  a  few  of  the  shorter  scales 
grayish.  Described  from  11  <$  ,  6  $  . 

N.  Icelus  is  readily  distinguished  from  JW.  Brizo,  to  which  it  is 
closely  related,  by  its  uniformly  smaller  size,  its  expanse  varying  from 
1.20  to  1.40  of  an  inch,  while  the  smallest  Brizo  in  my  collection 
measures  1.50  of  an  inch.  A  marked  characteristic  feature  is  the  costal 
patch  of  bluish  scales  between  the  bands. 

The  egg  is  of  a  pale  green  color.  In  shape  it  is  a  semi-ellipsoid ;  its 
base  is  flat  and  its  apex  depressed  between  the  tips  of  the  ribs  which 
terminate  exterior  to  the  depression.  It  is  distinctly  fluted  even  to  the 
naked  eye,  and  with  an  one  inch  lens,  the  ribs  may  be  seen  of  the 
number  usually  of  eleven,  but  not  uniformly,  for  of  nine  specimens 
examined,  one  was  observed  with  ten  ribs  and  one  with  twelve.  Con- 
necting the  ribs  are  from  thirty  to  thirty-five  transverse  striae.  The 
diameter  of  the  egg  is  .031  of  an  inch,  and  its  height  .028  of  an  inch. 
The  larva  has  not  been  observed  by  me. 

The  imago  was  captured  for  the  first  time  the  present  year  (1869), 
on  the  25th  of  May.  The  second  week  of  June  —  from  the  9th  to  the 
15th  —  it  was  found  abundantly  at  Center,  resting  with  outspread  wings 
on  damp  sand  in  the  road.  A  female  Nisoniades,  taken  on  the  7th  of 
July,  differing  in  the  much  greater  width  of  the  submarginal  band  at 
the  inner  margin,  I  have  referred  to  the  same  species.  I  have  taken  it 
at  Schoharie,  N.  Y.,  on  the  14th  of  June. 

ICELUS  (Ic'-e-lus),  in  mythology,  was  a  son  of  Somnus,  the  god  of 
sleep,  associated  with  his  brothers,  Morpheus  and  Phantasos,  in  the 


32  TWENTY-THIRD  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  CABINET.      [164] 

government  of  the  palace  of  sleep,  their  principal  duty  being  to  inspire 
dreams  in  mortals.  To  Morpheus  was  committed  dreams  relating  to 
men ;  to  Phantasos  those  concerning  inanimate  objects ;  while  Icelus 
was  charged  with  such  as  relate  to  animate  objects,  through  a  persona- 
tion of  bird,  insect,  or  other  form.  BRIZO  was  a  divinity  of  the  island 
of  Delos,  where  she  was  worshipped  as  the  goddess  of  sleep. 

The  above  described  butterfly  having  heretofore  been  confounded 
with  N.  BrizO)  the  mythological  name  selected  for  it  is  deemed  so 
appropriate  as  to  warrant  a  departure  from  the  established  custom  of 
naming  the  species  of  this  genus  after  celebrated  Roman  poets. 

Nisoniades  Lucilius  nov.  sp.    Plate  Y,  fig.  1,  ?  ;  2,  <$  . 

Thorax,  abdomen  and  palpi  dark  brown  with  a  red  lustrous  re- 
flection, the  latter  tipped  beneath  with  gray.  Antennae  reddish 
brown,  with  white  annulations  which  are  obsolete  superiorly. 

Anterior  wings  of  a  lighter  shade  of  brown  than  the  body,  and  giv- 
ing the  same  reflection.  Discal  band  interrupted,  fuscous,  obscurely 
defined  except  at  its  hind  margin  where  it  crosses  the  cell ;  its  course, 
as  in  the  other  species  of  the  genus ;  in  the  ?  ,  and  occasionally  in  the 
$ ,  resting  upon  the  outer  one  of  the  two  cellular  teeth  formed  by 
this  band,  is  a  white  hyaline  spot,  sometimes  obsolete.  The  sub- 
marginal  band  consists  of  interspaceal  sagittate  fuscous  spots,  which  are 
somewhat  squarely  truncated  anteriorly,  and  have  umber-colored  scales 
centrally ;  its  course  is  direct  from  the  submedian  nervure  to  the  sub- 
costal nervules,  whence  it  is  broadly  reflected  anteriorly  to  the  costal 
margin,  embracing  in  this  portion  four  interspaceal  minute  white  hyaline 
spots,  of  which  the  first,  third  and  fourth  are  nearly  in  line,  the  second 
and  largest  lying  behind  (in  one  specimen  but  three  spots  are  seen) ; 
between  the  median  nervules  there  are  two  hyaline  spots,  of  which  the 
inner  one  is  sometimes  obsolete  in  the  <3  ,  or  wholly  absent.  Between 
the  bands  the  ground  is  umber-brown,  with  a  few  bluish-gray  scales 
toward  the  submarginal  band,  and  a  larger  number  between  the  sub- 
costal nervules.  The  sagittate  spots  of  the  submarginal  are  bordered 
behind  with  gray  (not  in  N.  Persius),  followed  by  a  series  of 
rounded  umber  spots,  having  a  few  gray  scales  resting  on  obscure 
yellowish  spots  (these  spots  not  in  N.  Persius)  between  them  and  the 
brown  marginal  line.  The  cilia  are  umber-colored  with  a  very  few 
basal  gray  scales. 

Posterior  wings,  of  a  more  uniform  brown  than  the  anterior,  and 
more  shaded  with  red.  The  two  marginal  rows  of  spots  are  usually 
obscure,  and  of  a  yellow-brown ;  the  oliscal  spots,  which  in  Persius  are 
ordinarily  visible  as  a  transverse  line  across  the  extremity  of  the  cell, 
are  barely  seen.  The  cilia  are  grayish-brown. 

Beneath,  reddish-brown ;   the  anterior  wings  conspicuously  so  at 


[1651       DESCRIPTION  OF  NEW  SPECIES  OF  NISONIADES.  33 

the  apex  ;  the  posteriors  are  darker  and  lustrous ;  the  terminal  margins 
are  but  a  shade  lighter  than  the  rest  of  the  wings.  On  the  anteriors, 
in  some  specimens,  is  a  small  white  cellular  spot.  The  four  subapical 
hyaline  spots  are  constant.  The  median  spots  are  larger  than  the  sub- 
apical,  and  are  subquadrangular  in  form  ;  rarely,  the  inner  spot  is  obso- 
lete. The  secondaries  are  without  discal  spots.  Of  the  two  rows  of 
the  hind  margin,  the  outer  one  is  the  most  distinct ;  in  some  of  the 
darker-colored  males  these  spots  are  scarcely  visible.  The  cilia  are  of 
the  color  of  the  wings,  with  their  base  of  a  paler  brown. 

The  coloring  and  markings  of  the  sexes  are  very  nearly  alike. 
Expanse  of  wings  from  1.10  to  1.25  of  an.  inch.  Length  of  body  of 
3  ,  .44 ;  of  ?  ,  .50  of  an  inch. 

The  female  of  this  species  has  so  strong  a  resemblance  to  N.  Persius 
female,  of  Scudder,  that  the  two  are  not  readily  separated  by  those  not 
familiar  with  them.  It  is  of  a  smaller  size  (the  figure  is  from  an  indi- 
vidual of  extreme  size),  and  in  addition  to  the  differences  above  referred 
to,  the  following  may  be  noted  : 

It  is  without  the  bluish-gray  hairs  which  sprinkle  the  upper  surface 
of  the  primaries  of  N.  Persius  (and  the  bands  of  Brizo  and  Tcelus), 
and  is  also  destitute  of  the  bluish-gray  scales  of  the  hind  margin  above, 
and  apex  beneath,  of  that  species.  The  submarginal  band,  in  its  course 
toward  the  inner  margin,  recedes  less  from  the  hind  margin  than  in 
Persius ;  hence  it  follows,  that,  while  the  fourth  apical  hyaline  spot 
and  the  first  median  one  are  equidistant  from  the  hind  margin,  or  the 
latter  is  the  nearer  in  this  species,  in  Persius  the  latter  is  always  rela- 
tively the  furthest  removed.  The  sagittate  spots  of  the  submarginal 
band  in  this  are  shorter  and  less  acute. 

The  males  of  the  two  species  are  not  liable  to  be  confounded.  In 
Persius  t}\Q  anterior  wings  are  of  almost  an  uniform  fuliginous  hue,  and 
consequently  much  less  conspicuously  marked  than  those  of  Lucilius. 
The  hyaline  spots  are  smaller  and  less  constant.  Very  rarely  are  there 
two  of  these  spots  present  between  the  median  nervules;  often  the 
apical  ones  only  appear,  and  occasionally  these  are  obsolete.  The  male 
of  Persius  is  figured  for  comparison  in  fig.  3  of  Plate  7,  and  in  fig.  4 
the  upper  and  lower  wing  surfaces  of  the  $  are  given.  Fig.  3  is  from 
a  very  distinctly  marked  individual,  but  is  represented  with  too  light  a 
shade  upon  the  terminal  half  of  the  anterior  wings. 

N.  Lucilius  would  appear  to  be  the  common  Nisoniades  at  Scho- 
harie,  as  among  my  collections  made  several  years  since  at  that  place, 
a  number  of  specimens  of  the  species  occur,  with  two  or  three  each 
of  Jwvenalis  and  Icelus,  but  none  of  Persius.  At  Center,  where 
the  other  species  of  the  genus  are  abundant,  it  has  not  been  seen.  A 


34  TWENTY-THIRD  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  CABINET.       [166] 

single  individual  of  it  was  taken  by  me  last  season,  in  Bethlehem,  on 
the  30th  of  July.  The  Schoharie  specimens,  as  they  appear  in  my 
collection,  differ  from  this,  in  being  less  shaded  with  red ;  but  it  is 
probable  that  their  colors  have  become  somewhat  impaired,  through  a 
partial  exposure  to  the  light  during  my  earlier  collections.  The  colors, 
as  above  given,  are  from  the  perfectly  fresh  Bethlehem  specimen.* 

Nisoniades  Ausonius  nov.  sp.    Plate  7,  figs.  11,  12,  $  . 

Head,  palpi,  thorax  and  abdomen  reddish-brown ;  the  latter  with  a 
few  grayish  scales  at  the  margins  of  the  segments,  and  with  yellow- 
brown  hairs  bordering  the  genital  organs,  less  conspicuously  so  than  in 
.2V.  Martialis ;  antennae  red  at  tip,  annulated  with  a  clearer  white  than 
in  the  other  species,  having  the  joints  beneath  almost  entirely  white. 

Anterior  wings  above,  pale  umber-brown  with  grayish  scales 
sprinkled  over  most  of  their  surface  (more  diffused  than  in  the  other 
species)  except  on  the  fuscous  bands,  showing  especially  behind  the  sub- 
marginal  band.  There  are  two  brown  basilar  spots  resting  on  the 
subcostal  and  median  nervures,  not  so  dark  as  those  of  the  disc.  The 
discal  band  usually  continuous  in  this  genus,  here  consists  of  three 
elongate  fuscous  dashes  (appearing  to  the  unaided  eye  as  a  single  spot) 
resting  on  the  subcostal  near  the  discal  cross-vein,  extending  nearly 
half-way  to  the  median,  the  intervening  space  having  merely  an  indica- 
tion of  the  spot  which  appears  distinctly  in  most  of  the  species  as  the 
inner  cellular  tooth  of  the  discal  band ;  following  this  is  an  obscure 
fuscous  spot  at  the  fork  of  the  first  and  second  median  nervules,  and 
beyond,  the  usual  hour-glass  shaped  spot  extending  from  the  second  me- 
dian nervule  to  the  submedian  with  its  constriction  on  the  interspaceal 
fold.  The  discal  cross-vein  is  quite  curved  and  is  conspicuously  marked 
in  brown.  The  submarginal  band  of  fuscous  spots  is  doubly  curved, 
being  convex  toward  the  hind  margin,  from  the  costa  to  the  third 
median  nervule,  thence  concave  to  its  termination  at  the  submedian.  It 
consists  of  four  acutely  ellipsoidal  fuscous  spots  between  the  subcostal 
nervules,  which  are  wholly  destitute  of  the  usual  hyaline  spots,  followed 
by  three  others  of  similar  form  but  of  greater  breadth,  the  next  suba- 
cute  posteriorly,  and  the  last,  similar  in  outline  to  the  corresponding 
one  of  the  discal  band.  There  is  a  marginal  row  of  interspaceal  brown 
spots,  the  first  four  of  which  are  surrounded  with  gray  scales  and  lie 
near  the  margin,  and  the  remaining  four  more  remote  from  it  than  in 
N.  Martialis  /  also,  an  obscure  row  of  brown  spots  resting  on  the  tips 

*  The  delay  in  the  publication  of  this  report  has  permitted  a  revision  of  the 
description  of  this  species,  from  the  inspection  of  thirty  specimens  subsequently 
collected,  and  of  a  few  reared  from  the  larvae.  Notes  upon  the  earlier  stages  of  the 
insect  (egg,  larva  and  chrysalis)  have  been  made,  and  will  be  given  in  a  future  paper. 


[167]        DESCRIPTION  OF  NEW  SPECIES  OF  NISONIADES.  35 

of  the  nervules  and  extending  on  the  cilia.  The  cilia  are  of  the  color 
of  the  ground  of  the  wings,  with  a  few  of  the  basilar  scales  gray. 

Posterior  wings  above,  of  a  darker  ground  than  the  anterior,  sprink- 
led with  blackish  scales,  darker  basally,  and  with  pale  yellow-brown 
spots,  of  which  the  discal  spot  (conspicuous  in  N.  Persius  ? ),  is 
obsolete;  the  spots  of  the  submarginal  row  are  crescentic  in  form; 
those  of  the  marginal  row  are  obsolete ;  between  these  two  series,  and 
nearly  inclosed  by  them,  is  a  range  of  oval  fuscous  spots,  and  anterior 
to  the  submarginal  row  is  a  similar  range  of  sub-connected  spots.  Cilia 
light  brown,  with  dark  brown  basilar  scales. 

Beneath  (Plate  Y,  fig.  12),  reddish-brown  with  the  terminal  margin 
gray.  The  anterior  wings  have  the  fuscous  spots  of  the  submarginal 
band  and  marginal  row  as  on  the  upper  surface ;  of  the  discal  band,  the 
cellular  spots  are 'alone  obscurely  visible;  the  basal  ones  are  lost  in  the 
color  of  the  ground;  the  marginal  interspaceal  brown  spots  below 
the  subcostal  nervules  rest  centrally  on  elliptical  gray  patches,  while 
those  of  the  posterior  wings  approach  a  semi-oval  form,  and  are  pre- 
ceded by  conspicuous  gray  crescents  which  nearly  inclose  them  by 
uniting  with  some  marginal  gray  scales ;  at  the  tips  of  these  crescents, 
a  submarginal  row  of  fuscous  spots  is  obscurely  seen ;  the  discal 
spots,  so  distinct  on  the  secondaries  of  N.  Martialis,  are  here  obsolete. 
Cilia  of  the  wings,  reddish  brown ;  those  of  the  anteriors  are  somewhat 
encroached  upon  by  the  gray  of  the  margin. 

Expanse  of  wings  1.06  of  an  inch.     Length  of  body,  .45  of  an  inch. 

This  interesting  species  was  taken  at  Center  on  the  12th  of  May, 
1871.*  It  may  be  known  by  its  small  size,  being  the  smallest  yet  dis- 
covered of  the  genus ;  by  the  entire  absence  of  the  usual  white  apical 
spots  pertaining  to  all  the  other  known  species  except  JN".  Brizo  /  by 
the  quite  curved  submarginal  band  of  elongate  black  dashes ;  by  the 
peculiar  cellular  spot  and  the  brown  scales  covering  the  discal  cross- 
vein.  In  its  markings  it  approaches  J¥.  Martialis  more  nearly  than 
any  other  of  our  species. 

Only  a  single  individual  was  obtained.  The  time  of  its  appearance 
another  season  will  be  awaited  with  no  little  anxiety,  in  the  hope  that 
it  will  prove  another  instance  of  a  solitary  capture  being  the  precursor 
of  many  others  the  ensuing  year.  Thus,  it  had  excited  much  surprise 

*  If  an  apology  is  due  for  embodying  in  a  "  report  for  1869  "  a  few  observations 
made  during  the  two  following  years,  it  may  be  found  in  the  temptation  to 
embrace  the  earliest  favorable  opportunity  for  publication,  in  consideration  of  the 
unavoidable  delays  which  sometimes  occur  in  the  issue  of  the  State  Cabinet  reports, 
as  in  the  case  of  the  present  one,  which,  when  nearly  all  in  type  and  within,  perhaps, 
two  weeks  of  its  completion,  was  destroyed  by  fire,  in  the  burning  of  Weed,  Parsons 
&  Co.'s  printing  house  in  April  of  the  present  year  (1871). 


36  TWENTY-THIRD  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  CABINET.        [168] 

that  N.  IBrizo  during  several  years  of  thorough  collecting  had  not 
occurred  at  Center  where  N.  Icelus  was  found  so  abundantly,  the  two 
being  associated  in  about  equal  numbers  in  New  England,  and  elsewhere. 
In  1870,  an  individual,  believed  to  be  Brizo,  was  inclosed  in  the  net, 
but  escaped  therefrom  before  it  could  be  positively  identified.  The 
following  spring  the  species  was  not  at  all  rare,  and  several  pairs  were 
taken  in  coitu.  In  1869,  a  single  $>  Hesperia  Logan  was  secured  at 
Center,  followed  the  ensuing  season  by  several  of  each  sex.  Previous 
to  the  present  year  (1871),  Messrs.  Tepper  and  Graef  of  Brooklyn  had 
obtained  but  one  specimen  of  the  rare  H.  Massasoit,  while  this  season 
they  report  it  as  not  uncommon  on  Long  Island. 


[169]  DESCRIPTION  OF  A  NEW  SPHINX.  37 


VI.  DESCRIPTION  OF  A  NEW  SPHINX. 


Ellema  pineum  nov.  sp.    Plate  8,  figs.  12,  $  ,  13,  ?  . 

Male.  —  Head  and  collar,  umber ;  palpi  brown  ;  thorax  umber  at  the 
sides,  and  brownish-cinereous  on  the  middle.  Abdomen  immaculate, 
brownish-cinereous.  Legs  brown,  with  white  scales  on  the  femora  and 
at  the  joints.  Anterior  wings  as  long  as  the  body,  umber  colored, 
dusted  with  grayish  at  the  base,  along  the  terminal  margin  and  on  the 
principal  nervures  and  their  branches ;  within  the  cell  is  a  subquad- 
rangular  blackish-brown  spot ;  an  umber-brown  shade  is  placed  over 
the  base  of  the  nervules,  filling  the  lower  half  of  the  post-apical  inter- 
space *  half  way  to  the  hinder  margin,  entirely  filling  the  disco-central 
interspace  within  one-third  of  the  margin,  the  middle  portion  of  the 
medio-superior,  the  base  of  the  central  and  posterior  interspaces ;  the 
outer  margin  of  this  shade  is  doubly  curved,  convex  toward  the 
hinder  margin,  becoming  concave  from  the  medio-superior  nervule ;  the 
inner  margin  of  the  wing  beneath  the  submedian  nervure,  is  brownish 
from  the  base  to  its  middle ;  the  tips  of  the  nervules  are  touched  with 
umber-brown.  Cilia  umber-brown,  spotted  with  white  on  the  inter- 
spaces. Posterior  wings  above  and  beneath,  ochreous-gray,  lighter  at 
the  base.  Expanse  of  wings  1.75  of  an  inch;  length  of  body  .80  of 
an  inch. 

Female.  —  Head  and  thorax  umber-brown,  the  latter  grayish  at  the 
sides  and  in  the  middle,  with  a  short  white  line  on  the  upper  edge 
of  the  wing-covers.  Anterior  wings  broader  than  in  the  male,  and 
longer  than  the  body ;  color  umber-brown,  with  a  darker  brown  costo- 
basal  spot,  another  on  the  internal  margin  near  the  base,  which  is 
continued  in  a  dark  shade  along  the  internal  margin ;  a  similar  colored 
spot  occupies  most  of  the  apical  interspace,  and  there  are  two  within 
the  post-apical ;  within  the  cell,  a  subquadrangular  blackish-brown 
spot ;  of  the  umber-brown  shade  which  in  the  male  rests  on  the  base 
of  the  nervules,  scarcely  more  than  its  hinder  margin  is  visible,  and 
that  indistinctly ;  middle  of  the  wing  at  the  base  dusted  with  grayish 
scales,  and  the  nervules  are  also  more  or  less  dusted  with  grayish, 
especially  the  branches  of  the  subcostal  vein.  Posterior  wings  above, 

*  For  the  sake  of  better  comparison,  the  names  by  which  the  veins  and  interspaces 
are  designated  in  this  description  are  those  used  by  Dr.  Clemens  in  his  Synopsis  of 
North  American  Sphingida. 


38  TWENTY-THIRD  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  CABINET.      [170] 

darker  upon  the  apex  and  upon  the  hind  margin  than  in  the  male; 
and  beneath,  without  the  obscure  band  which  crosses  the  middle  of  the 
nervules  in  E.  Harrisii.  Cilia  white,  spotted  with  dark  umber  on  the 
ends  of  the  nervules.  Expanse  of  wings,  2.10  inches ;  length  of  body 
.90  of  an  inch. 

The  species  is  readily  distinguished  from  E.  Harrisii  (Plate  8,  figs. 
10,  $  ,  11,  ?  ),  by  the  darker  ground  of  its  wings,  the  absence  of  the 
gray  shades,  and  its  much  less  distinct  markings. 

Larva. — Length  two  inches.  Color,  grass-green.  Head  subtri- 
angular,  green,  bordered  with  bright  yellow,  within  which  at  the  apex 
is  a  A  of  black.  Body  subcylindrical,  tapering  at  the  extremities, 
and  without  a  caudal  horn.  Dorsally,  a  reddish-brown  line  inter- 
rupted on  the  hinder  portion  of  each  segment  by  a  square  of  green 
traversed  by  diagonal  lines;  a  subdorsal  yellow  line  borders  the 
above ;  lateral  stripe  yellow ;  substigmatal  stripe  white,  interrupted  at 
the  sutures  by  light  green;  ventral  stripe  and  prolegs,  rose-red. 
Feeds  on  the  white  pine,  and  matures  about  the  middle  of  September, 
when  it  enters  the  ground  and  forms  a  cell  for  pupation. 

Several  of  the  larvae  were  taken  by  me  at  Schoharie,  1ST.  Y.,  in  the 
years  1858  and  1859,  but,  unfortunately,  I  succeeded  in  rearing  but 
a  single  individual  of  each  sex.  The  larva,  with  the  exception  of  its 
characteristic  feature  —  the  dorsal  row  of  squares  —  resembles  so 
closely  that  of  E.  Harrisii  (Plate  8,  fig.  8),  that,  meeting  with  the 
latter  for  the  first  time  in  1860,  I  believed  the  two  identical,  and 
accordingly  appended  to  my  notes  of  the  former,  "  In  those  taken 
this  year  the  dorsal  squares  are  not  visible."  Since  then  I  have  not 
met  with  it,  although  the  same  locality  has  continued  to  give  me 
Harrisii,  and  in  another  favorable  locality  recently  found  at  Bath, 
Rensselaer  county,  ]ST.  Y.,  I  was  able  to  procure  of  the  latter  species 
between  the  7th  and  24th  of  September  of  last  year  (1869),  from  the 
trunks  and  branches  of  Pinus  strobus,  twenty  larvae,  while  as  many 
more  were  taken  at  the  same  time  by  Mr.  Meske. 

E.  Harrisii  is,  by  Mr.  Grote  (Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.  vol.  IT,  p. 
115),  referred  to  the  genus  Sphinx,  and  subgenus  Hyloicus  of  Hiibner, 
of  which  S.  (Hyloicus)  pinastri  of  Europe  is  cited  as  typical.  In  the 
absence  of  reasons  advanced  for  such  a  reference,  it  is  not  easy  to 
surmise  why  it  has  been  made.  The  style  of  ornamentation  in  E. 
Harrisii  and  E.pineum  differs  very  materially  from  that  of  S.  pinastri, 
especially  in  their  immaculate  abdomens.  In  the  earlier  stages  of 
the  insects  the  differences  are  still  more  marked,  and  would  seem 
effectually  to  remove  them  from  a  generic  relationship  with  the  spe- 
cies to  which  Mr.  Grote  would  ally  them.  The  pupae  in  Ellema 


[171]  DESCRIPTION  OF  A  NEW  SPHINX.  39 

(Plate  8,  fig.  9,  pupa  of  E.  Harrisii)  are  without  an  exserted  tongue 
case,  for  the  short  tongue,  not  exceeding  the  length  of  the  palpi, 
does  not  require  such  a  provision ;  in  pinastri,  the  tongue-case  is 
long  and  elevated  in  its  middle  above  the  thorax.  *  The  larval  states 
are  very  dissimilar,  the  former  being  without  a  caudal  horn,  and 
the  latter  provided  with  a  conspicuous  one.  The  larvae  also  differ  in 
several  particulars  in  their  habits. 

Mr.  Grote  (loc.  cit.)  expresses  his  opinion  that  the  Lapara  lomby- 
coides  of  Walker  will  prove  to  be  identical  with  E.  Harrisii.  It  has 
also  been  suggested  to  me  that  E.  pineum  might  be  equivalent  to 
Walker's  species.  Accepting  his  diagnosis  as,  at  least,  approximately 
correct,  I  cannot  believe  that  the  species  described  in  this  paper  has 
been  anticipated,  or  that  L.  lombycoides  wTill  be  found  to  be  a 
synonym  of  E.  Harrisii.  Walker  states  that  his  species  "  has  much 
outward  resemblance  to  the  Bombycidse,"  but  neither  of  our  Ellemas 
would  even  remotely  suggest  such  a  comparison. 

The  statement  of  Mr.  Grote,  that  Walker's  description  was  drawn 
"  from  a  Canadian  specimen  in  Mr.  Saunders'  collection,"  led  me  to 
communicate  with  Mr.  Wm.  Saunders  of  London,  Ontario,  with  a  view 
of  ascertaining  what  the  specimen  really  was.  He  informed  me  that  it 
had  never  been  in  his  possession,  but  that  he  had  ascertained,  after  con- 
siderable effort,  that  the  insect  in  question  had  been  received  by  Mr. 
Saunders  of  London,  England,  from  a  correspondent  in  Canada,  from 
whom  it  was  procured  by  Walker  for  description. 

From  Mr.  Wm.  Saunders  I  have  received  specimens  of  the  larva 
and  imago  of  E.  Harrisii,  taken  in  his  vicinity  —  the  larva  within  five 
days  of  its  pupation  at  the  date  of  its  transmission,  September  6th. 

It  is  probable  that  E.  pineum  occurs  also  in  Canada,  for  having  (in 
1864)  transmitted  my  specimens  to  Mr.  W.  H.  Edwards  for  his  inspec- 
tion, he  informed  me  that  he  had  just  received,  in  a  box  from  Mr. 
Saunders,  an  individual  seemingly  identical  with  those  sent  by  me. 

Harris,  in  his  Insects  injurious  to  Vegetation,  p.  328,  speaks  of  '  <  the 
curiously  checkered  caterpillar  of  Sphinx  coniferarum  on  pines." 
It  is  possible  that  this  may  have  been  the  larva  of  E.  pineum  which 
may  have  fallen  under  his  observation,  associated  in  the  Eastern  States 
with  E.  Harrisii  (his  S.  coniferarum),  yet  it  is  more  probable  that  it  is 
simply  a  reference  to  the  representation  as  given  by  Abbot  of  the 
coniferarum  larva  of  the  Southern  States. 

*  Each  of  the  species,  of  which  the  pupation  is  known  to  me,  which  Mr.  Grote 
refers  to  the  genus  Sphinx  proper,  viz. :  chersis,  drupiferarum,  kalmw,  Gordius, 
eremitus  (luscitiosa  and  lugens  unknown),  has  an  exserted  tongue-case  for  the  tongue, 
•which  latter  is  nearly  or  quite  as  long  as  the  body. 


40  TWENTY-THIRD  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  CABINET.       [172J 


VII.  LIST  OF  SPHDfSIM  OCCURRING  IN  THE  STATE  OF 
NEW  YORK. 


MACROGLOSSINJE. 
Sesia  Fabricius. 

1.  di Minis  Hams.     Id.  Walk.,  Clem.     Macroglossa  diffinis  Boisd. 

Sphinx  fuciformis  Smith. 

2.  gracilis  Gr.  &  Rob. ;  in  Proceed.  Ent.  Soc.  Ph.,  1865,  Y,  p.  174, 

pi.  3,  figs.  1,  2,  $  (Hcemorrhagia  gracilis). 

3.  Buffaloensis  Gr.  &  Rob. ;  in  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  1ST.  Y.,  1867, 

YIII,  p.  437,  pi.  16,  fig.  18  3  ,  19  ?  . 

4:.  Thyslbe  Fabr.  Id.  Clem.,  Gr.  &  Eob.  (in  List).  Sphinx  pelas- 
gus  Cram.  Sesia  pelasgus  Harr.  Cephonodes  pelas.  Hiibn. 
Sesia  cimbiciformis  Steph.  Hcemorrhagia  thysbe  Gr.  &  Kob. 

5.  uniformis  Gr.  &  Rob.     Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.,  1868,  II,  p.  181. 

/Sesia  ruficaudis  Walk. 

Thyreus  Swainson. 

6.  Ablbotii  Swainson.    Id.  Harris,  Walker,  Clemens. 

Amphion  Hiibner. 

7.  Nessus  (Cram.)  Hiibn.     Id.  Gr.  &  Rob.  (in  Cat.)    Sphinx  Nessus 

Cram.,  Fabr.     Thyreus  Nessus  Harr.,  Walk.,  Clem.     Macro- 
glossa Nessus  Harr.  (in  Cat.) 

Deidamia  Clemens. 

8.  inscripta  (Harr.)  Clem.    Pterogon  f  inscriptum  Harr.    Thyreus  f 

mscriptus  Walk. 

CHCEBOCAMPIN^E. 
Darapsa  Walker. 

9.  Choerilus  (Cram.)  Walk.     Id.  Clemens.    Sphinx  Chcerilus  Cram. 

Chcerocampa    Chcerilus  Harr.     Sphinx  Azalece  Smith.     Otus 
Chcerilus  Hiibn.,  Grote. 

10.  Myron  (Cram.)  Walk.     Id.  Clem.,  Gr.  &  Rob.  (in  List).     Sphinx 

myron  Cram.     Sp.  Pampinatrix  Smith.     Chcerocampa  Pamp. 
Harr.     Otus  myron  Hiibn.,  Grote.     Otus  Cnotus  Hiibn. 

11.  Yersicolor  (Harr.)  Clem.     Id.  Gr.  &  Rob.     Chcerocampa  versico- 

lor  Harr.,  Walk.     Otus  versicolor  Grote. 


[173]  LIST  OF  NEW  YORK  SPHINGID^;.  41 

Choerocampa  Duponchel. 

12.  tersa  (Linn.)  Harr.     Id.  Walk.,  Clem.,  Her.-Sch.,  Grote.  Sphinx  t. 

Linn.,  Drury,  Fabr.,  Cram.,  Smith.     Deilephila  t.  Westw.-Drur. 
Metopsilis  t.  Duncan.     Philampelus  t.  Burmeister. 

Deilephila  Ochsenheimer. 

13.  chamaenerii  Harris.    Id.  Grote.     Sphinx  epilobii  Harr.  (in  Cat.) 

D.  Galii  Clem.     f  D.  intermedia  Kirby. 

14:.  lineata  (Fabr.)  Harris.     Id.    Clem.,  Grote.    Sphinx  lineata  Fabr. 
Sphinx  daucus  Cram.   D.  daucus  Steph.,Wood,  Walk.,  Her.-Sch. 

Philampelus  Harris. 

15.  Pandorus  (Hiibn.)  Walk.     Id.  Gr.  &  Eob.     Sphinx  Satellitia 

?  Fabr.,  ?  Drury.     Philampelus  Satellitia  Harr.,  Clem.,  Fitch, 
Grote.     Daphne  Pandorus  Hiibn. 

16.  achemon  (Drury)  Harris.     Id.  Clem.,  Fitch.     Sphinx  achemon 

Drury.     Sp.  Crantor  Cram.,  Smith.     Pholus  Grantor  Hiibn. 

17.  vitis  (Linn.)  Harris.     Sphinx  vitis  Drury,  Fabr.,  Cram.,  Smith. 

Dupo  jussieuce  Hiibn.     Philampelus  fasciatus  Her.-Sch. 

SMERINTHINJE. 
Smerinthus  Latreille. 

18.  geminatus  Say.     Id.  Walk.,  Clem.,  Gr.  &  Rob.     Smerinthus 

geminata   Harris.     Sphinx  ocellatus  Jamaicensis  Drury,  Gr. 
&  Rob.     Smerinthus  Cerisyi  Kirby. 

19.  excaecatus  (Smith)  Walk.     Id.    Clem.,  Fitch.    Sphinx  exccecata 

Smith.     Smervnthus  exccecata  Harr.     Paonias  exccecatus  Hiibn. 

20.  myops  (Smith)  Harr.     Id.  Walk.,  Clem.,  Fitch.    Sphinx  myops 

Smith.     Paonias  myops  Hiibn.     Sm.  rosacearum  Boisd. 

21.  Astylus    (Drury)   Westw.     Id.    Harr.,  Walk.,   Clem.      Sphinx 

Astylus  Drury.     Sphinx  lo  Boisd.     Smerinthus  lo  Wilson. 
Sm.  integerrima  Harr.  (in  Cat.) 

22.  modestus  Harr.     Id.  Walk.,  Clem.     Smerinthus  princeps  Walk. 

Cressonia  Gr.  &  Rob. 

23.  Juglandis  (Smith)  Gr.  &  Rob.    Sphinx  Juglandis  Smith.    Amor- 

pha  dentata  Juglandis  Hiibn.     Smerinthus  Juglandis  Harr., 
Walk.,  Clem.,  Fitch. 

SPRINGING. 

Ceratomia  Harris. 

24-.  Amyntor  (Hiibn.)  Gr.  &  Rob.     Agrius  Amyntor  Hiibn.     Ce- 
ratomia quadricornis  Harr.,  Walk.,  Clem. 


42  TWENTY-THIRD  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  CABINET.      [174] 

Daremma  Walker. 

25.  undulosa   Walk.     Id.  Gr.  &  Rob.  (in  List).    /Sphinx  Brontes 

Boisd.  Macrosila  Brontes  Walk.  Ceratomia  repentvnus  Clem. 
Daremma  repentinus  Gr.  &  Rob. 

Diludia  Gr.  &  Rob. 

26.  jasminearum  (Boisd.)  Gr.  &  Rob.    Sphinx  jasminearum  Boisd., 

Wilson,  Clem. 

Macrosila  Walker. 

27.  Carolina   (Linn.)  Clem.     Id.  Gr.   &  Rob.     Sphinx   O.     Linn., 

Drur.,  Fabr.,  Smith,  Steph.,Harr.,  Her.-Sch.,  Fitch.  Manduca 
obscura  C.  Hiibn.  Phlegethontius  C.  Hubn. 

28.  quinquemaculata  (Steph.)  Clem.     Sphinx  Carolina  Donovan, 

Harr.  (in  Sill.  Jour.)  Phlegethontius  Celeus  Hiibn.  Sphinx 
quinquemaculata  Steph.,  Wood,  Walk.,  Harr.,  Fitch. 

29.  cingulata  (Fabr.)  Clem.    Id.  Gr.  &  Rob.  (in  List).    /Sphinx  cin- 

gulata  Fabr.,  Drur.,  Harr.,  Walk.,  Burm.,  Grote.  Sphinx  con- 
volvuli  Drur.,  Cram.,  Smith.  Sphinx  Druroei  Donov.,  Steph., 
Wood.  Agrius  cingulata  Drur. 

Sphinx  Linnaeus. 

30.  chersis   (Hiibn.)  Gr.  &  Rob.     Lethia  chersis  Hiibn.      Sphinx 

cmerea  Harr.,  Walk.,  Clem. 

31.  drupiferarum  Smith.    Id.  Harr.,  Walk.,  Clem.,  Fitch.    Lethia 

drupiferarum  Hiibn. 

32.  kalmiae  Smith.    Id.  Harr.,  Walk.,  Clem.,  Fitch.    Lethia  JcalmicB 

Hiibn. 

33.  Gordius  Cram.    Id.  Harr.,  Walk.,  Clem.,  Fitch.     Lethia  Gordius 

Hiibn.     Sphinx  poecila  Steph.,  Wood. 

34.  luscitiosa  Clem.    Id.  Gr.  &  Rob. 

35.  plefoeia  Fabr.     Id.   Steph.,  Harr.,  Clem.     Anceryx plebeia  Walk. 

Sphinx  (Hyloicus]  plebeia  Gr.  &  Rob. 

Agrius  Hubner. 

36.  eremitus  Hiibn.    Sphinx  eremitus  Gr.  &  Rob.     Sphinx  sordida 

Harr.,  Walk.,  Clem.     Sphinx f  (larva)  Lint.,  Proc.  Ent. 

Soc.  Ph.  Ill,  p.  652. 

Ellema  Clemens. 

37.  Harrisii  Clem.     Sphinx    coniferarum   Harr.,  Fitch.     Anceryx 

coniferarum  Walk.     Sphinx  (Hyloicus)  Harrisii  Grote. 

38.  pineum  Lintner. 


[175]  LIST  OF  NEW  YORK  SPHINGID^;.  43 

Dolba  Walker. 

39.  Hylaeus  (Drury)  Walk.     Id.  Clem.,  Gr.  &  Rob.    Sphinx  Hylceus 

Dnir.,  Cram.,  Fabr.,  Harr.     Sphinx  Prini  Smith.     Hyloicus 
Hylceus  Hiibn. 

Dilophonota  Bunneister. 

40.  ello  (Linn.)  Burm.     Id.  Gr.  &  Rob.  (in  List).    Sphinx  Ello  Linn., 

Drur.,  Fabr.,  Cram.,  Harr.     Erynnis  Ello  Hiibn.,  Grote.    An- 
ceryx  Ello  Walk.,  Clem. 


44 


TWENTY-THIRD  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  CABINET.      [176] 


VIII.  LIST  OF  BUTTERFLIES  OCCURRING  IN  THE  STATE  OF 

NEW  YORK. 


PAPILIONID.E. 

Papilio  Linn. 
Turnus  Linn. 

Glaucus  Linn. 
Ajax  Linn.1 

Marcellus  Cramer. 
Asterias  Fabr. 
Calverleyi  Grote.2 
Troilus  Linn. 
Philenor  Linn. 

PIERIDJE. 
Pieris  Sclirank. 

oleracea  (Harris). 
rapae  (Linn.). 
protodice  Boisd.-Lec. 

Antkocaris  Boisd. 
Genutia  (Fabr.).3 

Callidryas  Boisd. 

Marcellina  (Cramer). 
Eubule  (Linn.).4 

Colias  Fabr. 

Philodice  Godart. 
Keewaydin  Edw. 

Terias  Swainson. 

lisa  (Boisd.-Lec.).4 
Nicippe  (Cramer).4 


NYMPHALIDJE. 

Danais  Latreille. 
Plexippus  (Linn.). 
misippus  (Fabr.). 

Euptoieta  Doubl. 
Claudia  (Cramer). 

Argynnis  columlina  Fabr. 

Argynnis  Fabr. 
Aphrodite  Fabr. 
Cybele  Fabr. 
Atlantis  Edw. 
Idalia  (Drurj). 
Bellona  Fabr. 
Myrina  (Cramer). 

Melitsea  Fabr. 

tharos  (Drury). 
Selenis  Kirby. 
Marcia  Edw.6 
Batesii  (Keakirt). 
Harrisii  Scudd. 
Nycteis  Doubl. 
Phaeton  (Druiy). 

Grapta  Kirby. 
Progne  (Cramer). 

C-argenteum  Kirby. 
comma  (Harris). 
Dry  as  Edw.6 
Faunus  Edw. 


1  Mr.  Graef  of  Brooklyn,  reports  this  species  as  having  been  taken  on  Long 
Island. 

2  This  is  by  many  supposed  to  be  merely  a  suffused  variety  of  Asterias.    The 
capture  of  another  individual  in  Florida  —  a  female  —  (Mr.  Grote's  type  was  a  male) 
reported  by  Mr.  T.  L.  Mead  in  the  American  Naturalist,  vol.  iii,  p.  332,  is  favorable 
to  its  specific  distinction. 

3  Taken  by  Mr.  Edwards  in  Newburgh. 

4  Taken  by  Mr.  Tepper  on  Long  Island,  who  reports  T.  lisa  as  occasionally  occurring 
there  in  abundance. 

6  The  validity  of  this  species  is  not  fully  established.  Its  author  now  deems  it 
possible  that  it  may  be  but  a  variety  of  tharos.  It  has  not,  however,  been  found  to 
occur  in  New  England  associated  with  tharos. 

6  It  is  thought  that  this  will  prove  to  be  a  dimorphic  form  of  comma. 


[177] 


LIST  OF  NEW  YORK  BUTTERFLIES. 


45 


interrogations  (Fabr.?,  Godt.).1 
J-alDum  (Boisd.-Lec.)  Lintn. 

Vanessa  Fabr. 
Milbertii  Godart. 
Antiopa  (Linn.). 

Pyrameis  Hlibn. 
huntera  (Fabr.). 
cardui  (Linn.). 
Atalanta  (Linn.). 

Junonia  Hiibn. 
Lavinia  (Cramer).2 
Orythia  (Smith). 
coenia  (Boisd.-Lec.). 

Limenitis  Fabr. 
misippus  (Fabr.). 

Disippe  (Godart). 
Arthemis  (Drury). 
Proserpina  Edw. 
Astyanax  (Fabr.,  1775). 
Ursula  (Fabr.,  1793). 
Apatura  Fabr. 
clyton  Boisd.-Lec.2 
Proserpina  Scudd. 

SATYRID^. 
Neonympha  Hubn. 
Canthus  (Linn.). 

Hip.  Boisduvalii  Harris. 
Eurytus  (Fabr.). 

Satyrus  Latr. 
Portlandia  (Fabr.). 

Oreas  mar.  AndromacTia  Hlibn. 
Alope  (Fabr.). 
Nephele  (Kirby). 

LIBYTHEID^S. 

Libythea  Fabr. 
Bachmannii  Kirtland.3 
ERYCINIDJE. 
Charis  Hubn. 

borealis  Gr.-Kob. 


Thecla  Fabr. 

niplion  (Hubn.). 
Irus  (Godart). 

Arsace  Boisd.-Lec. 
Henricii  Gr.  Rob. 
Augustus  Kirby. 
Calanus  (Hubn.)  Westw. 

Falacer  Godt.,  B.-L.,  Gr.-Eob. 

inorata  Gr.-Kob. 
Edwardsii  Saunders. 

Falacer  Harris. 

Calanus  Gr.-Rob. 
Acadica  Edw. 
Laeta  Edw. 

Clothilde  Edw.  ? 
liparops  Boisd.-Lec. 

strigosa  Harris. 
Aufourniana  Harris. 

smilacis  Boisd.-Lec.4 
Mopsus  (Hubn.). 
Melinus  (Hubn.). 

Favonius  Boisd.-Lec. 

Hyperici  Boisd.-Lec. 

Humuli  Harris. 

Lycaena  Fabr. 

Scudderii  Edw. 
Pembina  Edw.5 
violacea  Edw. 
neglecta  Edw. 

pseudargiolus  Harris. 
pseudargiolus  Bois.-Lec.,  Edw. 

argiolus  (Smith). 
Lucia  (Kirby). 
corayntas  (Godart). 

Chrysophanus  Hubn. 
Hyllus  (Cramer). 

Thoe  (Boisd.-Lec.). 
Americana  (Harris). 

phlceas  (Boisd.-Lec.). 
epixanthe  (Boisd.-Lec.). 


1  The  two  forms  of  this  species,  viz.,  that  designated  as  Fdbricii  by  Mr.  Edwards 
(Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.,  vol.  iii,  p.  5),  and  that  described  by  me  as  umbrosa  (Trans. 
Am.  Ent.  Soc.,  vol.  ii,  p.  313),  have  recently  been  ascertained  by  Mr.  Edwards  to  be 
dimorphic  forms  of  equal  value  of  the  same  species.     They  are  faithfully  figured  in 
"  The  Butterflies  of  North  America  "  as  G.  interrogationis  var.  Fabricii,  and  G.  inter- 
royationis  var.  umbrosa. 

2  Taken  by  Mr.  Edwards  in  Newburgh. 

3  Mr.  Graef  reports  this  species  as  having  been  once  captured  on  Long  Island  by 
Mr.Grote. 

4  Edwards,  in  his  Synopsis  of  N.  A.  Butterflies,  p.  30,  cites  this  as  a  distinct  species. 
6  This  species  may  prove  to  be  identical  with  Lygdamus  Doulleday. 


46 


TWENTY-THIRD  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  CABINET.      [178] 


Feniseca  Grote. 

Tarquinius  (Fabr.).1 
Pol.  cratcegi  Boisd.-Lec. 
Pol.  Porsenna  Scudd. 

HESPEBID^E. 

Endamus  Swains. 
Tityrus  (Fabr.). 
Lycidas  (Smith).2 
Bathyllus  (Smith). 

Pylades  Scudd.3  ' 

Nisoniades  Hiibn. 
Persius  Scudd. 
Lucilius  Lintner. 
Brizo  (Boisd.-Lec.,  Harr.). 
Icelus  Lintner. 
Martialis  Scudd. 
Ausonius  Lintner. 
Juvenalis  (Fabr.).* 
Catullus  (Fabr.). 

Thymelicus  Htlbn. 
Numitor  (Fabr.). 

puer  Hiibn. 

Het.  marginatus  Harris. 

Hesperia  Fabr. 
Centaureae  Kamb. 

Wyandot  Edw. 
Mandan  Edw.6 

f  Mesapano  Scudd. 
yialis  Edw. 
Metea  Scudd. 


Samoset  Scudd.6 

alternata  Gr.-Rob. 

nemoris  Edw. 
Massasoit  Scudd. 
Logan  Edw. 

Delaware  Edw. 
conspicua  Edw. 
Zafoulon  Boisd.-Lec." 

Hobomok  Harris. 

Pocahontas  Scudd. 

Quadaquina  Scudd. 
Phylseus  Drury. 
Sassacus  Harris. 
Huron  Edw.7 
Leonardus  Harris. 
Peckius  Kirby. 

Wamsutta  Harris. 
Olynthus  (Boisd.-Lec.).T 
maculata  Edw.8 
Hianna  Scudd. 
Metacomet  Harris. 

rurea  Edw. 
verna  (Edw.). 
./Etna  Boisd. 

Egeremet  Scudd. 
Mystic  Edw. 
bimacula  Gr.-Rob. 

Acanootus  Scudd. 
Manataaqua  Scudd. 
Taumas  (Fabr.). 

Ahaton  Harris. 

cernes  Boisd.-Lec. 


The  above  list,  embracing  one  hundred  and  thirteen  species,  can  only 
be  regarded  as  a  preliminary  one,  although  surpassing  in  number  the 
list  of  New  England  butterflies,  published  by  Mr.  Scudder,  in  1868, 


1  Of  this  rare  species,  two  individuals  were  taken  a  few  years  since  by  Mr.  C.  H. 
Peck,  at  Bath,  opposite  to  Albany.     It  lias  also  been  observed  by  him.  at  Sandlake, 
Rensselaer  county,  and  at  Elizabethtown,  Essex  county ;  in  each  instance  flying  about 
bushes  of  Alder  (Alnus  serrulata  Ait)  indicating  it  as  the  food-plant  of  the  larva. 

2  Taken  by  Mr.  Edwards  at  Newburgh,  and  by  Mr.  Tepper  on  Long  Island. 

3  Mr.  Scudder  has  found  this  to  be  a  distinct   species  from  Bathyllus  of  the 
Southern  States  (figured  and  described  by  Abbot  and  Smith),  with  which  it  has  been 
hitherto  confounded. 

4  Ennius,  of  Scudder  and  Burgess,  regarded  by  them  as  the  northern  representa- 
tive of  Juvenalis,  has  not  occurred  among  my  collections. 

5  Included  in  this  list  upon  the  authority  of  Mr.  Edwards. 

6  Pocahontas  and  Quadaquina  are  dimorphic  forms  of  this  species. 

7  Included  in  this  list  upon  the  authority  of  Mr.  Scudder. 

8  One  specimen  of  this  southern  species  (Louisiana  to  Florida)  was  taken  by  Mr. 
Meske  at  Center,  Albany  county,  in 


[179]  LIST  OF  NEW  YORK  BUTTERFLIES.  47 

in  which  ninety-four  species  are  catalogued,  inclusive  of  two  (perhaps 
three)  which  are  cited  above  as  synonyms,  and  two  southern  forms 
(H.  Oneko  and  H.  Panoquiti)  erroneously  reported  from  New  England. 
The  Scudder  list  contains  several  species  which  have  not  yet  been 
detected  within  the  limits  of  the  State  of  New  York,  most  of  which, 
together  with  others  occurring  in  neighboring  States  and  in  Canada, 
will  undoubtedly  be  found  among  us,  when  more  faithful  and  general 
explorations  shall  have  been  made.  Grapta  gracilis  Gr.-Rob.,1 
and  Argynnis  Montinus  Scudd.,  will  probably  be  taken  in  the  Adi- 
rondack mountains.  We  may  also  expect  to  have  the  following  species 
included  in  our  future  lists : 

Pieris  vernalis  Edw.     New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania. 

Pieris  Virginiensis  Edw.     West  Virginia  and  Ontario. 

Colias  Eurytheme  Boisd.     Vermont  and  Connecticut. 

Terias  Delia  Boisd.     Southern  New  England  (Scudder). 

Theda  Ontario  Edw.     Port  Stanley,  Ontario. 

Eudamus  Proteus  (Linn.).     Eastern  N.  Amer.  to  Conn.  (Scudder). 

Nisoniades  Horatius  Scudd. -Burg.     New  England. 

Nisoniades  Virgilius  Scudd.-Burg.'    New  England. 

Hesperia  viator  Edw.     Illinois  and  Massachusetts. 

Hesperia  Wingina  Scudd.     Southern  New  England  to  Florida. 

Hesperia  Monaco  Scudd.     Connecticut  and  Massachusetts. 

Hesperia  punctella  Gr.-Rob.     Connecticut  to  Louisiana  (Scudder.) 

Hesperia  Uncos  Edw.     Pennsylvania  and  Ohio. 

Information  of  the  capture  of  any  of  the  above,  within  the  limits  of 
New  York,  or  of  any  other  diurnals  not  included  in  the  list,  would  be 
gratefully  received. 

1  Said  by  Mr.  Scudder  to  be  a  dimorphic  form  of  Faunus,  thus  giving  two  forms 
(a  dark-winged  form  having  been  found  by  him  in  Progne)  to  each  of  our  Graptae. 


48  TWENTY-THIRD  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  CABINET.      [180] 


IX.  CALENDAR  OF  BUTTERFLIES  FOR  THE  YEAR  1869. 


Thecla  Irus  (Godarfy.-A.-pnl  27th,  one  <$  taken  at  Center,  K  Y., 
—  a  remarkable  locality  for  this  species,  usually  so  rare  elsewhere.  On 
the  llth  of  May,  at  the  next  visit  made,  both  sexes  were  found  abun- 
dantly, most  of  them  somewhat  worn.  Sixty  individuals  were  taken 
in  about  three  hours'  collecting.  Previous  to  11  o'clock,  much  the 
larger  proportion  of  captures  consisted  of  females ;  subsequent  to  that 
hour,  the  males  were  the  more  numerous.  On  the  25th,  they  were  still 
abundant.  June  7th  and  9th,  a  few  much  worn  were  seen ;  on  the  15th 
it  was  observed  for  the  last  time  for  the  season,  it  being  single-brooded. 
Its  flight  is  short  and  rapid,  frequently  alighting  on  the  hot  sands  in 
the  roads.  The  <$  was  often  taken  while  resting  on  bushes  by  the 
roadside.  This  species  has  not  been  observed  at  Bethlehem,  nor  at 
Schoharie. 

Pieris  oleracea  (Harris).  —  May  9th,  a  couple  were  observed  by 
me  at  Schoharie,  1ST.  Y.,  where  they  were  reported  as  having  occurred 
about  two  weeks  previously.  August  30th,  they  were  abundant  at  the 
same  place,  and  their  eggs  were  found  on  turnips.  September  13th 
they  were  still  abundant. 

Thecla  Melinus  (Hiibn.\ — May  llth,  two  males  taken;  on  the 
21st  six  of  $>  and  $  .  On  the  15th  of  July,  two  of  a  second  brood 
were  obtained,  and  on  the  23d  six  of  &  and  $  in  good  condition ;  on 
the  28th  two  were  taken.  August  6th,  it  occurred  for  the  last  time. 
At  Center  only. 

Thecla  niphon  (Hubn.). — May  llth,  four  were  taken,  associated 
with  Irus  •  on  the  14th  seven  were  taken  at  Bethlehem  in  a  grove  of 
varied  timber. 

Thecla  Augustus  Xirly. — May  llth,  two  specimens  somewhat 
worn,  associated  with  Irus^  at  Center ;  none  others  were  found. 

Nisoniades  Juvenalis  (Fabr.).  —  May  llth,  first  observed ;  on  the 
15th,  several  males  collected.  June  9th,  two  males,  and  on  the  llth  the 
first  ?  ;  on  the  15th,  worn  specimens  only  were  abroad.  Taken  rest- 
ing on  wet  sand  in  the  roads. 

Nisoniades  Persius  Scudder. — May  llth,  the  &  occurred,  and  on 
the  21st  the  ?  ;  was  taken  for  the  last  time  on  the  27th.  Abundant 
at  Center,  alighting  on  the  wet  sands. 


[181]  CALENDAR  OF  BUTTERFLIES  FOR  1$&.  49 

Colias  Philodice  Godart.  —  Observed  for'tne  first  May  llth,  and 
thence  continuously  to  October  1st.  The  wrhite  variety  of  the  $  was 
taken  August  24th. 

Chrysophanus  Americana  (Harris).  —  May  13th,  & ,  and  on  the 
27th  ?  .  Observed  frequently  up  to  September  30th.  On  the  8th  of 
September  fresh  specimens  were  obtained,  and  on  the  14th  it  was  seen 
in  greater  abundance  than  at  any  time  during  the  year. 

Tanessa  Antiopa  (Linn.). —  May  13th,  several  of  this  butterfly  were 
seen,  which,  from  their  worn  appearance,  had  evidently  hybernated. 
June  8th,  one  emerged  from  its  chrysalis.  On  the  15th,  a  colony  of  the 
larvae,  after  the  second  molting,  showing  the  dorsal  row  of  red  spots, 
was  observed  on  willow.  A  number  of  them  were  removed  and  placed 
on  elm,  upon  which  they  readily  fed.  July  2d,  two  imagines  emerged 
from  chrysalis,  the  larvae  of  which  had  suspended  for  their  pupal  change 
on  the  20th  ult,  and  transformed  on  the  21st.  July  20th,  the  butterfly 
was  abundant.  September  8th,  it  was  observed,  and  for  the  last  time 
on  the  30th. 

Grapta  comma  (Harris).  —  A  worn  specimen  (hybernated)  taken 
at  Bethlehem,  May  13th.  It  occurred  with  me  but  once  subsequently 
during  the  year,  on  August  23d. 

Lycaena  neglecta  Edwards.  —  May  21st,  the  $  abundant  at  Cen- 
ter, collecting  in  companies  on  damp  places,  and  on  excremental 
matter  in  the 'roads;  three  of  the  ?  were  taken  at  this  date.  June  1st, 
the  ?  was  still  infrequent ;  on  the  7th  of  June,  the  butterfly  occurred  in 
flocks,  and  several  of  the  ?  were  obtained ;  on  the  9th,  it  was  very 
abundant,  and  four  pairs  were  captured  in  coitu  •  on  the  22d,  the  ? 
was  of  frequent  occurrence.  By  the  7th  of  July,  only  two  or  three 
battered  specimens  were  seen.  On  the  30th  of  July,  one  ?  was  taken 
in  Bethlehem,  where,  on  the  17th  of  June,  a  very  few  of  the  <$  had 
been  obtained.  This  species  appears  to  have  but  one  brood. 

Lycaena  corny nt as  (Godart).  —  May  21st,  a  few  $,  and  one  ?. 
June  9th,  none  were  found.  July  7th  to  23d,  it  again  appeared,  and 
again  from  August  20th  to  September  8th,  unless  different  species  are 
included  under  this  appellation,  which,  from  the  variations  in  the 
specimens  secured,  seems  quite  probable. 

Papilio  TurnusZmTi. — May  21st,  reported  by  Mr.  Peck;  on  the 
25th,  it  occurred  on  lilac  blossoms.  June  1st,  five  males  were  taken  at 
one  cast  of  the  net,  on  a  damp  patch  of  earth  by  the  road  side ;  on  the 
7th  of  June  several  were  observed,  also  on  the  15th  and  17th.  July 


50  TWENTY-THIRD  REPORT  ON  THE'  STATE  CABINET.       [182] 

12th,  two  were  seen ;  August  20th,  the  larva  was  found  on  the  wild 
cherry  (Prunus  JPennsylvanica.) 

Hesperia  Metea  Scudd.  —  May  21st,  two  males,  the  first  Hesperian 
observed  this  season ;  on  the  25th  two  females  were  obtained,  and  on 
June  3d,  additional  ones  of  the  same  sex.  Not  rare ;  occurring  usually 
among  shrubbery. 

Papilio  Troilus  Linn.  — May  25th,  on  lilac  blossoms,  <$  ;  June  1st, 
the  $  appeared ;  on  the  15th  and  17th,  several  were  seen.  July  7th, 
fresh  specimens  were  taken ;  15th  and  20th,  several ;  on  the  30th,  only 
worn  specimens  were  abroad. 

Nisoniades  Icelus  LimM.  —  May  25th,  1  <3 .  June  1st,  several  of 
$  and  1  ?  ;  from  the  9th  to  the  15th,  it  was  abundant  at  Center.  On 
the  7th  of  July,  it  was  observed  for  the  last  time.  N.  Brizo^  with  which 
this  species  has  hitherto  been  confounded,  and  which  occurs  in  New 
England  associated  with  N.  Icelus,  has  not  been  taken  here. 

Hesperia  vialis  Edw. — May  25th,  2  of  $  and  1  $  ;  additional 
males  on  the  25th  and  27th.  On  June  9th,  some  females  were  col- 
lected. July  7th,  one  torn  $  was  taken. 

Lycsena  Scudderii  Edw.  —  May  27th,  1  $  ;  June  1st,  males  abund- 
ant, and  three  females;  on  the  6th,  six  females;  on  the  9th,  still 
abundant ;  on  the  15th,  diminishing ;  on  the  22d,  several  of  each  sex 
were  seen.  On  the  15th  of  July,  a  fresh  $  of  the  second  brood  was 
captured.  On  the  23d  of  July,  males  abounded  in  flocks,  with  a  very 
few  females  among  them.  August  6th,  both  sexes  were  abundant ;  no 
other  Lycsena  abroad  at  this  time.  August  20th,  but  a  few  of  each 
sex  were  observed,  as  also  on  the  27th.  This  butterfly  sits  at  rest, 
with  its  wings  partly  open  over  the  back.  It  was  met  with  only  at 
Center  this  season,  and  does  not  occur  at  Schoharie. 

Lycaena  violacea  Edw.  —  May  27th,  1  ?  at  Center,  and  the  only 
individual  of  the  species  taken. 

M  el  it  IB  a  tharos  (Drury).  —  June  1st,  three  males ;  7th,  seven 
males  and  one  female ;  on  the  15th,  abundant.  July  7th,  none  were 
seen  at  Center,  but  on  the  15th  both  sexes  occurred.  On  the  30th  of 
July,  at  Bethlehem,  eighteen  males  and  two  females,  all  apparently 
just  from  chrysalis,  were  taken  on  the  damp  stones  of  a  little  stream 
of  water  in  a  pasture.  August  6th,  20th,  24:th,  27th,  September  1st 
and  8th,  captures  recorded. 

Eudamus  Tityrus  (Fair.}.  —  June  1st,  both  sexes,  about  lilac  blos- 
soms ;  on  the  7th,  three  were  taken,  flying  over  flowers  in  a  wood. 


[183]  CALENDAR  OF  BUTTERFLIES  FOR  1869.  51 

July  12th,  they  were  abundant ;  on  the  20th  several  were  seen,  and  on 
the  30th  a  few,  they  having  continued  without  intermission  for  two 
months.  On  the  20th  of  August  and  1st  of  September,  the  larvae 
well  advanced  toward  maturity,  were  found  abundantly  at  Center  on 
Lespedeza  capitata.  September  14th,  twenty  larvae,  nearly  full  grown 
were  taken  in  a  few  minutes'  search  concealed  between  leaves  of  locust 
(Robinia  pseudacacia)  at  Bethlehem. 

Eudamus  Pylades  Scudd.  —  June  1st,  three  taken  of  an  unusually 
small  size  ;  on  the  Tth,  a  few  seen,  but  too  wild  to  capture ;  on  the  9th, 
some  were  observed  resting  on  excrement  in  the  road ;  on  the  25th 
they  were  quite  abundant  at  Bethlehem.  July  Tth,  diminishing  in 
numbers ;  on  the  12th,  few  were  seen,  and  they  were  observed  the 
latest  on  the  20th. 

Pyrameis  Atalanta  (Linn.).  —  June  1st,  both  sexes  on  lilacs  at  Cen- 
ter ;  3d  and  9th  at  Bethlehem.  August  23d,  the  larvae  were  found 
abundantly  on  nettle  ( Urtica,  gracilis)  at  Schoharie,  varying  from  their 
first  molt  to  full  size  ;  thirty  individuals  were  taken.*  On  the  30th  of 
August  others  were  collected  at  the  same  locality,  from  half-grown  to 
mature  size. 

Nisoniades  Martialis  Scudd.  —  June  1st,  <$ ;  on  the  7th,  seven  of 
the  $  ,  but  no  ?  ;  on  the  9th,  the  <3  abundant  and  a  few  of  the  $  ;  on 
the  15th,  good  specimens  of  each  sex,  but  the  $  rare.  July  Tth,  a  few 
old  ones  were  seen,  and,  on  the  15th,  a  worn  ?  was  taken.  On  the  23d 
of  July  a  fresh  <$  was  captured,  indicating  a  second  brood.  Another  $  , 
seemingly  fresh  from  chrysalis,  was  taken  August  20th.  September  8th, 
a  worn  $  occurred. 

Hesperia  Zalbulon  Boisd.-Lec. — June  1st,  five  males  were  collected 
at  Center,  and  several  others  were  seen,  which  darted  quickly  from  the 
damp  earth,  on  which  they  were  resting,  into  the  neighboring  bushes ;  on 
the  3d  several  males  were  taken;  on  the  Tth  observed,  flitting  about 
flowers  in  a  wood  with  K  Tityrus  ;  on  the  15th  a  ?  of  the  "Pocahontas  " 
type  was  obtained ;  observed  for  the  last  time  on  the  17th.  An  abun- 
dant species  at  Center,  Bethlehem  and  Schoharie. 

*  All  the  larvse  which  had  not  attained  their  last  molt  were  found  concealed,  singly, 
within  a  leaf  spun  together  at  its  edges,  of  which  the  tip  had,  in  most  instances,  been 
eaten  away.  The  greater  number  of  the  nearly  mature  larvae  were  hidden  in  a  shel- 
ter made  by  spinning  together  several  of  the  leaves  at  the  tip  of  the  plant,  after  the 
stalk  had  been  partially  eaten  through  at  a  suitable  height  so  as  to  permit  it  to  be 
readily  bent  downward  among  the  leaves  beneath,  where  a  thicker  shelter  could  be 
constructed.  Notwithstanding  these  careful  provisions  for  concealment,  each  one  of 
the  larvae  collected  at  this  time  proved  to  have  been  ichne unionized. 


52  TWENTY-THIRD  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  CABINET.      [184] 

Hesperia  Hianna  Scudd.  —  June  1st,  $ ;  on  the  9th,  both  sexes. 
Occurred  only  at  Center,  and  rarely. 

Hesperia  Taumas  (Fabr.).  —  June  3d,  both  sexes  taken,  and  four 
specimens  on  the  25th.  Bethlehem. 

Hesperia  Mystic  Edw.  —  June  3d,  $ ;  17th,  not  rare  at  Bethle- 
hem ;  rare  at  Center.  July  7th,  last  capture  recorded.  Occurs  also  at 
Schoharie. 

Hesperia  Peckius  Kirby.  —  June  3d ;  on  the  17th  both  sexes  abun- 
dant. July  15th  and  August  27th,  captures  recorded.  September 
14th,  both  sexes  occurred ;  an  abundant  species. 

Neonympha  Eurytus  (Fabr.).  —  June  3d,  several  specimens,  and  on 
the  17th,  common.  Center  and  Bethlehem ;  usually  in  shady  woods. 

Limenitis  misippus  (Fair.). —  June  7th,  a  pair  taken  by  Mr. 
Meske  in  coitu  at  Center ;  observed  feeding  on  excrementitious  mat- 
ter in  the  road  on  the  9th ;  15th,  two  females  taken.  July  7th,  August 
20th  and  27th,  September  1st  and  8th,  observed. 

Melitaea  Batesii  (Reakirt).  —  June  7th,  fifteen  males  and  one  female 
collected;  on  the  15th  the  female  was  not  rare;  last  on  the  22d  at 
Center  ;  found  at  Schoharie  on  the  14th  of  June  ;  none  at  Bethlehem. 

Argynnis  Myrina  (Cram.).  —  June  9th,  1  $  at  Center;  17th,  both 
sexes  at  Bethlehem ;  25th,  several.  Fresh  individuals  observed  July 
30th.  September  8th,  fresh  specimens  again  appeared;  on  the  14th 
several  were  seen. 

Hesperia  Sassacus  Harr.  —  June  14th,  two  males  were  captured 
on  the  Western  mountain  at  Schoharie ;  not  observed  elsewhere. 

Thymelicus  Numitor  (Fair.).  —  June  17th,  sixteen  males  and  one 
female,  all  perfectly  fresh  specimens,  collected  from  a  swamp  at 
Bethlehem ;  on  the  25th  several  good  females  and  worn  males  were 
taken.  July  30th,  males  of  a  second  brood  appeared.  August  20th, 
a  third  (?)  brood  occurred  at  Center ;  on  the  24th,  abundant  at  Castle- 
ton  ;  on  the  27th,  took  a  $  at  Center,  the  last  recorded.  This  species 
is  not  rare  at  Utica ;  it  has  not  occurred  at  Schoharie. 

Chry  soph  anus  Hyllus  (Cramer).  —  June  17th,  1  ?  at  Bethlehem,  in 
a  swamp,  and  on  the  25th,  two  others  in  the  same  locality.  This 
species  has  never  occurred  among  my  Schoharie  collections. 

Grapta  interrogationis  var.  umbrosa — June  25th,  a  fresh  indi- 
vidual was  seen  at  Bethlehem. 


[185]  CALENDAR  OF  BUTTERFLIES  FOR  1869.  53 

Argynnis  Aphrodite  Fabr.  —  June  25th,  the  $  occurred  and  until 
July  28th,  being  most  abundant  July  15th.  The  $  was  observed  July 
23d  and  30th.  Center,  Bethlehem  and  Schoharie. 

Argynnis  Cybele  Fabr.  —  June  25th  to  August  6th,  males; 
females  July  20th.  Less  numerous  than  the  preceding  species ;  occurs 
at  the  same  localities.  A.  Atlantis  was  not  taken. 

Limenitis  Astyanax  (Fabr.). —  June  28th,  from  pupa,  after  ten  days 
of  pupation ;  July  5th,  a  second  from  pupa  after  the  same  period  of 
pupation ;  July  7th,  it  was  observed  at  Center  ;  on  the  12th,  <$  and  ? 
were  taken  in  Bethlehem,  and,  on  the  20th,  several  were  seen  at  the 
same  place ;  observed  also  on  the  30th  of  July.  The  larvae  feeds  on 
apple,  and  constructs  for  itself  a  hybernaculum  similar  to  misippus.* 

Melitaea  Nycteis  Doubl.  —  July  1st,  obtained  an  imago  from  a  larva 
which  had  transformed  to  a  pupa  June  21st.  July  7th  at  Center, 
took  twelve  males  but  no  female;  on  the  15th  four  females  were  taken 
and  a  few  fresh  males,  but  most  of  the  latter  were  worn ;  on  the 
23d,  $  worn,  $  fresh.  This  species  occurs  rarely  at  Schoharie. 

Melitaea  Phaeton  (Drury).  —  July  7th,  two  of  $  and  one  $  con- 
siderably worn  ;  on  the  15th,  two  additional  females.  Less  abundant 
than  reported  in  former  seasons. 

Argynnis  Bellona  Fabr.  —  July  12th  a  few  seen;  August  24th, 
observed  at  Castleton  ;  September  9th,  the  ?  at  Center. 

Satyrus  Nephele  (Kirby).  —  July  12th  and  20th  in  Bethlehem  on 

the  borders  of  woods. 

Thecla  Calanus  (Hubn.).  —  July  7th,  one  $  ;  on  the  12th,  eleven 
males  and  ten  females  were  collected,  and  on  the  15th,  it  was  abundant 
at  the  same  place ;  on  the  20th,  some  worn  specimens  were  found  at 
Bethlehem ;  23d,  a  few  at  Center ;  oOth,  worn  specimens  at  Bethlehem. 

Thecla  Edwardsii  Saund.  —  July  12th,  at  Bethlehem,  both  sexes; 
15th,  at  Center,  sixteen  males  and  one  female;  20th,  at  Bethlehem, 
only  worn  specimens;  on  the  23d,  at  Center,  eleven  males  and  two 
females  in  good  condition,  and  again  on  the  28th,  when  a  few  good 
males  and  several  females  were  secured.  The  above  species  of  Thecla 

*  On  the  19th  of  June,  a  Limenitis  larva,  nearly  mature,  was  found  feeding  on 
Quercus  ilicifolia.  It  suspended  itself  for  its  pupal  transformation,  but  died  while  in 
the  act  of  withdrawing  itself  from  its  larval  skin ;  the  species,  therefore,  could  not 
be  ascertained. 


54  TWENTY-THIRD  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  CABINET.       [186] 

were  usually  captured  when  resting  on  bushes  after  a  short  and  rapid 
flight  in  the  warm  sunshine. 

Thecla  liparops  Boisd.-Lec.  —  July  12th,  the  &  and  $  taken  at  Beth- 
lehem, and  on  the  23d,  one  ?  at  Center.  Occurs  rarely. 

Satyrus  Alope  (Fair.).  —  July  12th,  $  at  Bethlehem,  and  on  the 
20th  abundant,  when  a  pair  was  taken  in  coitu. 

Hesperia  bimacula  Gr.-Rob.  —  July  12th,  a  single  ?  taken  at  Beth- 
lehem ;  no  other  capture  of  the  species  during  the  season. 

Hesperia  Metacomet  Harr.  —  July  12th  to  20th ;  the  $  abundant  at 
last  date  at  Bethlehem,  by  the  roadside  on  flowers  of  peppermint 
(Menthis  piperita) ;  from  the  15th  to  the  30th,  the  $  occurred.  Taken 
also  at  Schoharie. 

Hesperia  JEtna  Boisd. —  July  15th  to  28th,  the  $  occurred,  and 
from  the  20th  to  the  30th,  the  ?  at  Bethlehem.  Equally  abundant 
with  the  preceding  species,  and  associated  with  it. 

Hesperia  Manataaqna  Scudd.  —  July  15th,  taken  at  Center,  and, 
on  the  23d,  at  Bethlehem.  A  rare  species. 

Thecla  Acadica  Edw.  —  July  20th,  a  $  at  Bethlehem ;  on  the  23d, 
at  Center ;  on  the  28th,  three  worn  individuals,  one  a  $  .  August  6th, 
a  few  worn  ones  were  collected. 

Thecla  Mopsus  (Hubn).  —  July  23d,  three  males ;  on  the  28th,  four 
males  and  two  females,  taken  in  company  with  Acadica,  Edwardsii 
and  Calanus  on  blossoms  of  Jersey-tea. 

Hesperia  yerna  (Edw).  —  July  25th,  a  ?  at  Bethlehem,  the  only 
capture  made  of  this  species. 

Hesperia  Logan  Edw.  —  July  28th,  a  $  taken  at  Center  on  damp 
sand  in  the  road. 

Grapta  J-album  (Boisd.-Lec.).  —  July  28th,  one  worn  individual 
taken  at  Center. 

Hesperia  Leonardus  Harr.  —  August  20th,  three  males  of  this 
late  Hesperian  were  captured,  and,  on  the  2Yth,  six  males  and  two 
females.  September  1st,  two  additional  females  were  obtained ;  on 
the  8th,  four  worn  specimens  were  collected  from  asters.  Only  at 
Center. 


[187]  CALENDAR  OF  BUTTERFLIES  FOR  1869.  55 

Danais  Plexippus  (Linn.*).  —  August  24th,  several  were  seen  flying 
about  the  dock  at  Castleton ;  September  8th,  observed. 

Pyrameis  hunter  a  (Fabr.).  —  Only  one  capture  of  this  species  was 
made,  on  the  24th  of  August  at  Castleton. 

Limenitis  Arthemis  (Drury).  —  This  butterfly,  which  in  some 
years  has  appeared  abundantly  in  the  vicinity  of  Albany,  was  not  once 
observed  the  present  season: 

Papilio  Asterias  Fdbr.  —  Of  this  species,  usually  so  common  in 
most  localities,  not  an  individual  was  seen  by  me  in  Albany  or  Scho- 
harie  counties. 


56  TWENTY-THIRD  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  CABINET.      [188] 


X.   DATES  OF  COLLECTION  OF  NEW  YORK  HETEROCERA. 


I.   COLLECTIONS  DUKUSTG  THE  YEAR  1869. 

SPHINGHLE. 

diffinis  Harris  ..................................  May  25. 

Sesia  uniformis  Gr.-R6b  ........................  .......  May  25. 

Sesia  gracilis  Gr.-R6b  .............  ,    ..................  May  25. 

Sesia  Thysbe  Fdbr  ....................................   June  1. 

Sesia  Buffaloensis  Gr.-Rob.,    larva,  mature,  on  Viburnum.  .  .   Sept.  19. 

Amphion  Nessus  (Cramer)  ............................  May  25. 

Darapsa  Myron  (Cramer)  1     larva,  last  molt,  grape  .......   Sept.  7. 

Philampelus  Pandorus  (Hubn.)  "           "               "     .......   Sept.  9. 

Smerinthus  excsecatus  (Smith)*  "           "            wild  cherry  .  .   Sept.  9. 

Ceratomia  Amyntor  (Hubner)   "                        linden  ......   Sept.  15. 

Sphinx  chersis  (Hubner)             "          "            ash  .........   Sept.  7. 

Sphinx  drupiferarum  Smith       "           "            plum  .......   Aug.  30. 

Sphinx  drupiferarum  Smith  ............................   June  14. 

Sphinx  kalmiae  /Smith,            larva,  last  molt,  ash  .........   Sept.  16. 

Ellema  Harrisii  Clemens             "           "            pine  ........   Sept.  7. 

THTKID^E. 
Thyris  maculata  Harris  ...............................   June  17. 


Alypia  octomaculata  (Fair.)  ...........................  June  13. 

Eudryas  grata  (Fdbr.\  larva,  last  molt,  grape  ..............  Sept.     7. 

Acoloithus  falsarius  (Clem)  ............................  July    12. 

Acoloithus  Americanus  (Boisd.)  ........................  July    12. 

Ctenucha  virginica  (Charp.)  ...........................  June  22. 

Ctenucha  fulvicollis  (Hubn.)  ...........................  June  22. 

1  Of  the  eight  Darapsa  larvae  taken  from  one  vine  at  Bath,  from  the  differences  pre- 
sented, some  were  thought  to  be  Chcerilus.    Unfortunately  the  moths  were  not  ob- 
tained from  any  of  the  number,  for  each  one  had  been  ichne  unionized;  only  one 
attained  the  pupa  state. 

2  Four  larvae  occurred  at  this  time  on  the  wild  cherry  (Prunus  Pennsyhanica),  and 
on  the  24th  of  September  two  others  on  a  species  of  Cratsegus  ;  the  latter  bore  the 
marks  of  parasites  inclosed  within  their  bodies. 


T189]   DATES  OF  COLLECTION  OF  NEW  YORK  HETEROCERA.        57 

BOMBYCID^J. 

Hjphantria  textor  Harr June     1. 

Euchaetes  egle  (Drury) June  25. 

Euchsetes  collaris  (Fitch) May    25. 

Orgyia  leucostigma  (Smith) 1 July    23. 

Lagoa  crispata  Pack.,  larva,  last  molt,  on  oak,  etc Sept.     8. 

Lagoa  crispata  Pack Nov.     4. 

Euclea  querceti  (Her.-Sch.) June   14. 

Limacodes  scapha  Harr July      1. 

Lithacodes  fasciola  (Boisd.) June   17. 

Ichthyura  albosigma  (Fitch) June  17. 

Ichthyura  inclusa  Hubn?  larva,  third  molt,  on  aspen Sept.    7. 

Apatelodes  Angelica  Grote,  larva,  last  molt,  on  ash Sept.     9. 

Datana  ministra  (Drury),  larva,  last  molt Sept.   16. 

Edema  albifrons  (Smith),  larva,  last  molt,  on  oak Sept.     1. 

Cerura  borealis  (Boisd.),  larva,  last  molt,  on  aspen June  22. 

Telea  Polyphemus  (Linn.),  larva,  last  molt,  on  maple Sept.     9. 

Actias  Luna  (Linn.) June   17. 

Callosamia  Promethea  (Drury),  larva,  last  molt,  ash  and  lilac,  Sept.  24. 

Platysamia  Cecropia  (Linn.),  larva,  last  molt Sept.     9. 

Hemileuca  Maia  (Drury),  larva,  2d-3d  molt,  on  oak June  15. 

Hemileuca  Maia  (Drury) Sept.  18. 

Hyperchiria  lo  (Fair.) 3 Sept.  23. 

Hyperchiria  lo  (Fabr.),  larva,  last  molt Sept.  16. 

Eacles  imperialis  (Drury),  larva,  last  molt,  on  pine Sept.     7. 

Anisota  senatoria  (Smith),  larva,  last  molt,  on  oak Aug.   20. 

1  The  larvae  of  this  species  were  so  abundant  in  Albany  during  the  summer  as  to 
prove  a  serious  annoyance,  by  nearly  defoliating  many  of  the  shade  trees.     At  the 
time  when  they  were  seeking  suitable  places  for  their  transformation,  a  person  could 
scarcely  walk  a  block  without  treading  several  of  them  under  foot. 

2  Other  colonies  of  this  larva  were  found  on  willows  within  nests  composed  of  sev- 
eral leaves  spun  together.    The  last  of  February,  within  a  box  which  had  been  stand- 
ing  in  a  moderately  warm  room,  the  moths  commenced  emerging  from  the  slight 
cocoons  which  they  had  constructed  between  the  leaves  at  the  bottom  of  the  breeding 
cage.     The  insect  seems  unusually  hardy  (unlike  L.  crispata),  for  the  number  of 
imagines  disclosed  proved  nearly  equal  to  that  of  the  larvae  which  had  been  secured. 
They  continued  to  emerge  during  the  month  of  March,  and  all,  it  was  observed^ 
escaped  from  the  cocoons  in  the  day  time. 

3  A  colony  of  about  twenty  of  these  larvae,  measuring  four-tenths  of  an  inch  in 
length,  was  found  July  15th  on  Populus  tremuloides.     They  were  reared  to  pupae, 
from  which  three  imagines  were  disclosed  between  the  17th  and  23d  of  September, 
and  others  the  following  Spring. 


58  TWENTY-THIRD  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  CABINET.      [190] 

Anisota  senatoria  (Smith}  l  .............................  June   15. 

Anisota  stigma  (Smith),  larva,  last  molt,  on  oak  ...........   Sept.     7. 

Xyleutes  robiniae  (Peck)  3  ..............  .  ..............  June  17. 


Thyatyra  cymataphorides  Guen  .....          ................   May    25. 

Acronycta  Americana  (Harris),  larva,  on  oak  ............   Sept.     1. 

Aplecta  latex  Guen  ...................................   June  18. 

Chamyris  cerintha  (Treits}  ............................   July    12. 

Acontia  candefacta  (Ilubn.)  ............................   May    27. 

Xylina  Bethunei  Gr.-Rob  .............................   Sept.  17. 

Eriopus  monetifera  Guen  ..............................   June     7« 

Eriopus  mollissima  Guen  ..............................   June  29. 

Abrostola  urentis  Guen  ...............................   Aug.  24. 

Plusia  festucse  (Linn.}  ................................   Aug.     4. 

Plusia  balluca  Hiibn  .........  ,  ........................   July    14. 

Plusia  ampla  Walk  ...................................   July    14. 

Deva  purpurigera  Walk  ...............................  July      3. 

Gonoptera  Hbatrix  (Linn.)  ......................  .'  ......  Aug.   24. 

Syneda  limbolaris  (Hubn}  .............................   July    12. 

Catocala  piatrix  Grote  ................................   Sept.     9. 

Catocala  cara  Guen  ...................................   Sept.     7. 

Catocala  concumbens  Doubl  ...........................   Sept.     9. 

Catocala  amatrix  Hubn  ................................   Sept.  12. 

Catocala  parta  Guen  ..................................   Sept.   24. 

Ophiusa  bistriaris  Hubn  ...............................   June   17. 

Drasteria  erechtea  (Cram}  .............................   May    15. 

Euclidea  cuspidea  Hubn  ...............................   June  17. 

Poaphila  quadrifilaris  (Hubn}  .........................   May    21. 

1  In  the  capture  of  a  male  of  this  species  on  the  wing  at  Center,  the  same  sweep  of 
the  net  inclosed  a  second  male  united  to  a  female  in  copulation,  and  a  specimen  of 
Sesia  diffinis,  which  were  doubtless  resting  unobserved  on  some  leaves  against  which 
the  net  had  accidentally  brushed.     Three  of  8.  diffinis  had  a  short  time  before  been 
observed  flying  together  in  the  bright  sunshine,  one  of  which  had  been  taken.     The 
larvge  of  A.  senatoria  occur  so  abundantly  at  Center  as  wholly  to  defoliate  numbers 
of  the  smaller  oaks.     On  the  '7th  of  July  the  female  moths  were  seen  to  have  com- 
menced the  deposition  of  their  eggs  on  the  under  side  of  oak  leaves  in  patches  often 
nearly  covering  the  entire  surface.     On  the  llth  of  July  some  newly-hatched  larvae 
were  observed. 

2  This  rare  moth  was  found  resting  on  the  dust  in  the  middle  of  a  road  near  Albany 
over  which  vehicles  were  frequently  passing.     It  was  not  easily  alarmed,  but  gave 
ample  opportunity  for  the  observation  of  its  appearance,  attitude,  etc.,  after  having 
been  covered  by  the  net.     In  the  only  other  instance  in  which  I  have  met  with  it,  the 
moth  (a  female,  the  other  a  male)  was  brought  to  me  at  Schoharie,  with  its  abdomen 
partially  crushed  from  being  stepped  upon  on  a  sidewalk,  where  it  was  found. 


[191]  DATES  OF  COLLECTION  OF  NEW  YORK  HETEROCERA.        59 

PHAL^ENEDJE. 

Angerona  crocataria  (Fair.} June     3. 

Endropia  marginata  Minot June     3. 

Amphidasys  cognataria  Guen April    8. 

Cleora  pulchraria  Minot 1 Sept.     7. 

Tephrosia  cribrataria  Guen April  17. 

Aplodes  mimosaria  Guen , June     9. 

Acidalia  enucleata  Guen July    12. 

Corycia  vestaliata  Guen May    25. 

Lozogramma  defluaria  Walk May    25. 

Numeria  obfirmaria  (Hubn.) May    21. 

Fidonia  Faxonii  Minot May    27. 

Fidonia  bicoloraria  Minot June     1. 

Aspilates  dissimilaria  (Hubn.) July      7. 

Zerene  catenaria  (Cram.} 2 Sept.     8. 

Cidaria  diversilineata  (Hubn.} J  uly    12. 

DELTOIIXE. 

Hypena  elegantalis  Fitch June     9. 

Bivula  propinqualis  Guen June   17. 

PYKALEDJE. 

Pyralis  olinalis  Guen July    15. 

Ennychia  octomaculalis  (Linn.) June  15. 

Desmia  maculalis  Westw. . .                                                    .  June  26. 


II.  COLLECTIONS  DUKING  TEAES  PKECEDIJSTG  1869. 

SPHESTGID^E. 

Sesia  diffinis  Harris May    12. 

Sesia  Thysbe  Fair. May    25. 

Sesia  gracilis  Gr.-R6b , June     1. 

Thyreus  Abbotii  Swains May    25. 

1  Occurs  abundantly  on  the  trunks  of  pines  during  most  of  the  month  of  September 
at  Bath  ;  abundant  also  at  Schoharie. 

2  Very  abundant  at  Center  at  this  date,  where  at  least  a  dozen  could  be  seen  from 
one  point,  resting  on  the  upper  surface  of  leaves  of  shrubbery.     The  conspicuously 
marked  larvae  had,  during  the  summer,  been  very  common  on  Vaccinia  and  other 
plants.     September  1st,  its  peculiar  cocoon  of  strong  and  very  open  meshes,  showing 
plainly  the  pupa  suspended  within,  was  found  spun  between  leaves  of  willow  (Salix 
humuli}.    The  imago  was  last  seen  September  30th.    It  has  not  been  observed  at 
Schoharie. 


60  TWENTY-THIRD  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  CABINET.      [192J 

Amphion  ISTessus  (Cram.}  .............................   June  IT. 

Darapsa  Choerilus  (Cram.)  .............................   June  28. 

Darapsa  Myron  (Cram.)  ........  .  .............   June  18,  Aug.  23. 

Deilephila  lineata  (Fair.),  of  second  brood  ...............   Sept.  2. 

Deilephila  lineata,  larva  1  ..............................   Oct.  6. 

Deilephila  chamsenerii  Harr  ...........................  May  25. 

Deilephila  chamaenerii,  larva  .........  .  .................  Aug.  8. 

Philampelus  Pandorus  (Hubn.)  ........................   June  27. 

Philampelus  achemon  (Drury),  larva  .....  .  .....  Aug.  l^j  Sept.  4. 

Smerinthus  geminatus  Say  .............................   Aug.  16. 

Smerinthus  excaecatus  (Smith)  ..........................   June  29. 

Smerinthus  myops  (/Smith)  .............................   June  18. 

Cressonia  juglandis  (Smith)  Gr.-R6b  ....................   July  3. 

Ceratomia  Amyntor  (Hubn.)  ...........    June   5,  July  4,  Aug.  IT. 

Ceratomia  Amyntor,  larva  ....................   Aug.  24,  Sept.  IT. 

Daremma  undulosa  Walk  ..............................   July  6. 

Macrosila  quinquemaculata  (Haw.),  of  a  second  brood  ......   Sept.  2. 

Sphinx  chersis  (Hubn.),  larva,  on  lilac  ...................   Aug.  21. 

Sphinx  drupiferarum  Smith,  larva  on  plum  ..............   Aug.  26. 

Sphinx  kalmise  Smith  ........................   July    6,  July  28. 

Sphinx  Gordius  Cram  ................................  June  2T. 

Agrius  eremitus  Hubn  ................................   July  2. 

Agrius  eremitus,  larva,  on  spearmint  ............   Aug.    5,  Sept.  22. 

Ellema  Harrisii  Clem  .....  ,  ...........................   June  22. 

Ellema  pineum  JLintn.,  larva,  on  pine  .  ..................   Sept.  14. 


Trochilium  marginitum  Harris  3  .........  ,  ...............  Aug.  21. 

Trochilmm  tibiale  Harris  .............................  Aug.  16. 

^Egeria  caudata  Harris  ...............................  Aug.  8. 

^Egeria  tipuliformis  (Linn.)  ...........................  June  23. 


Thyris  maculata  Harris  ...............................   Aug.     1. 


Alypia  octomaculata  (Fair.)  ..........  .................   June     2. 

Eudryas  grata  (Fair.)  ........................   July  13,  Aug.     1. 

1  The  dates  assigned  to  the  larval  collections,  in  most  instances,  are  those  of  the 
full  maturity  of  the  larva  and  preparation  for  pupation  by  the  commencement  of  its 
cocoon  or  of  its  ground  cell. 

2  A  pair  of  these  moths  was  taken  in  copula  on  the  trunk  of  a  sumach  (Ithus 
typhina).     After  having  been  pinned,  the  female  deposited  a  number  of  dark-brown 
eggs  of  an  oval  form. 


[193]  DATES  OF  COLLECTION  OF  NEW  YORK  HETEROCERA.  61 

Eudiyas  unio  (Hubn.) l July  8. 

Acoloithus  falsarius  Clem June  25. 

Scepsis  fulvicollis  (Hubn.) Sept.  4,  Sept.  14. 

Ctenucha  virginica  (Charp.) June    4,  June  23. 

Lycornorpha  pholus  (Drury) a July  15,  Aug.  16. 

BOMBYCIDJE. 

Euphanessa  mendica  (  Walk.) June  21,  July  10. 

Callimorpha  Lecontii  Boisd July  23,  Aug.  2. 

Arctia  virgo  (Linn.) July  16. 

Arctia  Saundersii  Grate Aug.  20. 

Arctia  arge  (Drury),  larva Feb.  28. 

Pyrrharctia  isabella  (Smith)  Pack June  30. 

Spilosoma  virginica  (Fabr) May     Y,  June  19. 

Hyphantria  cunea  (Drury) June  3. 

Hypliantria  textor  Harris , . ,  May  19. 

Ecpantheria  scribonia  (Hubn)  larva , Oct.  6. 

Halisidota  tessellaris  (Smith) July  2. 

Orgyia  leucostigma  (Smith) Aug.    4,  Oct.  6. 

Parorgyia  cinnamomea  Gr.-R6b June  20. 

Parorgyia  parallela  Gr.-JRob July  ^1. 

Nadata  gibbosa  (Smith),  larva s Sept.  20. 

(Edemasia  concinna  (Smith)  Pack May  12. 

Coelodasys  unicornis  (Smith)  Pack.,  larva . .' Aug.  1. 

Heterocampa  marthesia  (Cram.)=jLochmceus  tessella  Pack.   July  25. 

Platycerura  furcilla  Pack 4 June  12. 

Cerura  borealis  Boisd.,  larva,  on  willow Aug.  22,  Sept.  2. 

Dryopteris  rosea  (  Walk.) June  30. 

Telea  Polyphemus  (Linn.) June  17,  July  28. 

Actias  Luna  (Linn.) May     7,  July  2. 

Callosamia  Promethea  (Drury)  Pack June  2T. 

Platysaraia  Cecropia  (Linn.)  Grate May  20,  June  27. 

Hyperchiria  lo  (Fabr.) Julv  9. 

Anisota  rubicunda  (Fabr.),  larva Aug.  9. 

Gastropacha  Americana  Harr.,  larva,  on  birch. . . .  July  14,  Sept.  12. 

Tolype  laricis  (Fitch) Sept.  1. 

1  The  larvae  have  been  collected  from  willow  herb  (Epilobium  coloratum)  but  have 
not  been  observed  by  me  on  grape. 

2  Occurs  frequently  at  Schoharie  on  blossoms  of  golden  rod  (Solidago).     On  one 
occasion  six  individuals  were  seen  feeding  together  on  a  single  plant,  upon  a  hillside 
among  evergreens. 

3  Feeds  on  maple  and  changes  to  a  pupa  beneath  a  leaf  fastened  by  some  threads 
to  the  ground.     The  imago  is  disclosed  in  June. 

4  The  larva  feeds  on  the  pine,  and  attaining  maturity  about  the  middle  of  Septem- 
ber, pupates  in  a  slight  cocoon  among  leaves  on  the  surface  of  the  ground 


62  TWENTY-THIRD  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  CABINET.      [194] 

Tolype  velleda  (Stoll)  .................................   Sept.  10. 

Tolype  velleda,  larva,  on  elm.  ....  .......................   July  26. 

Clisiocampa  sylvatica  Harr  ............................   July  11. 

Xyleutes  robinise  (Peck)  .....................    June  18,  July  9. 

Xyleutes  querciperda  (Fitch)  .............  „  .......  ,  .....  June  27. 


Thyatyra  abrasa  Guen  ................................   June  25. 

Tliyatyra  cymataphorides  Guen  .........................   July  11. 

Lacinia  expultrix  Grote  ...............................  July  9. 

Leptina  ophthalmica  Guen  .............................   June  12. 

Bryophila  palliatricula  Guen  ...........................   July  20. 

Microcoelia  diphteroides  Guen  ..........................   Ju\7  21. 

Microcoelia  vinnula  Grote  ..............................   May  25. 

Diphtera  deridens  Guen  ...............................  May  25. 

Diphtera  deridens,  larva  ..............................   Sept.  10. 

Acronycta  dissecta  Gr.-Rob  ............................   July  2. 

Acronycta  superans  Guen  ..............................   July  16. 

Acronycta  brumosa  Guen  .............................   Julv  18 

Acronycta  oblinita  Smith,  larva,  on  Polygonum  ...........   Sept.  12. 

Acronycta  occidentalis  Grote,  larva,  on  apple  .............   Sept.  20. 

Leucania  pallens  Linn  ........................   June  22,  July  8. 

Leucania  pseudargyria  Guen  ...................   July  12,  July  30. 

Leucania  unipuncta  Haworth  ..................   Aug.  30,  Oct.  1. 

Gortyna  nitela  Guen  ..................................   Sept.  14. 

Gortyna  nebris  Guen  .................................   Sept.  28. 

Hydrcecia  sera  Gr.-Rob  ...............................   July  22. 

Nephelodes  violans  Guen.  .  ............................  Aug.  27. 

Xylophasia  apamiformis  Guen  ..........................  June  19. 

Xylophasia  lignicolora  Guen  ...........................   July  15. 

Mamestra  devastator  (Brace]  ......................  .....  Aug.  15. 

Mamestra  dubitans  Walk  ..............................   Aug.  6. 

Mamestra  picta  Harr.,  larva,  on  turnip  .........    Sept.  19,  Oct.  12. 

Mamestra  adjuncta  Boisd.,  larva,  on  Solidago  ............   Oct.  9. 

Apamea  imitima  Grote  ................................   June  3. 

Apamea  iaspis  Guen  ..................................   July  12. 

Celsena  herbimacula  Guen  .............................  Aug.  1. 

Agrotis  c-nigrum  (Linn?)  ..............................   June  23. 

Agrotis  venerabilis  Walk  ..............................   Sept.  9. 

Agrotis  collaris  Gr.-R6b  ...............................   Jul  y  3. 

Agrotis  Cochranii  Riley  ...............................   Sept.  20. 

Noctua  clandestina  (Harr.)  ............................   July  1. 

Noctua  bicarnea  Guen  ................................   July  27. 


[195]  DATES  OF  COLLECTION  OF  NEW  YORK  HETEROCERA.        63 

Noctua  baja  W.-  V Aug.  10. 

Nootna  plecta  Linn June  30. 

Cirroedia  painpina  Guen Sept.  5. 

Phlogophora  Iris  Guen June  28. 

Aplecta  herbida  IF".-  V July  18,  Aug.  11. 

Aplecta  nimbosa  Guen June  19. 

Hadena  xylinoides  Guen May   20,  Aug.  18. 

Hadena  distincta  Hubn May  7. 

Hadena  badistriga  Grote v July  26. 

Cucullia  convexipennis  Gr.-Rob July  21. 

Cucullia  convexipennis,  larva,  on  Solidago Oct.  10. 

Cucullia  intermedia  Speyer May   27,  Aug.  10. 

Cucullia  intermedia,  larva Sept.  14. 

Xylina  cinerea  Riley April   8,  Oct.  10. 

Xylina  petrificata  ( TF.-F.) May  6. 

Xylina  Bethunei  Gr.-Rob March  — ,  Sept.  12,  Oct.  7. 

Rhodophora  florida  Guen July  17. 

Anthcecia  bina  Guen June  16. 

Chamyris  cerintha  (Treits.) July  2. 

Erastria  synochites  Gr.-Rob June  12. 

Erastria  muscosula  Guen June  14,  June  20. 

Erastria  nigritula  Guen June    8,  Aug.  30. 

Erastria  carneola  Guen June  9. 

Leptosia  concinnimacula  Guen May  18. 

Eriopus  monetifera  Guen July  7. 

Plusia  precationis  Guen June  3. 

Plusia  balluca  Hubn July  14,  July  23. 

Plusia  aeroides  Grote July     8,  July  28. 

Plusia  festucse  (Linn.) , July  25,  Aug.  1. 

Plusia  simplex  Guen Sept.  8. 

Plusiodonta  compressipalpis  Guen June  13. 

Deva  purpurigera  Walk July  3. 

Gonoptera  libatrix  (Linn.}  1 May     6,  Aug.  3. 

Catocala  piatrix  Grote Aug.  20. 

Catocala  amatrix  Hubn Sept.  12. 

Catocala  briseis  Edw Aug.  10. 

Catocala  relicta  Walk Aug.   9,  Sept.  14. 

Catocala  unijuga  Walk Aug.  15. 

1  The  larva  is  of  a  bright  velvety  green  color,  having  on  each  side  a  yellow  stripe, 
shaded  beneath  with  brown ;  longitudinally  on  the  head  is  a  black  stripe.  At  ma- 
turity it  measures  one  inch  and  a  half  in  length  by  one-eighth  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 
It  is  very  sprightly  in  its  movements.  It  feeds  on  willow,  and  pupates  among  some 
of  the  leaves  drawn  together  by  silken  threads  to  which  the  pupa  is  attached  by  an 
anal  spine.  Pupation  of  the  fall  brood,  from  fifteen  to  twenty  days. 


64           TWENTY-THIRD  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  CABINET.  [196] 

Catocala  parta  Guen.)  larva,  on  willow, July     7. 

Erebus  odora  (Linn.) Nov.     2. 

Ophiusa  bistriaris  Hubn Aug.   15. 

Drasteria  erechtea  (Cram.) April  22. 

Euclidia  cuspidea  Hubn May  16,  June  17. 

PHAL^ENIIXE. 

Eutrapela  transversata  (Drury) July  25,  Aug.   18. 

Priocycla  armataria  (Her.-Sch.) June  26. 

Angerona  crocataria  (Fdbr.) Juty    10- 

Hyperetis  alienaria  (Her.-jSch.) June     3. 

Nematocampa  filamentaria  Guen. . . Aug.     8. 

Endropia  hypochraria  (Her.-Sch) June    3,  June  22. 

Endropia  pectinaria  (  W.-V.) June     1. 

Ellopia  fiscellaria  Guen Sept.  15. 

Caberodes  imbraria  Guen. . , July    10. 

Eurymene  phlogosaria  Guen April  30,  May      8. 

Metanema  inatomaria  Guen July    16. 

Amphidasys  cognataria  Guen July    28. 

Amphidasys  cognataria,  larva,  on  plum Aug.  19. 

Boarmia  sublunaria  Guen June     5. 

Tephrosia  Canadaria  Guen May    23. 

Nemoria.chloroleucaria  Guen June     5. 

Apk'des'  mimosaria  Guen June      5. 

Acidalia  enucleata  Guen -, Aug.  15. 

Acidalia  persimilata  Grote Aug-  20. 

Stegania  pustularia  Guen Aug-   IT. 

Cabera  intentata Sept.  15. 

Corycia  vestaliata  Guen May    22. 

Corycia  albata  Lef. May    30. 

Macaria  4-signata  Walk July    25. 

Abraxas  ribearia  Fitch July    14. 

Anisopteryx  vernata  (Peck) - April     5. 

Hybernia  tiliaria  Harr Oct.    28. 

Oporabia  dilutata  (Albin) Nov.     6. 

Melarippe  lacustrata  Guen June     6. 

Coremia  propugnata  (  W.-V.) July    19. 

Cidaria  gracilineata  Guen Aug.     1. 

Cidaria  hersiliata  Guen June  23. 

Heterophleps  triguttaria  Her.-Sch July  10,  Aug.     2. 

Odezia  albovittata  Guen Aug.     2. 


[197]  DATES  OF  COLLECTION  OF  NEW  YORK  HETEROCERA.        65 

MICROLEPIDOPTERA. 

Hypena  humuli  Harris May  7,  July    12. 

Hypena  elegantalis  Fitch July      7. 

Hypena  scabralis  (Fabr.) Sept.  10. 

Hypena  erectalis  Guen Sept.  14. 

Ilenninia  morbidalis  Guen July    31. 

Herminia  pedipilalis  Guen June  21. 

Herminia  cruralis  Guen July    31. 

Helia  semulalis  (Hiibn) July    30. 

Pyralis  farinalis  Linn July    12. 

Botys  elealis  (  Walk.)=B.  adipaloides  Gr.-Kob May    22. 

Pionea  stramentalis  (JHilbn.) Aug.   20. 

Argyrolepia  quercifoliana  Fitch July      1. 


66  TWENTY-THIRD  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  CABINET.      [1981 


XL   LIST  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  LEPIDOPTEKA  CONTAINED  IN 
"  SPECIES  GENERAL  DES  LEPIDOPTERES."    BY  A.  GUENEE. 


The  following  list  embraces  above  six  hundred  species  of  moths,  of 
which,  with  the  exception  of  some  identical  European  species  which 
have  been  frequently  described  and  figured  by  the  earlier  authors, 
descriptions  are  given  in  the  six  volumes  (Y.  to  X.)  of  the  Species 
General  des  Lepidopteres  par  M.  A.  Guenee^  forming  a  portion  of  the 
Suites  a  Buff  on. 

The  species  which  are  credited  by  Guenee  to  the  State  of  New  York 
are  indicated  by  an  asterisk  (*).  Elsewhere,  when  no  habitat  is  given, 
it  is  to  be  understood  as  "  North  America."  Species  known  to  the 
compiler  to  occur  in  New  York,  in  addition  to  those  designated  by 
Guenee,  are  marked  in  the  list  with  a  dagger  (f). 

tfOCTUEMTES. 

IVoctuo-Bombycidse  BOISD. 

Vol.  V,  pa.  No. 

*Thyatyra  abrasa  G-uen  ...........................................  12  2 

Thyatyra  pudens  Guen  ...........................................  13  5 

*Thyatyra  cymatophoroides  Guen  .................................  13  6 

*Leptina  dormitans  Guen  ..........................................  15  7 

*Iieptina  ophthalmica  Guen  ........................................  15  8 

tLeptina  Doubledayi  Guen.    North.  States  ..........................  15  9 


Bryopliilidae 

*Bryophilapalliatricula  Guen  ......................................  26  26 

Bryophila  corticosa  Guen  .......................................  30  32 

Grammophora  hebrsea  Guen  .....................  .................  31  33 

Grammophora  cora  Hubn.   Georgia  ...............................  .  31  34 

Bombycoidae  BOISD. 

*Microccelia  fragilis  Guen  .........................................  34  35 

*Microcoelia  diphteroides  Guen  ....................................  34  36 

tDiphtera  deridens  Guen  ..........................................  35  37 

Diphtera  jocosa  Guen  ............................................  37  40 

Acronycta  tritona  Hubn.   Georgia,  Florida  .........................  42  45 

Acronycta  psi  Linn.    North  Amer.,  Europe  ........................  43  47 

Acronycta  lobelise  Guen  ..........................................  44  49 

t  Acronycta  furcifera  Guen  .........................................  44  50 

+  Acronycta  hasta  Guen  ...........................................  45  51 

Acronycta  telum  Guen  ...........................................  45  52 

*  Acronycta  spinigera  Guen  ........................................  45  53 

Acronycta  interrupta  Boisd.   North  Amer.  [Georgia  ?]  ...............  46  54 


1199]          NORTH  AMERICAN  ^IJ^TERAU^TEE.  G7 

Vol.  V,  pa.  No. 

Acronycta  lepusculina  Guen.    North  Amer.  ? 46  55 

Acronycta  hastulifera  Abb 47  57 

Acronycta  acericola  Guen.    Georgia,  Virginia 48  59 

Acronycta  rubricoma  Gu en 48  60 

i  Acronycta  oblinita  Abb 49  61 

•f  Acronycta  innotata  Guen 50  64 

•I-  Acronycta  brumosa  Guen 52  68 

Acronycta  hamamelis  Guen.   Georgia,  Virginia,  etc 52  69 

*Acronycta  superans  Guen , 53  71 

*  Acronycta  clarescens  Guen 54  73 

Acronycta  longa  Guen 54  74 

Acronycta  xyliniformis  Guen.    Georgia,  Florida 56  77 

Leucanidse  GUEN. 

Leucania  littera  Guen.    Florida 71  89 

•"'Leucania  pseudargyria  Guen 74  94 

Leucania  obusta  Guen 74  95 

Leucania  ebriosa  Guen 74  96 

t  Leucania  extranea  Guen.    Nortli  Amer.,  Brazil,  Java,  N.  Holland 77  104 

Leucania  videns  Guen.    Florida 78  106 

Leucania  extincta  Guen.    Florida 79  1Q7 

*Leucania  insueta  Guen 81  113 

Leucania  linita  Guen.    Florida .* 81  114 

Leucania  juncicola  Boisd 83  119 

Leucania  scirpicola  Guen.    Florida 84  120 

^Leucania  commoides  Guen 86  127 

+  Leucania  albilinea  Huhn 89  135 

-f-Leucania  phragmitidicola    Guen 89  136 

*Leucauia  pallens  Linn.    North  Amer.,  Europe 92  145 

*Nonagria  inquinata  Guen 104  159 

Nonagria  enervata  Guen.    Florida 105  163 

Nonagria  fodiens  Guen.    Florida 105  164 

Nonagria  typhae  Naturf.    North  Ainer.,  Europe 108  172 

Olottulidae  GUEN. 

Glottula  timais  Cram 116  184 

Apamidae  GUEN. 

•t  Gortyna  rutila  Guen.    Illinois 123  191 

i  Gortyna  marginidens  Guen 123  192 

Gortyna  limpida  Guen.    Illinois 124  193 

t  Gortyna  nebris  Guen.    Illinois 124  194 

*Gortyna  nitela  Guen.    Illinois 124  195 

•frHydrcecia  nictitans  Linn.    North  Amer.,  Europe 126  196 

*Hydrcecia  lorea  Guen 126  197 

*Hydrcecia  immanis  Guen 128  201 

*Hydrcecia  stramentosa  Guen 129  202 

Nephelodes  minians  Guen 130  203 

*Nephelodes  violans  Guen.    Illinois 130  204 

t  Scolecocampa  ligni  Guen.    Georgia 131  206 

*Achatodes  sandix    Guen  [=  Gortyna  zea  Harris  ] 132  207 

iXylophasialateritia  Naturf.    Europe 137  215 


68  TWENTY-THIRD  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  CABINET.       [200] 

Vol.  V,  pa.       No. 

*Xylophasia  apamiformis  Guen 137  216 

fXylophasia  rurea  Fabr.    North  Amer.,  Europe 137  217 

*Xylophasia  lijnicolora  Guen 140  221 

*Xylophasia  verbascoides  Guen 141  224 

Xylophasia  sectilis  Guen.    North  Amer.  ? 141  225 

Xylophasia  mucens  Hubn.    Pennsylvania,  Florida 142  226 

Xylophasia  confusa  Hubn.    Pennsylvania,  Carolina 142  227 

*Xylophasia  cariosa  Guen 144  232 

tDipterygia  pinastri  Linn.    North  Amer.,  Europe 146  234 

Xylomyges  eridania  Cram.=(p7iytolaccce  Abb.)  North  Am.,  [Georgia  ?].  148  235 

Iiaphygma  frugiperda  Abb.    North  Amer.,  Australia  ? 159  254 

Prodenia  commelinaj  Abb 162  256 

Prodenia  ornithogalli  Guen.    North  Amer.,  [Georgia  ?] 163  258 

Prodenia  eudiopta  Guen.    North  Amer.  ? 164  261 

Heliophobus  fimbriaris  Guen 172  271 

+Mamestra  arctica  Boisd 193  304 

*Mamestra  abjecta  Hubn.    North  Amer.,  Europe 193  306 

*Mani8stra  impulsa  Guen 194  307 

*Mamestra  passer  Guen 195  308 

*Mamestra  adjuncta  Boisd 199  315 

*Apamea  finitima  Guen 206  324 

*  Apamea  mactata  Guen 207  326 

t  Apamea  modica  Guen.    North  Amer.  ? 207  327 

t  Apamea  gemina  Hubn 208  328 

*Apamea  iaspis  Guen 209  380 

Apamea  oculea  Linn.    North  Amer.,  Europe 210  333 

Celaena  festivoides  Guen.    Florida 220  348 

Celaena  chalcedonia  Hubn 221  350 

Celaena  arna  Guen.    Florida 222  351 

Celaena  exesa  Guen.    Florida 222  352 

*Celaena  herbimacula  Guen 223  354 

Perigea  xanthioides  Guen.    Florida 227  361 

Perigea  infelix  Guen.    Florida 229  368 

*Perigea  vecors  Guen 230  371 

Caradrinidae  BOISD. 

Monodes  nucicolora  Guen.    Florida 241  386 

Caradrina  tarda  Guen 243  389 

Noctuidae  BOISD. 

Agrotis  spissa  Guen 261  415 

*Agrotis  jaculifera  Guen.    Pennsylvania,  Canada 262  417 

t  Agrotis  trifurca  Eoers.    Russia 265  423 

Agrotis  malefida  Guen.    Florida 267  429 

Agrotis  annexa  Traits.    North  Amer.,  Antilles,  Brazil 268  430 

+  Agrotis  suffiisa »  W.-  V.    North  Amer.,  Europe,  East  India 268  431 

*Agrotis  fennica  Ecers.    North  Amer.,  Europe 270  434 

Agrotis  saucia  Engr.    North  Amer.,  Europe 271  435 

Agrotis  incivis  Guen 274  441 

Agrotis  exclamationis  Linn.    Canada,  Europe 280  453 

i  Identical  with  Agroiis  telifera  Harris. 


[201]  NORTH  AMERICAN  LEPIDOPTEKA:  GUENEE.  69 

Vol.  V,  pa.  No. 

t  Agratis  nigricans  Linn.    North  Amer.,  Europe 286  468 

Agrotis  tritici  Linn.    North  Amer.,  Europe 288  471 

Agrotis  obeliscoides  Ouen 293  477 

Agrotis  ravida l  W.-  V.  North  Amer.,  Europe 300  493 

t  Noctua  lubricans  Ouen.    Florida 823  531 

t  Noctua  augur  Fabr.    North  Amer.,  Europe 325  537 

*Noctua  sigmoides  Guen 325  539 

*  Noctua  plecta  Linn.    North  Amer.,  Europe 326  540 

Noctua  ochrogaster  Guen 327  542 

t  Noctua  c-nigrum  Linn.    North  Amer.,  Europe 328  545 

*Noctua  bicarnea  Guen 329  546 

*Noctua  triangulum  Hubn.    Europe 329  548 

*Noctua  dahlii  Hubn 332  554 

Noctua  elimata  Guen.    Georgia.* 333  556 

+  Noctuabaja  W.-V.    Europe 335  562 

Ortliosidae  GUEN. 

Ceramica  exusta  Guen 344  574 

Ceramica  vindemialis  Guen.    Florida 344  576 

Ceramica  u-album  Guen.  Florida 345  577 

tTaeniocampa  instabilis  Ross.    North  Amer.,  Europe 350  586 

*Taeniocampa  alia  Guen 352  587 

Taeniocampa  hibisci  Guen.    North  Amer.  [Georgia?] 355  591 

Taeniocampa  oviduca  Guen.    North  Amer 357  597 

Taeniocampa  styracis  Guen.    North  Amer.  [Georgia  ?] 357  598 

*Orthodes  infirma  Guen 375  626 

*Orthodes  cynica  Guen 375  627 

*Orthodes  nimia  Guen 376  628 

*Orthodes  candens  Guen 376  629 

*Orthodes  enervis  Guen.=0.  vecors 376  630 

Cerastis  anchocelioides  Guen 384  639 

Scopelosoma  sidus  Guen 386  643 

Xanthia  rufago  Hubn 392  646 

Xanthia  aurantiago  Guen 394  651 

*Xanthia  bicolorago  Guen 397  655 

t  Xanthia  ferruginea  W.-  V.    North  Amer.,  Europe 397  656 

*Cirrcedia  pampina  Guen 402  661 

Mesogona  culea  Guen.    Florida 404  665 

Cosmidoe  GUEN. 

VOL.  VI. 

Oosmia  orina  Guen 10  678 

Hadenidae  GUEN. 

Dianthcecia  capsularis  Guen.    Florida 22  693 

Hecatera  laudabilis  Guen.    North  Amer.  [Georgia?] 30  709 

Epunda  onychina  Guen 48  735 

Chariptera  festa  Guen.    Carolina 57  745 

*Phlogophora  anodonta  Guen 63  752 

*Phlogophora  iris  Guen 64  753 

i  Very  near  to  Noctua  clandestina  Harris,  but  in  all  probability  distinct. 


70  TWENTY-THIRD  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  CABINET.      [202] 

Vol.  VI,  pa.       No. 

*Phlcgophora  periculosa  Guen 65  755 

t  Euplexia  lucipara  Linn.    North  Amer.,  Europe 68  758 

Folyphaenis  herbacea  Guen 73  764 

t Aplecta  herbida  W.-  V.    North  Amer.,  Europe 75  765 

*Aplecta  imbrifera  Guen 76  768 

t  Aplecta  nimbosa  Guen 77  769 

t  Aplecta  latex  Guen - 78  771 

*Aplecta  condita  Guen 78  772 

*Hadena  miselioides  Guen 89  791 

tHadena  distincta  Hubn 91  79ft 

tHadena  chenopodii  Albin.    North  Amer.,  Europe 97  807 

*Hadena  pisi  Linn.    North  Amer.,  Europe 101  817 

t  Hadena  w-latinum  Hufn.    North  Amer.,  Europe  104  822 

*Hadena  grandis  Boisd.    Lapland  and  Greenland. f 105  823 

tHadena  xylinoides  Guen 106  825 

Xyliiiidae    GUEN. 

t  Oloantha  ramosula  Guen 114  831 

t  Xylina  petrificata  W.-  V.    North  Amer.,  Europe 121  844 

t  Oucullia  asteroides  Guen 133  858 

Oucullia  postera  Guen 133  859 

*Cucullia  florea  Guen 134  860 

Cucullia  umbratica1  Linn.    North  Amer.,  Europe 146  885 

tCrambodes  talidiformis  Guen 152  896 

Heliotbidae  BOISD. 

Oria  sanguinea  Hubn 167  913 

Rhodophora  gaurae  Abb.    Georgia,  Florida 170  917 

*Rhodophora  florida  Guen 171  918 

Lepipolys  perscripta  Guen.    Florida 174  921 

Aspila  rhexiae  Abb 175  922 

Aspila  virescens  Fdbr.    West  Indies  [North  Amer.  Grote] 175  923 

Aspila  subflexa  Guen 175  924 

Tamila  nundina  Drury 176  925 

tHeliothis  marginata  Kleem.    Europe 178  927 

tHeliothis  armigera  Hubn.    [=H.  umbrosus  Grote.]   North  Arner.,  Eur.  181  933 

tHeliothis  spinosae  Guen.     Canada 182  937 

t  Anthcecia  rivulosa  Guen.    [=Crambus  marginatus  Haworth] 184  938 

t  Anthcecia  arcifera  Guen 184  939 

Anthcecia  jaguarina  Guen 184  940 

t  Anthcecia  lynx  Guen 185  942 

Anthoecia  tuberculum  Hubn 185  943 

t  Anthcecia  bina  Guen 186  944 

See  Addenda. 

Haemerosidae  GUEN. 

*Lepidomys  irrenosa  Guen 202  966 

Acontidae  BOISD. 

Agrophila  leo  Guen 205  968 

Agrophila  dama  Guen 205  969 

Agrophila  onagrus  Guen 205  970 

J  This  species  does  not  occur  in  North  America.     C.  intermedia  of  Speyer  has  been  mis- 
taken for  it. 


[203]           NORTH  AMERICAN  LEPIDOPTERA:  GUENEE.  71 

Vol.  VI,  pa.      No. 

t  Acontia  candefacta  Hubn  .........................................  216  984 

t  Acontia  erastrioides  Guen  ........................................  218  990 

Acontia  biplaga  Guen  .............................................  218  991 

Acontia  aprica  Hubn  ..............................................  219  992 

Erastriclae  GUEN. 

t  Chamyris  cerintha  Treits  .........................................  225  1002 

*Erastria  carneola  Guen  .....   .......   .............................  228  1008 

+  Erastria  nigritula  Guen.    Florida  .........  .  ..............   .........  229  1009 

+  Erastria  muscosula  Guen  .........................................  230  1011 

Erastria  albidula  Guen  ...........................................  230  1012 

Bankia  olivula  Guen  ..............................................  231  1013 

Anthophilidse  DUPON. 

t  Leptosia  concinnimacula  Guen  ....................................  238  1021 

Galgula  subpartita  Guen  ..........................................  239  1022 

Galgula  hepara  Guen  .............................................  239  1023 

Xanthoptera  nigrofimbria  Guen  ...................................  241  1025 

Xanthoptera  semiflava  Guen  ......................................  241  1026 

Xanthoptera  semicrocea  Guen.    [Georgia  ?]  .  .  .   .......  .  ............  241  1027 


GUEN. 

Eriopus  floridensis  Guen.    Florida  .................................  292  1094 

t  Eriopus  mollissima  Guen.    Florida  ................................  294  1098 

t  Eriopus  monetifera  Guen.  North  Amer.  ?  ..........................  295  1099 

Eriopus  granitosa  Guen  ...........................................  295  1100 

Eurliipidae    GUEN. 

Ingura  delineata  Guen.    North  Amer.  [Georgia  ?]  ...................  311  1118 

Ingura  abrostoloides  Guen  ........................................  311  1119 

Ingura  cristatrix  Guen.    North  Amer.  ?  ............................  313  1122 

+  Ingura  oculatrix  Guen.  North  Amer.?  ..............................  313  1123 

Placodidre   GUEN. 

*Placodes  cinereola  Guen  ..........................................  316  1126 

Diastema  tigris  Guen.    Colombia,  [North  Amer.  in  exp.  of  plates]  ____  317  1127 

Plusidae    BOISD. 

*Abrostola  urentis  Guen  ...........................................  322  1130 

*Abrostola  ovalis  Guen  ............................................  322  1131 

*Plusia  serea  Hubn  ................................................  333  1  148 

t  Plusia  balluca#£&7i  .............................................  334  1150 

t  Plusia  festucae  Linn.    North  Amer.,  Europe  ........................  337  1157 

*Plusia  thyatyroides  Guen  ........................................  337  1158 

*Plusia  u-brevis  Guen  .............................................  341  1163 

t  Plusia  biloba  StepJi.    Florida  ......................................  341  1164 

Plusia  verruca  Fdbr  ..............................................  342  1165 

Plusia  rogationis  Guen  ............................................  344  1169 

t  Plusia  precationis  Guen  ............................  ..............  344  1170 

*Flusia  simplex  Guen  ...........................................  346  1174 

Plusia  ou  Guen  .  .                                                                                   .  348  1176 


72  TWENTY-THIRD  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  CABINET.      [204J 

Vol.  VI,  pa.  No. 

Plusiani^r.  North  Amer.,  Europe 349  1178 

Plusia  oxygramma  Hubn •  •  350 

*Plusia  mortuorum  Guen 353  1187 

Basilodes  pepita  Guen.  Florida 358  1199 

tPlusiodonta  compressipalpis  Guen.    ? 359  1200 

Hemiceridae  GUEN. 

Hemiceras  cadmia  Guen 383  1240 

Gonopteridse  GUEN. 

Coumophila  erosa  Hubn 395  1255 

Anomis  fulvida  Guen 397  1259 

t  Anomis  bipunctina  1  Guen 401  1267 

Anomis  luridula  Guen 401  1268 

Monogona  hormos  Hubn.  Pennsylvania,  Georgia 403  1270 

*Gonoptera  libatrix  Linn.    North  Amer.,  Europe 405  1273 

Ampliipyridae  GUEN. 

+ Amphipyra  pyramidoides  Guen 413  1278 

Homopteridae  BOISD. 

Vol.  VII,  pa.  No. 

Phseocyma  lunifera  Hubn 3  1320 

+ Homoptera  lunata  Drury . .     12  1335 

Homoptera  exhausta  Guen.    North  Amer.  ? 14  1337 

t  Homoptera  edusa  Drury 14  1338 

Homoptera  minerea  Guen 15  1339 

Homoptera  calycanthata  Abb 15  1340 

Homoptera  obliqua  Guen 16  1341 

Ypsia  aeruginosa  Guen 17  1342 

t  Ypsia  undularis  Drury 18  134$ 

Anthracia  coracias  Guen 19  1344 

Anthracia  cornix  Guen 19  1345 

Hypogrammidae  GUEN. 

Campometra  amella  Guen.    North  Amer.  [Georgia  ?] 25  1352 

Hypogramma  Andromedae  Guen.    North  Amer.  [Georgia  ?] 36  1368 

+ AUotria  elonympha  Hubn.    Georgia,  Florida 37  1369 

Bolinidse  GUEN. 

Panula  inconstans  Guen 59  1392 

Panula  remigipila  Guen.    Florida 60  1393 

Bolina  cinis  Guen 62  1395 

t  Syneda  limbolaris  Hubn 71  1416 

t  Syneda  graphica  Hubn.    Georgia 71  1417 

Catocalidae  BOISD. 

tParthenos  nubiUs  Hubn 80  1427 

Catocala  fraxini  Linn.    North  Amer.,  Europe 83  1428 

1  This  is  said  by  Mr.  Grote  to  be  Anomis  Xylina,  described  by  Say  in  1837. 


[205J           NORTH  AMERICAN  LEPIDOPTERA:  GUENSE.  73 

Vol.  VII,  pa.  No. 

t  Catocala  parta  Guen.    Canada 84  1431 

t  Catocala  amatrix  Hubn 86  1434 

+  Catocala  cara  Guen.     Baltimore 87  1435 

t  Catocala  ultronia  Hubn 89  1440 

tCatocala  ilia  Cram 91  1445 

Catocala  uxor  Guen 92  1446 

Catocala  lacrymosa  Guen 93  1447 

t  Catocala  epione  Drury.     [Long  Island] 93  1448 

t  Catocala  insolabilis  Guen 94  1449 

tCatocala  viduata  Abb 94  1450 

t  Catocala  desperata  Guen.    Baltimore 95  1451 

t  Catocala  cerogama  Guen 96  1452 

t  Catocala  neogama  J.6&.     [Long  Island] 96  1453 

t  Catocala  palaeogama  Guen 97  1454 

t  Catocala  muliercula  Guen.     [Georgia?] 97  1455 

+Catocala  innubens  Guen 98  1456 

t  Catocala  melanympha  Guen.    Canada 98  1457 

Catocala  censors  Abb.    Georgia  [Alabama] 99  1458 

Catocala  micronympha  Guen 102  1466 

Catocala  amasia  Abb.    [Georgia?] 103  1468 

tCatocala  polygama  Guen 105  1472 

Catocala  connubialis  Guen.    [Georgia  ?] 105  1473 

tCatocala  androphila  Guen.    [Long  Island] 106  1474 

Catocala  messalina  Guen 107  1475 

Erebidie  GUEN. 

t  Erebus  odora  Linn 167  1559 

Beiididoe  GUEN. 

Bendis  burnaHubn 216  1622 

Opliiu§idae  GUEN. 

Ophiusa  Smithii  Guen.    Georgia 266  1696 

Ophiusa  similis  Boisd 267  1697 

+  Ophiusa  bistriaris  Hubn 268  1699 

Ophiusa  consobrina  Guen 268  1700 

Agnomonia  anilis  Drury 273  1712 

Euclidise  GUEN. 

Drasteria  convalescens  Guen 289  1734 

tDrasteria  erechtea  Cram 289  1735 

Drasteria  erichto  Guen 290  1736 

tEuclidiacuspidea  Hubn 292  1739 

Poapliilidac  GUEN. 

Lyssia  orthosioides  Guen 296  1745 

Poaphila  deleta  Guen 300 

Poaphila  sylvarum  Guen 300 

tPoaphila  quadrifilaris  Hubn 300  1750 


74  TWENTY-THIRD  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  CABINET.  [206] 

Vol.  VII,  pa.  No. 

Foaphila  erasa  Quen 301  1751 

Foaphila  herbicola  Boisd 301  1752 

Foaphila  contempta  Boisd 302  1753 

Poaphila  flavistriaris  Hubn 302  1754 

Poaphila  perplexa  Boisd.     Savannah 302  1755 

Poaphila  bistrigata  Hubn  303  1756 

Poaphila  herbarum  Guen 303  1757 

Phurys  vinculum  Guen 304  1758 

Phurys  lima  Guen.    North  Amer.  ? 305  1759 

Celipterafrustulum  Guen 308  1767 

Remigidae  GUEN. 

Remigia  latipes  Guen 314  1774 

Remigia  marcida  Guen.    Savannah 317  1777 

Isogona  natatrix  Guen 323  1786 

Panopoda  rubricosta  Guen 324  1788 

Panopoda  roseicosta  Guen 325  1789 

Panopoda  carneicosta  Guen.    United  States 325  1790 

Tliermesidoe  GUEN. 

Thermesia  gemmatalis  Hubn.    United  States,  Brazil 355  1828 

Marmorinia  epionoides  Guen.    Georgia 371  1853 

Marmorinia  geometroides  Guen 371  1854 

ADDITIONS. 

Cerastis  adulta  Guen.    Georgia 393  633  bu 

Hoporina  hesperidago  Guen.    Georgia 393  644  bu 


DEL.TOIDES  LAT. 

Hypeimlae  H.-S. 

Vol.  VEII,  pa.  No. 

+Hypena  Baltimoralis  Guen.    United  States 34  31 

Hypena  madefactalis  Guen 35  33 

*Hypena  scabralis  Fdbr.    Pennsylvania,  Canada,  etc 40  45 

tHypena  erectalis  Guen.   Pennsylvania 40  46 

HerminidaB  DUPON. 

•i  Rivula  propinqualis  Guen 49  54 

t  Herminia  morbidalis  Guen 56  60 

•I- Herminia  pedipilalis  Guen.. , 57  62 

+  Herminia  cruralis  Guen 58  65 

Nodaria  Hispanalis  Guen.    North  Amer.? 64  77 

Bleptina  caradrinalis  Guen 67  84 

Bleptina  ?  madopalis  Guen.    North  Amer.  ? 69  89 

tHeliaphsealis  Guen 76  96 

+  Helia  Americalis  Guen 78  100 

t  Helia  aemulalis  Hubn 78  101 

Helia  lituralis  Hubn.     Georgia 79  102 

tRenia  discoloralis  Guen 82  107 

tClanyma  angulalis  Hubn.. 95  128 

Clanyma  asopialis  Guen 96  130 


[207 J  NORTH  AMERICAN  LEPIDOPTERA:  GUENEE.  75 


PYRALITES. 

Pyralidae  GUEN. 

Vol.  VIII,  pa.  No. 

f  Pyralis  fimbrialis  W.-V.  \_-Asopia  costalis  Fabr.  sp.]    Europe 118  3 

tPyralis  olinalis  Guen.     North  Amer.  ? 118  4 

tPyralis  farinalis  Linn.     North  Amer.,  Europe 119  6 

Pyralis  glaucinalis  Linn.     North  Amer.  ? 122  14 

•f  Aglossa  pinguinalis  Linn.    Europe 127  22 

Aglossa  cuprealis  Hubn.     Europe,  [United  States,  Walker} 127  23 

Agloasa  domalis  Guen 128  24 

Ennychidae  DUPON. 

Rhodaria  phcenicalis  Hubn 173  96 

Herbula  subsequalis  Guen 177  99 

t  Ennychia  octomaculalis  Linn.    Lapland,  Europe 184  110 

Asopidae  GUEN. 

Syngama  florellalis  Cram.    Central  America 187  118 

tDesmia  maculalis  Westw 189  121 

t  Samea  ecclesialis  Guen.    North  Amer.,  Brazil,  Cayenne 194  132 

Samea  castellalis  Guen.    North  Amer.,  Brazil,  Colombia 195  133 

Samea  ebulealis  Guen.    North  America,  Brazil 196  136 

Samea  huronalis  Guen.    Canada 198  141 

Asopia  bicoloralis  Guen.    North  Amer.,  Brazil 205  159 

Hyalea  dividalis  Hubn.    United  States 207  162 

Agathodes  monstralis  Guen.    North  Amer.  ? 209  165 

Agathodes  designalis  Guen.    Brazil,  North  Amer.  ? 209  166 

Spoladea  perspectalis  Hubn.    North  and  Central  America 226  192 

Isopteryx  aplicalis  Guen.    Georgia 229  199 

Isopteryx  magualis  Guen 230  201 

Isopteryx  stenialis  Guen.    Georgia 231  203 

Steniadae  GUEN.? 

Stenia  ranalis  Guen .* 243  219 

Parthenodes  ?  xantholeucalis  Guen.    Georgia 253  241 

Spilomelidae  GUEN. 

Spilomela  platinalis  Guen.    Missouri 282  277 

Margarodidae  GUEN. 

Fhakellura  hyalinatalis  Linn.    North  Amer.,  Hayti,  Brazil,  etc 296  302 

Phakellura  immaculalis  Guen.    Gaudaloupe,  [North  Amer.,  Walker].  297  303 
Phakellura  nitidalis  Cram.     North  Amer.,  Brazil,  Cayenne,  Colombia,  299 

Cliniodes  opalalis  Guen 301 

Margarodes  quadristigmalis  Guen 304 

Botydae  GUEN. 

Botys  ponderalis  Guen.    North  Amer.  ?,  Brazil 3 

Botys  oxydalis  Guen.    Georgia 328  357 


76  TWENTY-THIRD  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  CABINET.       [208] 

Vol.  VIII,  pa.       No. 

Botys  flavidalis  Guen 329  358 

Botys  extricalis  Guen 338  382 

Botys  argyralis  Hiibn 341  388 

Ebulea  fumalis  Guen.    Georgia 358  430 

Ebulea  tertialis  Guen 364  446 

Homophysa  glaphyralis  Guen 366  450 

Homophysa  sesquistrialis  Hiibn.    Georgia 366  451 

Pionea  rimosalis  Guen 371  460 

tPionea  stramentalis  !  Hubn.     Europe 373  465 

*  Pionea  scripturalis  Guen.    Brazil,  [North  Amer.,  Walker} 373  466 

Scopula  iUibalis  Hubn 395  509 

Scopula  rubigalis  Guen 398  516 

Nymphula  similalis  Guen 403  524 

Mecyua  reversalis  Guen 409  531 


PHALENITES. 

Urapterydse  GUEN. 

Vol.  IX,  pa.       No. 

Ohoerodes  tetragonata  Guen.    Brazil,  [North  Amer.  in  exp.  of  plates] .     36  16 

Chcerodes  incurvata  Guen 37  21 

+  Choerodes  trans versata  Drury.     United  States 38  22 

*Choerodes  goniata  Guen 38  24 

Eutrapela  clemataria  Abb 47  42 

Crocopteryx  martiata  Guen.    North  Amer.  ? 74  100 

Ennomidae  GUEN. 

Apicia  spinetaria  Guen.    North  Amer.,  Brazil 85  123 

Apicia  juncturaria  Guen.    North  Amer.  ?  Brazil  ? 88  132 

*Priocycla  armataria  Her.-Sch 91  136 

Epione  serinaria.Z&r.-jS'cA.    Cincinnati 98  149 

Sicya  truncataria  Guen.    Canada 104  159 

*Sicya  solfataria  Guen. 104  160 

Sycya  sublimaria2  Harris 105  161 

t  Angerona  crocataria  Fabr 114  175 

Hyperetis  nyssaria  Abb 118  178 

Hyperetis  exsinuaria  Guen.    Pennsylvania 118  179 

Hyperetis  amicaria  Her.-Sch.    Cincinnati 118  180 

Hyperetis  insinuaria  Guen 119  181 

Hyperetis  persinuaria  Quen.    Near  Baltimore 119  182 

*Hyperetis  subsinuaria  Quen 119  183 

t  Hyperetis  alienaria  Her.-Sch.    Near  Baltimore 120  184 

t  Nematocampa  filamentaria  Guen 121  185 

tEndropia  pectinaria  W.-V. 122  186 

Endropia  tigrinaria  Guen.     Canada 123  187 

Endropia  obtusaria  Hiibn 123  188 

tEndropia  amoenaria  Guen 124  190 

tEndropia  hypochraria  Her.-Sch 125  191 

*Endropia  refractaria  Guen 125  192 


1  An  Orobena,  identical  with  the  German  species,  but  somewhat  lighter  in  color.— SPEYKB. 

2  This  is  Ennomns  macularia  of  Harris  (Lake  Superior,  page  392),  the  specific  name  being 
changed  by  Guenee,  from  having  been  previously  used. 


[209]           NORTH  AMERICAN  LEPIDOPTERA:  GUENEE.  77 

Vol.  IX,  pa.       No. 

Erdropia  lateritiaria  Ouen 125  193 

Metrocampa  praegrandaria  Guen 128  195 

Mefcrocampa  perlata  Ouen 128  197 

Ellopia  pultaria  Guen 131  201 

Ellopia  ?  placeraria  Guen.     California 132  202 

Ellopia  fervidaria  Hubn 132  203 

f  Ellopia  fiscellaria  Guen 133  204 

*Ellopia  flagitiaria  Guen.     Canada 133  205 

t  Caberodes  metrocamparia  Guen 137  21f3 

Caberodes  remissaria  Guen.     Pennsylvania 137  213 

Caberodes  imbraria  Guen.    Pennsylvania 137  214 

Caberodes  superaria  Guen 138  215 

Caberodes  majoraria  Guen 138  216 

Caberodes  ineffusaria  Guen.     Near  Baltimore 138  217 

Caberodes  floridaria  Guen.     Pennsylvania 139  218 

+  Caberodes  confusaria  Hubn 139  220 

Caberodes  phasianaria  Guen 140  221 

*Caberodes  interlinearia  Guen 140  222 

t  Tetrads  crocallata  Guen 141  224 

*Tetracis  aspilatata  Guen , 141  225 

Tetracis  aegrotata  Guen.     California 141  226 

*Tetracis  cachexiata1  Guen.    New  Holland 142  227 

Tetracis  truxaliata  Guen.    California 142  228 

Eurymene  emargataria  Guen 145  233 

t  Eurymene  phlogosaria  Guen.     Canada 146  234 

Eurymene  alcoolaria  Guen.     Canada 146  235 

t  Azelina  Hubneraria  Guen 159  249 

tMetanema  inatomaria  Guen.     Canada 171  272 

Metanema  forficaria  Guen.     California 172  273 

Metanema  quercivoraria  Abb.    [Georgia  ?] 172  275 

t  Ennomos  magnaria  Guen 174  276 

t  Ennomos  subsignaria  Hubn 181  284 

Amphidasydae  GUEN. 

Ceratonyx  satanaria  Guen.    Georgia 194  295 

Amphidasys  quernaria  Abb.    Georgia,  Virginia 207  310 

t  Ampbidasys  cognataria  Guen 208  312 

Boarmidrc  GUEN. 

Hemerophila  unitaria  Her.-Sch 219  326 

Synopsia  phigaliaria  Guen 225  336 

Boarmia  pampinaria  Guen.     Baltimore 245  367 

Boarmia  clivinaria  Guen.     California 245  368 

Boarmia  frugaliara  Guen.     Georgia 246  369 

Boarmia  humaria  Guen.     Georgia 246  370 

t  Boarmia  intraria  Guen.    Near  Baltimore 246  371 

Boarmia  defectaria  Guen 247  372 

Boarmia  larvaria  Guen.    Canada 247  373 

Boarmia  momaria  Guen.    North  Amer.  ? 247  374 

+  Boarmia  sublunaria  Guen 248  376 

1  Guen6e's  description  so  accurately  conforms  to  the  New  York  species  that  It  is  not  im- 
probable that  the  locality  assigned  by  him  is  an  erroneous  one.  —  SPKYER. 


78  TWENTY-THIRD  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  CABINET.      [210] 

Vol.  IX,  pa.       No. 

Boarmia  titearia  Cram.    Virginia 248  377 

Boarmia  gnopharia  Guen 251  383 

Boarmia  umbrosaria  Guen.    Georgia 251  384 

Boarmia  porcelaria  Abb.    [Georgia?] .'.  252  385 

tTephrosia  cribrataria  Guen.    Georgia 260  399 

tTephrosia  canadaria  Guen.    Canada 263  409 

Tephrosia  occiduaria  Guen 266  413 

Paraphia  deplanaria  Guen 272  426 

Paraphia  subatomaria  Wood 272  427 

Paraphia  nubecularia  Guen 272  428 

Paraphia  mamurraria  Guen.    Canada 273  429 

t  Bronchelia  hortaria  Fabr 288  462 

Bronchelia  dendraria  Guen.    Georgia 289  463 

Stenotrachelys  approximaria  Hubn 290  464 

Exelis  pyrolaria  Guen 324  508 

Geomctridce  GUEN. 

•i-Geometra  iridaria  Guen 344  531 

Nemoria?  pistasciaria  Guen 348  539 

t  Nemoria chloroleucaria  Guen 351  546 

Nemoria?  faseolaria  Guen.  California 351  547 

lodis  euchloraria  Alb 355  553 

tDyspteris  abortivaria  Her.-Sch.  Cincinnati 363  572 

Racheospila  lixaria  Guen 374  601 

Synchlora  liquoraria  Guen.  California 375  603 

+ Aplodes  mimosaria  Guen.  Georgia,  Canada 377  605 

Aplodes  glaucaria  Guen.  Georgia 377  606 

Hpliyridae  GUEN. 

Ephyra  culicaria  Guen.    Georgia 407  658 

+  Ephyra  myrtaria  Guen 408  660 

t  Ephyra  pendulinaria  Guen 414  674 

Acidalidae  GUEN. 

Asthena  lucata  Guen.    Canada 437  723 

Acidalia  magnetaria  Guen.     California 450  743 

Acidalia  sideraria  Guen.    California 451  744 

Acidalia  plemyraria  Guen.    Georgia 453  750 

Acidalia  demissaria  Hubn 466  781 

Acidalia  insulsaria  Guen 469  788 

Acidalia  placidaria  Guen 469  789 

Acidalia  pannaria  Guen 470  790 

Acidalia  hepaticaria  Guen.    Baltimore 471  793 

Acidalia  laevitaria  Hubn.    Georgia 471  794 

Acidalia  sublataria  Guen 474  803 

Acidalia  ossularia  Hubn.    Pennsylvania 475  804 

Acidalia  temnaria  Guen 476  807 

Acidalia  myrmidonata  Guen 487  838 

Acidalia  purata  Guen 488  839 

Acidalia  lumenaria  Hubn 488  840 

Acidalia  inductata  Guen 494  852 

t  Acidalia  nivosaria  Guen.     Canada 499  863 

t  Acidalia  enucleata  Guen.. .                                                                      .  505  874 


12 1 1 J           NORTH  AMERICAN  LEPID OPTERA  :  G  UENEE.  7 9 

Vol.  X,  pa.  No. 

Timandra  viridipennaria  Guen 3  894 

Caberidae  GUEN. 

t  Stegania  pustularia  Guen 49  978 

Cabera  erythemaria  Guen.     Pennsylvania,  Canada 56  980 

t  Cabera  variolaria  Guen.    Pennsylvania 56  987 

t  Corycia  hermineata  Guen.    Canada 58  992 

t  Corycia  albata  Lef.    Georgia 58  993 

t  Corycia  vestaliata  Guen '59  994 

Ulacaridae  GUEN. 

Amilapis  unipunctata  Haw 62  998 

Amilapis  nullaria  Hubn.    North  Amer.? 63  999 

Macaria  distribuaria  Hubn.. 76  1024 

Macaria  praeatomata  Haw 76  1025 

Macaria  bicolorata  Fabr.    Virginia 77  1026 

Macaria  ocellinata  Guen 85  1051 

+ Macaria  granitata  Guen.    Pennsylvania 85  1053 

Macaria  contemptata  Guen 86  1054 

Halia  marcescaria  Guen.     California 92  1067 

Fidonidae  GUEN. 

Tephrina  haliata  Guen.    California 97  1071 

Tephrina  muscariata  Guen.     California 98  1073 

Tephrina  neptaria  Guen.     California 99  1076 

*Tephrina  gnophosaria  Guen 99  1077 

Tephrina  monicaria  Guen.     California 100  1081 

Tephrina  unicalcararia  Guen.     California 100  1082 

Tephrina  lorquinaria  Guen 101  1083 

Tephrina  sabularia  Guen 105  1093 

Tephrina  detersata  Guen 105  1094 

Psamatodes  eremiata  Guen 109  1100 

+  Numeria  obfirmaria  Hubn 135  1139 

Numeria  duaria  Guen.    Canada 135  1140 

Numeria  hamaria  Guen 136  1141 

Numeria  fritillaria  Guen.    United  States 136  1142 

Selidosema  juturnaria  Guen.    California 147  1164 

Selidosema  fseminaria  Guen.    California 149  11 68 

Fidonia  avuncularia  Guen.    California 155  1176 

tHsematopis  grataria  Fabr 171  1200 

Gorytodes  uncanaria  Guen.    California 180  1214 

+  Aspilates  dissimilaria  Hubn 182  1216 

t  Aspilates  coloraria  Fabr.    Georgia 183  1217 

Aspilates  sigmaria  Guen 184  1219 

Zerenidae  GUEN. 

*  Abraxas?  ribearia  Fitch 208  1268 

tZerene  catenaria  Cram 222  1286 

Ligidze  GUEN. 

Doryodes  acutaria  Rer.-Sch.    Georgia 233  1395 

Doryodes  spadaria  Guen.    Florida 234  1306 


80  TWENTY-THIRD  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  CABINET.      [212J 

Larentidae  GUEN. 

Vol.  X,  pa.  No. 

+  Oporabia  dilutata  Alb.    Europe,  [New  York,  Fitch] 262  1 333 

Larentia  implicata  Guen.    California 284  1367 

Eupithecia  subapicata  Guen.    California 331  1438 

Eupithecia  coagulata  Guen.    Pennsylvania 339  1451 

Lepiodes  scolopacinaria   Guen.     United  States 360  1484 

Ypsipetes  pluviata  Guen 378  1505 

Melanthia  albicillata  Linn,    Europe 382  1510 

tMelanthiarufiscillata  Guen.     Canada 382  1511 

+ Melanippe  gothicata  Guen.     [=M.  hastala  Linn] 388  1521 

*Melanippe  lacustrata  Guen.    Canada 395  1535 

*Melanippe  intermediata  Guen.    Canada,  Pennsylvania 395  1536 

Melanippe  iduata  Guen.    Canada 403  1548 

Anticlea  vasiliata  Guen.    Canada 407  1557 

Coremia  convallaria  Guen.    California 410  1561 

Coremia  defensaria  Guen.     California 411  1562 

+  Coremia  propugnata  W.-  V.    Europe,  North  Amer 412  1567 

tCoremia  ferrugata  Alb.    Europe 413  1568 

Coremia  orthogrammaria  Led.    Georgia 417  1574 

Coremia  plebeculata  Guen.    California 419  1580 

Camptogramma  fluviata  Hubn.    Europe,  North  Amer 429  1601 

t  Camptogramma  gemmata  Hubn.    Europe 430  1602 

t  Phibalapteryx  intestinata  Guen.    Canada 432  1605 

Scotosia  haesitata  Guen.    California 444  1629 

+  Scotosia  undulata  Linn.    Canada 449  1640 

Spargania  magnoliata  Guen.     Canada - 455  1653 

+  Cidaria  hersiliata  Guen.    Canada 464  1672 

t  Cidaria  russata  W.-  V.    Europe,  Canada 464  1673 

Cidaria  mancipata  Guen.    California 468  1674 

tCidaria  diversilineata  Hubn 475  1689 

t  Cidaria  gracilineata  Guen 476  1600 

Eubolidae  GUEN. 

Eubolia  custodiata  Guen.    California 491  1715 

Sionidae  GUEN. 

+  Heterophleps  triguttaria  Her.-Sch.    Pennsylvania 514  1751 

*Odezia  albovittata  Guen.    Canada 520  1757 

ADDENDA. 

Vol.  V. 

Nephelodes  rubeolans  Guen.  New  Holland?  [Halifax,  N.  S.,  Bethune],  130  205 

Vol.  VI. 

Aspilavirescens  T/Ts&r.    West  Indies,  [North  Amer.,  Grote] 175  923 

Tamila  nundina  Drury 176  925 

Anarta  melanopa  Becklin.    Lapland,  Alps  of  Switz..  [N.  Amer.,  Grote]  190  950 

Anarta  funebris  Hubn.    Charnouni,  [North  Amer.,  Grote] 191  952 

Anarta  amissa  Lef.    Lapland,  [North  Amer.,  Grote] 192  953 

Anarta  algida  Lef.    Norway,  Sweden,  Lapland,  Greenland 192  954 

Anarta  melaleuca  Becklin.    Lapland,  [North  Amer.,  Grote] 193  956 

Anarta  cordigera  Sebaldt.    Lapland,  Switzerland,  [N.  Amer.,  Grote]. .  194  957 

Anomis  grandipuncta  Guen.    Brazil,  [Canada,  Bethune] 400  1266 

Mania  typica  Linn.    Europe,  [Canada,  Bethune] 417  1286 


[213]  NOTES  ON  CUCULLIA  INTERMEDIA.  81 

XII.  NOTES  ON  CUCULLIA  INTERMEDIA  SPEYER. 


In  the  reference  made  in  the  following  paper  by  Dr.  Speyer*  to  a 
manuscript  description  received  from  me  of  the  larva  of  Cucullia  inter- 
media, an  error  has  occurred  in  the  translation  of  the  description  sent 
to  him,  whereby  the  dorsal  and  lateral  spots,  which  constitute  the 
entire  colorational  marking  of  the  larva,  are  designated  as  "reddish" 
instead  of  orange,  as  originally  written.  The  ligure  of  the  larva,  to 
which  he  also  refers,  was  a  copy  by  a  friend  from  a  colored  figure  made 
by  me.  Upon  reference  to  my  original  figure,  the  spots  were  found 
to  be  inaccurately  colored,  being  represented  as  reddish,  instead  of  con- 
forming to  the  description.  In  the  copy  taken  from  it,  it  is  possible  that 
a  still  further  variation  from  the  true  color  may  have  occurred,  warrant- 
ing its  indication  by  Dr.  Speyer  as  "  lilac."  These  errors  may  seem  quite 
trivial :  they  would  not  be  deemed  of  sufficient  importance  to  demand 
a  formal  correction  at  the  present  time  were  it  not  that  the  color  of  the 
larval  spots  is  introduced  by  Dr.  S.  as  a  prominent  specific  feature  in 
his  comparison  of  C.  intermedia  with  C.  lucifuga.  A  few  omissions 
and  other  minor  differences  appear  in  the  following  paragraphs  in  the 
translation,  as  compared  with  my  notes ;  the  latter  read  as  follows : 
"  Larva  shining  black,  covered  closely  with  minute  granulations ;  sides 
with  thirteen  orange  spots,  one  on  each  segment  except  the  twelfth, 
which  has  two  small  ones ;  the  first  four  are  quadrangular,  and  the  next 
seven  are  semicircular  or  triangular."  The  representation  of  the  larva 
on  plate  8,  fig.  7,  is  from  my  original  figure,  but  does  not  faithfully 
portray  the  form  of  the  spots. 

The  larva,  in  all  probability,  occurs  on  the  common  burdock  (Lappa 
officinalis),  as  I  found,  several  years  ago  (as  appears  from  notes  made 
in  1857),  three  crushed  larvse  upon  a  sidewalk  at  Schoharie,  by  the 
side  of  which  a  number  of  burdocks  were  growing,  with  their  leaves 
much  eaten.  In  two  or  three  instances  in  which  I  have  taken  the 
larvse  after  their  last  molt  and  matured  them  on  burdock,  I  am  unable, 
in  the  absence  of  memoranda,  to  recall  positively  the  circumstances 
under  which  they  were  found,  but  my  impression  is,  that  they  occurred 
on  the  sidewalk  at  an  early  hour  of  the  day.  The  habit  of  the  larva, 
we  may  presume,  is  to  conceal  itself  during  the  day  beneath  stones 
or  other  objects  lying  on  the  ground,  and  to  come  forth  after  dark 
to  take  its  food. 

As  the  closely  allied  European  species,  C.  umbratica,  feeds  on  the 
leaves  of  lettuce  (Lactuca  virosa),  and  on  several  species  of  sowthistle 


*  A.  Speyer,  M.  D.,  of  Rhoden.  Fiirstentlmm  Waldeck,  Prussia. 


82  TWENTY-THIRD  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  CABINET.      [21 4J 

(Sonchus  arvensis,  S.  oleraceus  and  S.  palustris)*  it  is  probable  that 
C.  intermedia  is  not  confined  to  the  burdock,  but  may  be  found  on 
others  of  the  Composite. 

The  larvae  taken  by  me  were  fed  in  a  box  containing  a  few  inches 
of  earth,  in  which  it  was  presumed  that  they  would  bury  themselves 
for  their  transformation,  but,  instead  of  doing  so,  they  were  found  to 
construct  their  cocoons  upon  the  surface.  In  one  instance  in  which 
the  commencement  of  the  operation  was  observed,  the  larva  was  seen 
to  attach  its  thread  to  the  side  of  the  box,  at  a  height  of  about  an  inch 
from  the  ground,  and  to  carry  it  thence  outwardly  to  the  ground,  at 
an  angle  of  about  45°.  A  number  of  threads  were  thus  spun  back- 
ward and  forward  within  the  space  of  perhaps  an  half-inch  laterally, 
to  which  other  threads  were  attached,  running  in  different  directions 
beneath.  When  these  last  had  been  made  to  define  somewhat  of  an 
oval  form,  inclosing  the  larva,  particles  of  earth  were  taken  up  in  its 
mouth,  as  the  operation  of  spinning  continued,  and  deposited  on  the 
viscid  thread,  until  a  wall  was  built  up  around  it,  entirely  hiding  it 
from  view. 

In  this  manner,  a  firm  cocoon  is  constructed,  which,  to  ordinary 
observation,  appears  simply  as  a  ball  of  earth,  but  which,  under  a  lens, 
shows  clearly  the  silken  threads  traversing  every  portion  of  it.  The 
cocoons  rested  with  one  end  on  the  surface  of  the  ground,  with  a  side, 
somewhat  flattened,  attached  to  the  box.  One  in  my  possession  is 
ellipsoidal  in  form,  and  measures  six-tenths  by  nine-tenths  of  an  inch 
in  diameter. 

A  pupa-case  of  C.  intermedia  in  my  collection  (Plate  8,  fig.  6),  in 
which  the  abdominal  rings  have  been  contracted  in  the  escape  of  the 
imago,  so  that  the  anal  spine  is  opposite  the  tip  of  the  extended 
tongue-case,  measures  seven-tenths  of  an  inch  in  length.  The  free  end 
of  the  tongue-case  extends  fifteen-hundredths  of  an  inch  beyond  the 
wing-cases,  at  which  point  it  is  enlarged,  and,  apparently,  has  its 
apical  portion  recurved  and  folded  upon  itself  for  about  one-third  its 
length.  The  anal  spine  is  smooth,  short,  curved,  rounded  at  tip, 
and  hollowed  beneath.  The  shell  is  thin,  translucent,  of  a  testaceous 
color,  with  the  stigmata,  a  mesial  line  on  the  apical  portion  of  the 
tongue-case  and  tip  of  the  anal  spine,  black. 

There  are  two  annual  broods  of  intermedia.  In  addition  to  the 
August  brood  mentioned  by  Dr.  Speyer,  they  have  been  observed  by  me 
during  the  latter  part  of  May,  taking  their  food  upon  the  wing,  at  the 
hour  of  twilight,  from  lilac  blossoms  (Syringa  vulgaris),  associated 
with  Deilephila  chamcenerii,  Amphion  Nessus,  Thyreus  Abbotii  and 
Sesia  Thysbe,  and  imitating  very  closely  these  sphinges  in  their  method 

*  Newman's  Natural  History  of  British  Moths,  p.  436.    1869. 


[215]  NOTES  ON  CUCULLIA  INTERMEDIA.  83 

of  feeding  and  in  their  flight.     Fig.  5  of  Plate  8  represents  the  female 
rnoth. 

The  larva  of  CucuUia  convexipennis  Gr.-Rob.  (conspicuously  marked 
with  a  dorsal  stripe  of  brick-red  on  a  ground  of  black,  and  with  a 
broad  lateral  stripe  of  yellow,  broken  transversely  into  lines  resem- 
bling Roman  letters),  which  I  have  taken  during  the  months  of 
September  and  October,  feeding  first  on  the  leaves  and  later  on  the 
flowers  of  the  golden  rod  (Solidago  canadensis),  also  constructs  a 
cocoon  of  earth  and  silk ;  but,  unlike  that  of  intermedia,  it  is  placed 
ben  oath  the  surface  of  the  ground.  Although  not  so  firmly  built 
as  that  of  its  congenor,  it  is  sufficiently  compact  to  admit  of  the  escape 
of  the  imago  through  an  opening  made  in  the  end,  without  destroying 
its  ellipsoidal  form. 

We  are  indebted  to  Mr.  E.  L.  Graef,  of  Brooklyn,  L.  L,  for  the  able 
translation  of  the  following  paper  of  Dr.  Speyer,  which  may  justly  be 
regarded  as  a  model  of  entomological  criticism.  The  thirty  years  of 
close  study  which  its  author  has  given  to  the  Lepidoptera  of  Europe, 
have  made  him  so  thoroughly  conversant  with  the  European  forms, 
that  he  is  now  prepared  to  continue  their  investigation  with  unfailing 
interest  to  himself,  and  greatly  to  the  advancement  of  science,  through 
their  comparison  with  representative  and  allied  species  from  other 
portions  of  the  globe.  The  opportunity  of  very  favorable  comparison 
with  many  of  the  New  York  species  has  been  afforded  him  through 
large  collections  reared  from  the  larvae,  or  carefully  made  in  the  field, 
and  subsequently  prepared  in  a  superior  manner  by  Mr.  Meske,  to 
whom  reference  has  been  made  in  these  pages  less  frequently  than  his 
labors  deserve,  or  my  obligations  to  him  demand.* 

*Mr.  Meske's  field  collections  are  made  with  unusual  care.  A  gauze  net  is  used  by 
him,  of  so  delicate  a  texture  that  the  captured  insect,  in  its  efforts  to  escape,  may 
brush  against  its  sides  without  the  loss  of  any  of  its  cilia.  As  quickly  as  possible  it 
is  withdrawn  from  the  net  in  a  wide-mouthed  bottle,  and  speedily  quieted  by  a  few 
drops  of  chloroform,  poured  on  some  cotton  contained  in  a  glass  tube  passing  through 
the  cork.  When  the  insect  is  dead,  or  nearly  so,  it  is  carefully  turned  out  on  the 
palm  of  the  left  hand,  and  in  that  position  pinned,  without  taking  it,  as  is  usually 
done,  between  the  fingers.  In  this  manner,  even  the  strong-winged  Hesperians  may 
be  secured  without  the  least  injury  to  their  thoracic  garniture,  or  to  their  slightly 
attached  cilia  —  in  an  absolutely  perfect  condition. 

I  have  found  a  lump  of  cyanide  of  potassa  secured  by  a  piece  of  gauze  to  the  stopple 
of  a  bottle  (a  French  mustard  jar,  with  its  hollow,  screw  stopple,  forms  an  excellent 
collecting  bottle),  to  be  more  convenient  for  use  than  chloroform,  and  nearly  as  prompt 
in  its  anaesthetic  effects.  As  the  larger  insects  soon  revive  after  being  transferred  to 
the  collecting  box,  unless  left  under  the  influence  of  the  potassa  for  fifteen  minutes 
or  more,  the  field  collector  will  find  it  convenient  to  provide  himself  with  a  duplicate 
bottle,  for  use  while  the  occupied  one  is  resting  in  an  inverted  position  in  his  pocket. 
An  insect  killed  in  this  method  remains  in  good  condition  for  setting,  wholly  free  from 
the  rigidity  which  often  attends  the  use  of  chloroform. 


84  TWENTY-THIRD  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  CABINET.       [216] 

One  result  of  these  comparative  studies  is  presented  in  the  following 
paper,  and  others  appear,  in  part,  as  notes  to  some  of  the  preceding 
pages.  Reference  would  further  be  made  to  some  recent  determi- 
nations by  Dr.  Speyer  of  erroneous  generic  references  of  several  of  our 
Lepidoptera,  if  we  were  confident  that,  in  extracting  from  corre- 
spondence, we  would  not  be  anticipating  intended  publication  in 
European  journals.  Whenever  published,  we  bespeak  for  them,  on 
the  part  of  our  entomologists,  the  consideration  to  which  they  are 
entitled,  as  coming  from  one  who,  although  his  modest  labors  have 
not  secured  for  him  an  extensive  reputation  in  this  country,  has  been 
pronounced  by  perhaps  our  highest  American  authority,  "  the  foremost 
student  in  Lepidopterology  in  the  world." 


(E.) 

[From  the  Stettiner  Entomologische  Zeitung,  31  Jahrgang,  No.  10-13, 3870.] 

ON  CUCULLIA  INTERMEDIA  Nov.  SPEC.  AND  C.  LUCI- 

FUGA  W.-V. 

BY  A.  SPEYER,  M.  D. 


Of  the  group  of  Cucullia,  of  which  C.  umbratica  Linn.  [Plate  8, 
fig.  4]  is  the  most  common  European  representative,  Guenee  in  his 
well-known  writings,  mentions  only  one  American  species,  viz.,  um- 
'bratica,  which  he  represents  (Noctuelites  II,  p.  14/T)  as  "commune 
dans  toute  1'Europe  et  FAmerique  Septentrionale."  Walker  also 
knows  of  but  one  American  species  of  this  group,  not  umbratica,  but 
chamomillce  'W.-V.,  represented  in  the  British  Museum  by  one  speci- 
men from  Hudson's  Bay  and  one  specimen  from  the  State  of  New 
York  (List  of  Spec,  of  Lepidop.  Ins.  in  the  Collec.  of  the  Br.  Mus., 
XI,  p.  650).  Through  the  kindness  of  my  friend  Mr.  Meske,  of  Albany, 
IS".  Y.,-I  have  received  specimens  of  the  species  which,  according  to 
his  authority,  is  generally  known  in  America  as  umbratica  [Plate  8, 
fig.  5],  and  this  species  is  neither  umbratica  nor  chamomillce ,  but  is  so 
nearly  allied  to  C.  lucifuga  W.-V.,  that  I  was  at  first  disposed  to  take 
it  for  a  local  variety  of  the  last-named  species.  The  receipt  of  a  greater 
number  of  specimens  from  America,  accompanied  with  a  drawing  and 
description  of  the  larva,  enable  me  to  place  the  identity  of  the  species 
beyond  all  doubt.  I  have  named  it  intermedia,  it  being  between  luci- 
fuga and  lactucce  "W.-V.,  having  the  coloring  of  the  first-named 
species  with  the  form  and  markings  of  the  latter,  but,  in  fact,  allied 
more  closely  to  lucifuga. 

The  question  now  arises,  is  intermedia,  which  was  formerly  known 
in  America  as  umbratica,  also  the  identical  C.  umbratica  of  Guenee  ? 
.Guenee  was  too  well  acquainted  with  the  differences  between  um- 
Iratica  and  lucifuga  and  their  allied  species  to  confound  intermedia 
with  the  so  dissimilar  umbratica,  if  he  really  had  intermedia  before 
him.  He  does  not,  however,  expressly  say  that  his  statement  as  to  the 
occurrence  of  the  species  is  founded  on  his  own  examination,  for  "  com- 
mune "  umbratica  certainly  is  not,  otherwise  it  would  not  have  escaped 
my  entomological  friends  in  America.  I  am  led  to  believe  that 
Guenee's  statement  is  only  a  reproduction  of  the  error  made  by 
American  collectors ;  he,  however,  cites  no  American  authority.  Nei- 
[Assem.  No.  133.]  28 


86  TWENTY-THIRD  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  CABINET.      [21 8 J 

ther  would  I  take  "Walker's  chamomillce  for  intermedia.  It  is  not 
probable  that  a  species,  which  seems  to  be  as  common  in  the  northern 
United  States  as  umbratica  is  in  Europe,  should  not  be  represented  in 
the  British  Museum ;  and  whether  Walker  is  correct  in  his  distinction 
of  the  species  is  very  questionable.  Of  lucifuga^  he  mentions  only  a 
single  European  specimen  in  the  Museum. 

The  following  description  is  based  on  the  comparison  of  10  interme- 
dia (4  &  and  6  ?  )  from  New  York,  with  7  lucifuga  (3  $  and  4  ?  )  from 
Austria,  Bavaria,  Switzerland,  Silesia  and  Thiirmgen. 

Expanse  about  the  same ;  the  anterior  wings  of  the  largest  females 
of  both  species  expand  23  mm.,  of  the  smallest  males  of  intermedia 
20  mm.,  and  of  lucifuga  21  mm.  As  far  as  I  can  discover,  the  abdom- 
inal construction  is  the  same,  as  is  also  the  sharp  cut  of  the  wings  so 
characteristic  of  this  genus.  Anterior  wings  sharp,  posterior  margin 
oblique,  slightly  wavy  and  curved  toward  the  interior  angle.  The 
anterior  angle  of  the  secondaries  obtuse,  rounded ;  posterior  margin 
slightly  undulated,  irregular  and  somewhat  wavy.  Color  of  anteriors 
the  same  as  in  lactucce^  or  a  little  darker  and  more  inclined  to  blue,  a 
uniform  bluish-gray,  with  slight  shadings  of  light  mold-gray,  especially 
in  the  interior  margin  and  terminal  region,  the  latter  traversed  by 
lighter  rays,  but  often  very  indistinct  and  variable.  The  last  may  be 
said  of  the  two  zigzag  lines,  which  are,  however,  formed  precisely  as 
with  lucifuga  /  of  these  the  front  line  is  almost  always  distinctly  visi- 
ble, and  the  hinder  one  only  distinct  near  the  interior  margin. 
Toward  the  anterior  margin  these  lines  become  broader  and  macular, 
and  here,  between  the  two,  a  third  line  is  visible,  darker  and  stronger 
than  either.  The  dorsal  vein,* and  those  in  the  terminal  region, 
appear  as  very  fine  black  lines.  The  black  ray  emerging  from  the  base 
is  long  and  fine.  The  three  rays  in  the  terminal  region  —  the  longer  and 
finer  ray  in  cell  no.  4f ,  which  emerges  from  the  outer  margin  of  the 

[*The  submedian  of  American  entomologists.} 

[f  Among  the  German  entomologists,  the  nerves  and  nervules  are  designated  by  the 
numbers  1,  2,  3,  4,  etc.,  counting  on  the  posterior  margin  from  the  posterior  toward 
the  anterior  angle  of  the  wing.  The  first  nervule  of  the  median  uniformly  bears 
the  number  2.  The  submedian,  the  internal,  and  whatever  interior  nerves  may 
exist,  are  known  as  1  a,  1  b,  1  c,  enumerating  from  the  internal  margin.  The  nerve 
opposite  the  discal  cell,  and  usually  given  off  from  the  cross-vein,  is  no.  5,  and,  for 
the  sake  of  uniformity,  is  so  counted  even  when  absent :  no.  8  usually  terminates 
just  below  the  apex  of  the  wing.  The  cells  (interspaces  of  Clemens  and  others)  are 
as  follows  :  between  the  internal  margin  and  nerve  adjacent  is  1  a  ;  if  this  nerve  be 
the  internal,  then  the  space  between  it  and  the  submedian  is  1  b,  followed  by  1  c ; 
but  when  there  is  no  internal  nerve,  then  this  latter  cell  becomes  1  b.  Between  the 
nervules  of  the  median  and  of  the  subcostal,  the  cells  bear  the  numbers  of  the  ner- 
vules which  precede  them ;  thus,  between  the  first  median  nervule  (no.  2)  and  the 
second  (no.  3),  is  cell  no.  2  ;  opposite  the  discal  cell,  separated  by  nerve  5,  are  cells 
4  and  5,  and  thus,  to  cell  12  or  13,  if  the  venation  permit,  on  the  basal  portion  of  the 
anterior  margin.] 


[219J  ON  CUCULLIA   INTERMEDIA   AND    O.  LUCIFUGA.  87 

reniform  mark  and  runs  along  without  quite  reaching  the  margin ;  a 
shorter  ray  resting  on  the  margin  in  cell  no.  3;  and,  lastly,  the  short 
and  usually  strong  and  somewhat  oblique  ray,  with  a  whitish  border,  in 
cell  1  b,  near  the  interior  angle  —  have  the  forms  and  positions  as  with 
lucifuga,  but  the  markings  are  mostly  fainter;  in  some  specimens 
quite  indistinct,  but  are  never  wanting.  A  row  of  black  lines  or  lu- 
nettes, which,  with  the  female,  form  nearly  an  unbroken  line,  are  placed 
on  the  extreme  terminal  margin  as  with  lucifuga,  and  the  gray  fringes, 
divided  in  the  middle  by  a  light  line,  are  identical  in  both  species. 
The  orbicular  spot  is  totally  wanting ;  the  outer  border  of  the  reni- 
form spot  is  more  or  less  completely  marked  by  dark  lines ;  most  con- 
stantly its  lower  portion,  next  in  frequency  the  outer,  and  lastly  the 
upper  border.  These  marks  are  not  discernible  in  the  male.  On  the 
discal  cross-vein  is,  in  some  cases,  an  indistinct  dark  spot.  The  black- 
ish-gray secondaries  become  lighter  toward  the  base.  With  the  male, 
the  secondaries  are  always  lighter  colored,  as  is  the  case  with  all  of 
this  genus;  in  the  female  they  are  sometimes  uniform  black-gray. 
The  white  fringes  are  divided  by  a  hair-like  dark  line,  which  latter  is 
in  some  cases  so  obscure  and  imperfect  that  they  seem  totally  white. 
Under  side  of  the  primaries  ashy-gray,  bordered  along  the  anterior  and 
interior  margins  with  whitish-gray.  The  secondaries  of  the  female 
whitish-gray,  with  a  more  or  less  broad  hinder  margin  of  a  darker 
gray ;  in  the  male,  almost  completely  dull  white,  with  dark  veins.  On 
the  discal  cross-vein  is  a  distinct,  rounded,  dark  reniform  mark,  which 
is  often  connected  with  the  base  of  the  wing  by  a  streak  of  the  same 
color. 

Color  and  markings  of  the  remaining  parts  of  the  body  are  precisely 
as  in  lucifuga,  with  the  exception  that  intermedia  is  more  bluish-gray 
on  the  thorax,  corresponding  to  the  color  of  the  wrings.  The  center, 
between  the  shoulder  covers  of  intermedia,  is  also  darker,  blackish- 
gray  ;  on  the  abdomen  are  four  distinct  dark,  downy  tufts,  as  is  the 
case  with  all  its  allies.  The  female  is  remarkable  for  the  pointedness 
of  its  abdomen.  The  downy  hair  which  adorns  this  part,  is  on  the 
sides  and  on  the  underside  of  the  last  segment,  in  a  greater  or  less 
degree,  of  a  rust-yellow  color.  The  most  distinctly  marked  females  have, 
on  each  side  of  the  segment,  a  rust-yellow  spot,  the  base  of  which  is 
formed  by  the  last  incisure ;  and  on  the  flat  tuft,  which  covers  the 
sexual  organ  from  beneath,  is  a  transverse  spot  of  the  same  color. 
When  I  first  noticed  this  singularity  of  coloring,  I  supposed  it  to  be  a 
peculiarity  exclusively  characteristic  of  intermedia,  as  I  did  not  observe 
it  in  any  others  of  the  genus,  and  has,  as  far  as  I  know,  never  been  men- 
tioned in  any  description.  It  proved,  however,  to  be  the  same  with 
lucifuga,  and,  furthermore,  that  this  marking  is  not  constant.  Four 


88  TWENTY-THIRD  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  CABINET.      [220] 

of  my  female  intermedia  show  the  spots  large  and  distinct,  the  fifth, 
small  and  less  brightly  colored,  while  with  the  sixth  it  is  reduced  to 
simply  a  few  of  the  hairs  of  the  tufts  which  form  the  gray  ground, 
being  sprinkled  slightly  with  rust-yellow.  In  two  females  of  lucifuga 
the  spots  are  similarly  conspicuous,  as  usually  in  intermedia,  while  in 
two  other  bred  specimens  they  are  apparent  only  in  a  slight  sprinkling 
of  rust-yellow  upon  the  gray  tufts. 

Of  the  allied  species  which  I  can  compare,  the  Eussian  C.  lalsamitcB 
( 1  ?  )  alone  has  these  spots  of  the  same  shape  and  coloring  as  interme- 
dia, while  the  much  closer  allied  species,  lactucce  and  campanulas, 
show  no  trace  of  them  ;  umbratica  ?  is  also  without  this  mark,  although 
some  specimens  have  a  slight  sprinkling  of  dull  rust-yellow  scales  in  the 
last  segment.  In  chamomillce,  and  especially  in  its  variety,  chrysan- 
themi,  the  parts  named  show  only  an  indistinct  surrounding  of  dull 
yellow  or  rust-brown. 

Invariable  distinguishing  marks  between  intermedia  and  lucifuga 
are,  therefore,  not  to  be  found  either  in  the  markings  or  form  of  the 
imago ;  the  coloration  only  is  different.  The  color  of  lucifuga  (flilb- 
ner  Noct.,  fig.  262 ;  Freyer  N.  Beitr.,  tab.  431)  on  the  thorax  and 
anteriors  is  less  inclined  to  blue,  being  more  ash-gray,  the  lighter 
shades  more  strikingly  whitish,  the  shadings  stronger  and  inclined  to 
brown,  while  intermedia  is  devoid  of  all  brown  whatever.  The 
yellowish-brown  coloration  of  the  reniform  mark  which  lucifuga 
shows  more  or  less  distinctly,  is  also  wanting  in  intermedia. 

From  C.  lactucce  (Entom.  Zeit.  1858,  S.  83  fig.),  with  which  it  has  a 
coloration  in  common  (though  somewhat  darker),  intermedia  differs 
by  the  sloping  cut  of  the  anteriors,  the  points  of  which  are  with 
lactucce,  obtuse  and  rounded,  and  the  margin  more  convex.  The  dark 
markings  in  the  terminal  region  of  this  species  are  also  much  fainter, 
or  scarcely  discernible,  particularly  the  short  dark  line  in  cell  no. 
3,  near  the  margin  (so  distinct  in  intermedia),  which  in  this  is  totally 
wanting.  The  terminal  margin  is  also  without  the  strong  black  lines 
or  lunettes ;  the  dark  dividing  line  of  the  fringes  of  the  primaries  is, 
on  the  contrary,  broader  and  stronger.  The  middle  of  the  thorax  is 
not  materially  darkened,  the  tufts  of  the  abdomen  are  less  robust  and 
lighter,  being  brownish-gray.  C.  campanulas  has  a  similar  ground 
color,  but  a  very  different  cut  of  the  secondaries,  they  not  being 
rounded  at  the  anterior  angle,  but  strong,  pointed  and  almost  falcate ; 
the  hinder  margin  is  slightly  indented.  The  deep,  black  markings, 
especially  the  lines  in  cells  nos.  4  and  1  b.,  are  longer  and  stronger, 
and  are  very  conspicuous  on  the  gray  ground  color.  Lastly,  cam- 
panulas has  a  fine  comma-like  line  in  the  median  region,  which 
emerges  from  the  middle  prong  of  the  oblique  line,  which,  of  all  the 


[22 1J        ON  GUCULLIA  INTERMEDIA  AND  0.  LUCIFUGA.  gg 

other  species,  umbratica  alone  possesses.  The  last-named  species  also 
corresponds  in  the  cut  of  the  secondaries  with  campanula,  and  is 
additionally  easily  distinguishable  by  the  faint,  dull  yellow  streak  on 
the  primaries,  and  in  the  white  secondaries  of  the  male.  C.  santolincB 
Ramb.  and  C.  chamomillce  have  indented  secondaries  and  no  black 
crescentic  lines  on  the  terminal  margin,  and  are  characterized  by  the 
deep  black  veins  which  run  into  the  middle  of  the  fringes.  Santolince 
is  also  smaller  than  intermedia,  and  chamomillm  is  differently  colored 
from  it.  The  remaining  species  are  even  less  liable  to  be  confounded 
with  intermedia. 

So  slight  as  the  differences  between  the  so  simply  and  monotonously 
marked  imagines  may  appear,  they  are,  on  the  contrary,  very  strongly 
marked  in  the  brilliant  and  variegated  colors  of  the  larvae.  The  larva 
of  intermedia  is  no  exception  to  this  rule,  although,  as  may  be  expected, 
in  its  earlier  stages,  it  approaches  nearer  lucifuga  than  to  the  other 
species.  The  larva  of  intermedia  is  described  by  Mr.  Lintner  of  the 
New  York  State  Museum  of  Natural  History,  who  is  a  close  and  reli- 
able observer,  as  follows :  "  Sides  with  reddish  spots,  one  on  each  seg- 
ment, the  first  four  square,  the  seven  following  semicircular,  the  two 
on  the  last  segment  small.  Dorsum  with  two  small  reddish  spots  on 
the  first  four  segments,  a  very  indistinct  spot  on  the  fifth  and  one  on 
each  of  the  last  four  segments.  The  caterpillar  is  very  lively  in  its 
motions  and  feeds  generally  at  night."  According  to  the  figure  accom- 
panying the  description,  the  ground  color  of  the  mature  larva  is  dull 
black,  head  and  feet  the  same,  color  of  the  spots,  which  are  of  about  the 
same  size  as  with  lucifuga,  lilac.  Of  its  food  and  transformations 
I  have  not  been  informed.  Yery  perfect  specimens  of  the  imago  were 
taken  by  Mr.  Meske  in  Albany,  N.  Y.,  early  in  August. 

For  the  sake  of  comparison  I  give  a  detailed  description  of  the  larva 
of  lucifuga  (which  is  however  already  accurately  described  by  Treit- 
schke,  Schmett.  v.  Eur.  X,  2, 128)  from  two  specimens  prepared  by  Mr. 
O.  Schreiner  in  Weimar  in  his  masterly  style.  Mature  larva  black 
with  three  parallel  rows  of  orange-yellow  spots.  The  row  on  the  dor- 
sum  consists  of  twenty-five  small  spots,  two  on  the  first  segment,  three 
each  on  the  second  and  third,  the  first  of  which  is  rectangular,  two  each 
of  a  round  form  on  the  fourth  to  the  eleventh  segments,  and  the  last 
two  form  a  band  instead  of  spots.  The  row  on  the  side  consists  of  thir- 
teen spots,  one  on  each  segment.*  Those  on  the  second  and  third 
segments  are  broader,  made  so  by  the  small  spot  in  front  running 
into  the  larger  one  behind ;  those  on  the  twelfth  and  thirteenth  are 
smaller  and  nearly  touch  each  other;  the  last  is  a  spot  running 

[*Tlie  author  regards  the  body  of  the  larva  as  consisting  of  thirteen  segments,  the 
twelfth  segment  being  properly  divisible,  it  is  claimed,  into  two  distinct  portions.] 


90  TWENTY-THIRD  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  CABINET.      [222] 

cross-wise.  The  rest  are  rounded,  somewhat  elongated  transversely, 
which  is  also  the  case  with  those  on  the  dorsum.  The  larva  is 
entirely  naked,  and  all  except  the  collar  thickly  granulated.  Head  and 
feet  black,  the  first  granulated  and  wrinkled  in  front,  with  the  clypeus 
furrowed  cross- wise.  In  its  youth  the  larva  has  a  quite  different  appear- 
ance, it  having  stripes  instead  of  spots.  The  young  larva,  (length  thirty 
millimetres)  which  I  have  before  me  is  velvety  black  with  light  yellow 
stripes,  the  dorsal  stripe  slightly  mixed  with  reddish-yellow,  and  the 
broad  side-stripes  dotted  with  black.  The  skin  is  not  granulated,  bat 
each  of  the  middle  segments  is  adorned  by  four  tiny  warts  surmounted 
each  by  a  rather  long  bristle.  The  head  is  smooth,  black,  with  yellow 
markings  in  the  middle  and  on  the  sides. 

It  is  probable  that  the  larva  of  C.  intermedia  changes  in  its  appear- 
ance after  its  last  molting  in  a  similar  manner.  In  this  stage  it  has 
the  ground  color  and  the  three  rows  of  spots  in  common  with  luci- 
fuga,)  but  the  color,  number  and  division  of  the  spots  are  different. 
The  spots  of  intermedia  are  lilac,  those  of  lucifuga  orange ;  the  first 
has  thirteen  dorsal  spots,  the  other  twenty-five,  etc.,  etc.  The  larvae 
of  lactuccB  and  campanula  have  no  resemblance  whatever  with  that  of 
intermedia.  The  larva  of  umbratica  has  more  resemblance  to  it,  but 
here  the  differences  in  color  and  markings  are  too  striking  to  necessi- 
tate a  comparison. 


V 


PLATE   VII.     . 

FIG.     1.  NISONIADES  LUCILIUS  Lintner.    ?. 
"       2.  NISONIADES  LUCILIUS,  showing  under  surface  of  wings  of 
"       3.  NISONIADES  PERSIUS  Scudder.    $ . 

"       4.  NISONIADES  PERSIUS,  showing  under  surface  of  wings  of 
"       5.  NISONIADES  ICELUS  Lintner.    $. 

"  6.  NISONIADES  ICE L us,  under  surface  of  $. 

"  1.  NISONIADES  MARTI ALIS  Scudder.    $. 

"  8.  NISONIADES  MARTIALIS,  under  surface  of  ?. 

"  9.  NISONIADES  BRIZO  Boixd.  et  Lee.    ?. 

"  10.  NISONIADES  BRIZO,  under  surface  of  ?. 

"  11.  NISONIADES  AUSONIUS  Lintner.    3. 

"  12.  NISONIADES  AUSONIUS.  under  surface  of  S. 


Stair  MUM  Na*    Mist    23 


MSOMADKS 


Plaie 


B.  Simpeon,Dei. 


PLATE    VIII. 

FIG.     1.  HEMILEUCA  MATA  (Drury).    6. 
"       2.  Pupa  of  HEMILEUCA  MAI  A. 
"       3.  Egg-belt  of  HEMILEUCA  MAIA. 
"       4.  CUCULLIA  UMBRATICA  (Linn).    $. 
"       5.  CUCULLIA  INTERMEDIA  Speyer.    ?  . 
'•'       6.  Pupa-case  of  CUCULLIA  INTERMEDIA. 
"       7.  Larva  of  CUCULLIA  INTERMEDIA. 
"       8.  Larva  of  ELLEMA  HARRISII  Clemens,. 

9.  Pupa  of  ELLEMA  HARRISIL 

"     10.  ELLEMA  HARRISII,  showing  under  surface  of  wings  of  $ 
"     11.  ELLEMA  HARRISII,  showing  under  surface  of  wings  of  ? 
"     12-.  ELLEMA  PINEUM  Lintner.    $. 
"     13.  ELLEMA  PINEUM  Lintner.    ? . 
"     14.  Chrysalis  of  MELITJEA  NYCTEIS  DouUeday. 


St/tk-  MILS  X  ill   1 1 1 si     .'"> 


Plate 


Swinton.Lith.. 


«T*r?Hl  v  ^»x     t^^jU.*-**?- 


2  . 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTI1IBUTIONS-NO.  II. 


I.    ON  THE  LARVA  AND  IMAGO  OF  SESIA  DIFFINIS,  HARRIS. 
By  J.  A.  LINTNEK. 

The  larva  of  the  above  Sphinx,  nearly  mature,  was  taken  in  the 
vicinity  of  Albany,  July  4th,  feeding  on  Diervilla  trifida  (bush 
honeysuckle).  The  following  description  represents  it  at  maturity  : 

The  head  is  oval,  with  small  whitish  points.  The  body  tapers 
moderately  anteriorly,  and  on  the  last  three  segments ;  the  vascular 
line  is  distinct,  and  of  a  brownish  shade ;  the  dorsal  region  is  greyish- 
pink  ;  the  lateral  region  yellow-brown,  deepening  into  reddish-brown 
below  the  stigmata ;  the  ventral  region  is  brownish-red ;  midway 
between  the  vascular  line  and  the  stigmata  is  a  pale  yellow  line, 
proceeding  from  the  posterior  portion  of  the  collar,  and  terminating 
in  the  horn.  The  granulations  of  the  collar  anteriorly  are  yellow ; 
those  of  the  body  are  white  and  double-rowed  upon  the  first  annulet  * 
of  each  segment,  arranged  rectilinearly  on  the  last  annulet,  and 
irregularly  on  the  intervening  ones.  The  stigmata  are  oval,  black- 
bordered,  and  with  a  white  dot  at  each  end.  The  legs  and  prolegs 
are  unicolored  with  the  ventral  region.  The  caudal  horn  is  reddish, 
straight,  acutely  granulated,  and  measures  two-tenths  of  an  inch  in 
length. 

*  In  the  Sphingidse,  and  in  some  other  families  of  the  Lepidoptera,  the  segments  of  the  larvae  are 
divided  by  impressed  encircling  lines  into  several  (usually  eight)  subequal  parts,  which,  by  Clemens 
and  others,  have  been  denominated  wrinJcks.  In  consideration  of  their  constant  character  and 
marked  features,  it  would  seem  proper  that  they  should  be  known  by  a  name  implying  less  of  irreg- 
ularity and  chance,  and,  regarding  them  as  subdivisions  of  the  primary  "rings"  of  the  larva,  I 
have,  accordingly,  in  these  notices,  designated  them  as  annulets. 

In  the  Sphinges,  the  segments  four  to  ten  inclusive,  or  all  the  stigma-bearing  segments,  except  the 
two  terminal,  are  divided  into  eight  of  these  annulets  (on  segment  four  the  two  anterior  are  not 
readily  detected).  The  first  three  annulets  encircle  the  body,  forming  complete  rings  ;  the  impressed 
lines  which  define  the  remaining  five  become  obsolete  over  the  prolegs.  The  position  of  the  stigma 
is  uniformly  between  the  third  and  fourth  annulets,  somewhat  encroaching  on  the  latter.  In  some 
of  the  species,  the  first  amiulet  is  subdivided  laterally. 

These  annulets  are  a  prominent  feature  in  the  ornamentation  of  the  larva  of  Ceratomia  quadri- 
cornis  Harr.,  where  each  one  is  crowned  with  an  elongated  papilla,  forming,  in  combination,  the 
conspicuous  dorsal  row  of  papillae  or  fleshy  serrations  which  imparts  so  marked  a  character  to  that 
peculiar  larva. 


110        TWENTY-FOURTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 

The  larva  measures  one  inch  and  six-tenths  in  repose.  When 
observed  from  above  in  this  condition,  its  head  is  not  visible,  being 
bent  downward  in  such  a  position  that  its  plane  is  almost  parallel  to 
the  surface  on  which  the  larva  rests. 

The  above  larva  fed  for  a  day  after  its  capture,  when  it  fastened  a 
leaf,  by  a  thin  irregular  web  of  brown  silk,  to  the  side  of  the  glass 
beneath  which  it  was  confined.  Within  this  slight  shelter,  it  trans- 
formed to  a  pupa  on  the  day  following,  the  6th. 

The  imago  (a  female)  emerged  on  the  morning  of  the  19th  of  July, 
after  a  pupation  of  thirteen  days.  Before  the  wings  had  expanded, 
their  entire  surface  was  covered  with  scales.  In  fifteen  minutes  from 
the  time  of  its  escape  from  the  pupa-case,  the  wings  had  attained 
their  full  size.  They  remained  folded  together  over  the  back,  show- 
ing their  under-surface  for  a  half-hour  following,  when  they  were 
brought  down  to  their  normal  position.  They  were  now  seen  to  be 
overspread  with  light  brownish  scales  having  a  golden  reflection, 
but  so  thinly  distributed  that  the  usual  transparent  portion  of  the 
wing  was  plainly  separable  from  the  densely  scaled  marginal  region. 

Desirous  of  securing  so  novel  a  specimen  in  a  perfect  condition,  I 
intended  to  leave  it  undisturbed  for  a  few  hours,  until  the  danger  of 
bleeding  from  too  early  pinning  had  passed.  Meanwhile,  the  strong 
rays  of  the  sun  had  encroached  upon  that  portion  of  the  breeding-cage 
where  the  moth  was  resting,  and  driven  it  to  a  shaded  corner.  In 
this  change  of  position,  its  wings,  after  the  habit  of  many  of  the 
moths  at  this  stage,  were  probably  put  in  vibration,  but  not  used  in 
flight  about  the  cage,  for  the  cilia  and  thoracic  scales  were  intact ; 
yet  this  moderate  use  of  them  sufficed  to  destroy  the  peculiar  beauty 
of  the  specimen,  by  divesting  it  of  the  greater  portion  of  the  very 
slightly  attached  scales.  Upon  the  anterior  wings,  only  those 
remained  which  bordered  the  nervures  and  posterior  marginal  band. 
Over  the  posterior  wings,  they  were  still  uniformly  distributed,  but 
not  so  closely  as  at  first. 

It  will  be  interesting  to  those  who  have  the  opportunity  of  making 
the  observation,  to  ascertain  which  of  our  Sesias  emerge  from  their 
pupal  state,  with  scales  covering  that  portion  of  their  wings  which 
we  are  accustomed  to  see  as  transparent.  Sesia  Buffaloensis  Gr.  & 
Rob.,  is  known  to  do  so  in  both  sexes,  and  to  retain  them,  to  a  small 
extent,  when  taken  in  a  comparatively  fresh  condition  in  the  field. 
While  the  adherence  of  the  scales  in  this  species  is  stronger  than  in 
S.  diffinis,  in  no  field  specimen,  of  which  have  I  ever  seen  them  remain- 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  Ill 

ing  even  along  the  nervures,  yet  their  attachment  is  very  slight,  for 
with  the  utmost  care,  I  have  never  succeeded  in  preparing  S.  Buffa- 
loensis  ex  larva,  without  an  attendant  loss  of  many  of  its  scales. 
Field  collections  of  Sesia  yracilis  Gr.  &  Rob.,  regarded  as  "  perfect," 
show  none  of  these  scales. 

S.  diffinis  appears  to  be  eminently  a  day-flier,  for  I  have  never 
taken  it  at  twilight  when  others  of  its  congenors  and  of  Thyreus  have 
been  abundant.  In  1869,  I  captured  it  twice  on  lilac  blossoms,  but 
it  was  usually  met  with  hovering  over  flowers  in  open  spots,  particu- 
larly those  of  Lupinus  perennis.  It  was  observed  at  Center, 
K  Y.,  during  the  year  1869,  on  May  25th,  27th,  June  1st,  3d,  7th, 
9th  and  15th.  The  earliest  date  of  its  capture  which  I  have 
recorded,  is  May  12th.  Its  usual  time  of  apparition,  in  this  State, 
would  seem  to  be  the  last  week  of  May.  It  has,  as  appears  from  the 
above  larval  observations,  a  spring  and  a  summer  brood  ;  the  latter, 
in  seasons  not  unusually  forward,  may  be  expected  about  the  last  of 
July,  extending  into  August. 

The  female  appears  to  be  quite  rare.  Among  a  considerable  number 
of  captured  individuals  of  the  species  in  my  collection,  not  a  single 
female  occurs. 


112        TWENTY-FOURTH  REPORT  ON  TSE  STATE  MUSEUM. 

II.    TRANSFORMATIONS  OF  SESIA  BUFFALOENSIS,  0*  AKD  ROB. 


An  egg  of  the  above  comparatively  rare  Sphinx  was  found  on  the 
snowball  (  Viburnum  opulus),  at  Schoharie,  N".  Y.,  August  — ,  1868 ; 
it  was  nearly  round,  smooth,  and  of  a  pale  green  color.  The  time 
of  its  hatching  was  not  noted. 

The  young  larva  was  of  a  uniform  whitish-green,  with  a  straight, 
dark  brown  caudal  horn. 

Its  first  molt  occurred  August  24th:  Length,  15-100ths  of  an  inch  ; 
color,  uniform  pale  green,  of  the  shade  of  the  mid  vein  of  the  leaf. 
Body,  under  a  simple  lens,  showing  a  number  of  delicate  hairs.  Cau- 
dal horn,  brown,  smooth  and  straight.  When  in  position  for  the 
next  change,  its  length  was  32-100ths  of  an  inch,  and  its  diameter 
4-100ths  of  an  inch. 

Second  molt — August  30th :  Length,  35-100ths  of  an  inch.  Head 
uniform  pale  green,  with  short,  fine  whitish  hairs.  Body,  slightly 
hairy,  pale  green,  with  a  lateral  stripe  of  yellow  green  ;  segments 
with  a  yellow-green  dot  in  front  on  each  side  of  the  vascular  line, 
and  a  few  smaller  ones  on  the  posterior  half.  Caudal  horn  straight, 
nearly  cylindrical,  light  red,  striped  anteriorly  near  the  base  and 
tipped  with  brown,  and  spotted  with  brown  intermediately  ;  borne 
at  an  angle  of  about  forty  degrees. 

At  this  stage  the  larva  died  from  injuries  received  from  some 
larger  ones  with  which  it  was  confined  in  a  small  box  while  their 
supply  of  food  had  become  exhausted.  The  collection  of  three  other 
larvae  of  the  species  from  the  same  bush,  after  their  first  molting, 
afibrded  the  opportunity  of  continuing  its  history. 

Third  molt  (six  days  after  their  preceding  one),  on  August  24th: 
Length,  one-half  inch.  Head  granulated.  Collar  bordered  anteriorly 
with  about  twelve  small  tubercles.  Body  with  features  as  before 
recorded,  and  in  addition,  minutely  papillose.  Caudal  horn  light  red, 
regularly  tapering  from  base  to  tip,  covered  with  spinules  which 
anteriorly  and  posteriorly  have  black  leases.  Stigmata  deep  orange, 
with  a  yellow-green  dot  at  each  end  ;  those  of  the  proleg-bearing 
segments  bordered  before  with  a  deep  orange  line.  Legs  at  the  base 
marked  with  black ;  prolegs  on  the  outer  side,  and  body  beneath  on 
the  last  two  segments,  pale  red. 

Fourth  molt  —  six  days  later,  on  August  30th:  Length,  65-100ths 
of  an  inch ;  breadth,  13-100ths.  Head  green,  of  the  shade  of  the  lower 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  ]  13 

side  of  the  leaf,  its  surface  appearing  shagreened  under  a  lens,  marked 
with  indistinct  lateral  stripes,  and  dotted  with  whitish  granulations, 
which  diminish  in  size  toward  the  center;  mandibles  yellow,  black 
tipped  ;  eyes  on  a  fuscous  crescent.  Collar  with  whitish  granulations, 
except  on  the  anterior  margin  where  they  are  orange.  Body  greenish- 
white  dorsally,  with  a  vascular  line  of  rose-pink  interrupted  at  the 
incisures  ;  a  lateral  stripe  of  yellow-green  papillae  of  one  to  each 
annulet,  edged  above  with  darker  green,  and  below  with  green 
shading  deeper  to  the  prolegs ;  lateral  papillae  greenish-yellow ;  ven- 
trally,  from  the  fourth  segment  to  the  posterior  extremity,  concolor- 
ous  with  the  vascular  stripe.  Caudal  horn  curved,  rose-colored,  tipped 
with  ferruginous,  with  fuscous  spinules  anteriorly  and  posteriorly. 
Stigmata  crimson,  white-dotted  at  the  extremities,  and  surrounded 
with  rose.  Legs  and  prolegs  ferruginous  basally,  next  fuscous,  and 
rufous  terminally. 

As  the  larva  approaches  maturity,  it  becomes  more  white  dorsally, 
the  red  of  the  vascular  stripe  changes  to  white,  and  the  red  sur- 
rounding the  stigmata  disappears.  With  the  distention  of  the  skin, 
the  papillae  change  to  whitish  ocellations. 

On  September  6th,  the  above  larvae  commenced  constructing  their 
cocoons  under  leaves  drawn  against  the  sides  of  the  glass  in  which 
they  were  confined.  The  maximum  length  of  the  cocoons  is  one  inch 
and  one-half.  The  silk  of  which  it  is  composed  is  of  a  bronze  color, 
and  in  so  small  a  quantity  as  to  permit  the  larva  to  be  distinctly 
seen  through  its  meshes.  On  the  llth,  they  changed  to  pupae  of  a 
chestnut  color,  broadly  banded  with  testaceous  at  the  incisures. 

The  pupae,  after  wintering  in  a  cold  apartment,  were  transferred 
early  in  April  to  a  warm  room.  On  the  26th  of  April,  from  the 
three  pupae,  two  males  and  one  female  were  disclosed.  The  u  vitreous 
space"  in  the  wings  of  each  is  thinly  covered  with  scales. 

On  September  19th  of  the  following  year,  another  of  the  larvae 
was  taken  from  the  same  snowball,  which  made  its  cocoon  on  the 
day  following.  In  the  month  of  September  of  the  two  succeeding 
years,  leaves  wTere  noticed  which  had  probably  been  eaten  by  this 
larva,  indicating  it  to  be  an  annual  visitant  of  this  particular  shrub. 

I  have  collected  the  imago  also  at  Utica,  IS".  Y. 


114        Twiurrr-rouRTa  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MVSEVX. 


III.    ON  THE  LARVA  AND  PUPA  OF  THYREUS  ABBOTII  SWAISSOS. 


Male  larva. — Head  large,  of  the  diameter  of  the  first  segment, 
subquadrate,  shagreened,  two  broad  stripes  of  brown  on  the  front, 
behind  which  is  a  subtriangular  whitish  patch,  occupying  all  the 
lateral  portion  except  a  small  patch  of  brown  posteriorly  ;  the  clypeus 
half  as  long  as  the  head.  Collar  pale  yellow,  divided  on  'each  side 
by  a  narrow  dark  brown  line,  which  is  continued  over  the  fol- 
lowing segment.  Body  reddish -brown,  with  numerous  longitudinal 
linings  in  darker  brown  ;  dorsally  and  extending  half-way  down  the 
sides  is  a  series  of  nine  sharply  defined,  bright  yellow  spots,  which 
commence  on  the  second  annulet  of  a  segment  and  extend  backward 
to  the  incisure  (leaving  intermediate  transverse  reddish-brown  bands 
of  a  single  annulet),  and  are  convex  on  their  sides  ;  the  first  spot  on 
the  second  segment  is  triangular,  the  second  is  suboval,  and  the 
others  of  a  uniform  outline  ;  on  the  sides  is  a  stigmatal  series  of  yel- 
low spots,  one  to  each  segment,  of  which  the  first  three  and  the  last 
three  are  confluent ;  the  six  intermediate  ones  are  of  a  uniform  sub- 
triangular  outline,  the  last  four  of  which  have  their  lower  rounded 
angle  reaching  downward  on  the  base  of  the  prolegs,  their  anterior 
angle  in  range  with  the  front  margin  of  the  dorsal  spot  and  touching 
the  inferior  portion  of  the  stigma,  and  their  posterior  angle  resting 
in  an  ovoid  outline  on  the  first  annulet  of  the  following  segment,  or 
impinging  in  a  point  on  the  second  annulet  at  a  height  of  the  superior 
portion  of  the  stigma.  On  the  eleventh  segment  is  a  hump,  encircled 
at  the  base  with  a  delicate  black  ring,  and  surmounted  by  a  vitreousoval 
tubercle  of  a  fuscous  color  inclosed  by  a  whitish  line,  which  line  is 
reflected  and  continued  in  a  circumscribing  circle  embracing  a  black 
curved  spot  on  the  front  and  sides  of  the  oval  tubercle.  From  the 
base  of  the  tubercle  backward  to  the  incisure  and  ranging  laterally 
with  the  adjacent  dorsal  spot  is  a  yellow  supra-anal  spot.  The 
subcordate  anal  shield  is  of  a  yellow  less  bright  than  the  spots. 
The  legs  are  pale  red ;  the  prolegs  are  marked  exteriorly  with  a  nar- 
row quadrilateral  black  spot  surrounded  with  a  whitish  shade.  The 
ventral  region  is  red,  with  two  rows  of  pale  yellow  spots. 

The  segmental  annulets  of  this  larva  differ  somewhat  from  those  of 
the  Sphinx  proper,  in  that  the  eighth  is  subdivided  so  as  almost  to 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  1 15 

form  an  additional  one,  and  the  first  has  a  depressed  line  subdividing 
it  laterally. 

The  larva  from  which  the  above  description  was  drawn,  wa?  taken, 
July  29th,  feeding  on  the  grape-vine.  It  had  nearly  matured,  mea- 
suring two  and  one-half  inches  in  length. 

On  the  2d  of  August,  the  dorsal  spots  which  were  previously 
yellow  had  changed  to  brown,  and  the  lateral  ones  to  a  sordid 
yellow.  The  larva  having  fully  matured,  endeavored  to  escape 
from  the  jar  to  seek  a  place  for  its  pupal  change. 

August  4th,  the  larva  formed  a  little  cavity  on  the  surface  of  the 
ground,  and  covered  itself  with  some  pieces  of  leaves  loosely  spun 
together,  intermingled  with  grains  of  earth.  It  transformed  to  a 
pupa  August  9th. 

Pupa. — The  pupa  measured  one  inch  and  three-tenths  long,  by 
35-100ths  of  an  inch  broad  ;  color,  dark  brown  ;  head-case,  as  seen 
from  above,  prominent,  broad,  rounded  in  front,  with  the  eye-cases 
projecting;  tongue-case  buried,  extending  to  the  tips  of  the  wings; 
antenna-cases,  reaching  to  the  end  of  the  middle  leg-cases ;  dorsally, 
the  second  segment  is  moderately  wrinkled ;  the  third  is  narrowed 
medially  by  the  convex  margins  of  the  second  and  fourth  segments; 
caudal  spine  polished,  short,  bifid,  with  a  rugose,  flattened,  triangu- 
lar base  of  twice  the  length  of  the  spine. 

The  imago  from  the  above  emerged  on  the  5th  of  April. 

The  larva  of  T.  Abbotii  is  peculiarly  interesting  from  the  fact  that  its 
two  styles  of  ornamentation,  in  marked  contrast  one  with  the  other, 
indicate  the  sex  of  the  insect,  no  other  instance  of  which,  among  the 
Lepidoptera,  is  known  to  us.  The  dorsal  and  lateral  series  of  spots, 
yellow  as  described  above,  but  frequently  and  perhaps  usually  of  a 
pale  green  color,  denote  the  male;  the  female  being  brown,  without 
any  trace  of  the  above  spots,  but  with  interrupted,  dark,  subdorsal 
and  stigmatal  bands  and  numerous  small  longitudinal  patches.* 
The  following  is  a  more  particular  description  of  it : 

female  larva. — Length,  two  and  two-tenths  inches ;  diameter, 
thirty-seven  hundredths  of  an  inch.  Head  semi-oval,  shagreened,  a 
medial  depressed  line  superiorly,  two  broad  brown  stripes  in  front, 
bordered  with  paler  brown,  shading  into  darker  brown  behind  the 
eyes.  Body  cylindrical,  with  the  three  anterior  segments  tapering; 
dorsally  dark  brown,  shading  to  lighter  on  the  sides ;  the  annulets 
with  large,  subquadrangular  spots  of  light  brown  ;  third,  fourth  and 

*For  an  excellent  representation  of  this  sex  see  Harris  Mit.  Corr.,  pi.  Hi,  fig.  1. 


116        TWENTY-FOURTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 

fifth  segments  with  a  bluish  shade  dorsally  ;  an  indistinct  lateral  brown 
stripe,  more  conspicuous  on  the  first  three  segments,  running  into  the 
head  stripe ;  the  first  two  segments  have  also  a  brown  dorsal  line ; 
below  the  stigmata  is  a  brown  stripe  less  distinct  than  the  lateral 
one.  Caudal  tubercle  moderately  elevated,  shining  black,  surrounded 
with  dark  brown.  Caudal  shield  and  plates  reticulated  with  dark 
brown.  Prolegs  dark  brown  exteriorly,  with  a  light  band  near  the 
base. 

In  the  larvae  of  Deilephila  lineata  (Fabr.).  variations  almost  as 
marked  as  the  above,  have  been  observed  and  figured  by  Mr.  Eiley.* 
It  is  not  improbable  that  these  differences  may  also  prove  to  be 
sexual  characteristics. 

The  pupation  of  T,  Abbotii  is  not  uniform,  and  consequently 
diverse  statements  appear  respecting  it.  Clemens  states  that  it 
"  takes  place  in  a  superficial  cell ;"  and  in  his  generic  diagnosis  that 
"it  prepares  for  pupation  on  or  near  the  surface  of  the  ground." 
Riley,  who  has  reared  the  larva,  also  represents  the  pupa  as  "  formed 
in  a  superficial  cell  on  the  ground  ."f  Harris,  in  observations  on  some 
of  the  larvae  which  he  had  received,  writes,  "  the  green-spotted  one 
[male]  went  into  the  ground ;  the  others  [females]  *  *  *  chrysalis 
on  top  of  ground  July  14th. "J  A  female  brought  to  me  on  the 
29th  of 'July  of  the  present  year,  buried  in  the  ground,  while  the 
male  described  above  transformed  on  the  surface. 

*  Third  Rep.  Ins.  Missouri,  1871,  pp.  141,  142,  figs.  61,  62. 
t  Second  Hep.  Ins.  Missouri,  1870,  p.  79. 
$  Entomolog.  Correspondence,  1869,  p.  284. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  117 

IV.    ON  THE  LARVA  OF  PHILAMPELUS  ACHEMON  (DBUEY). 


Egg. — Found  on  the  under  side  of  a  grape-leaf,  July — .  No 
description  was  taken,  but  from  recollection,  it  was  of  a  larger  size 
than  those  of  other  sphinges,  and  nearly  round  in  form.  A  few  days 
before  its  development,  it  was  irregularly  marked  with  light  red. 
From  the  shell  having  been  eaten  by  the  larva  after  its  escape,  it 
could  not  be  ascertained  if  the  color  was  permanent,  or  if  the  shell 
was  colorless  and  transparent,  as  are  all  the  sphinx  egg-shells  which 
have  corne  under  my  observation. 

Young  larva. — The  larva'emerged  July  10th,  measuring  ll-100ths 
of  an  inch,  and  with  a  uniform  light  green  color.  Its  caudal  horn 
was  very  conspicuous,  being  one-half  the  length  of  the  body,  very 
slightly  tapering,  straight,  of  a  reddish-brown  color,  and  carried 
perpendicularly  to  the  body. 

First  molt. — The  time  was  not  noted.  No  change  in  appearance 
was  observed  except  in  size.  Previous  to  its  second  molting,  its 
length  was  53-100ths  of  an  inch,  with  a  diameter  of  3-100ths  of  an 
inch.  Color,  light  green,  with  white  dots  on  the  annulets,  a  sub- 
dorsal  stripe  of  regular  white  spots,  and  indistinct  lateral  bands  of 
similar  spots  directed  anteriorly.  Head  of  a  uniform  delicate  green, 
without  stripes  or  spots.  Horn  one-fourth  of  an  inch  long,  dark 
reddish-brown,  covered  with  minute  cilia,  and  with  a  prominent  green 
base,  borne  erect,  with  its  tip  directed  anteriorly  ;  from  the  base  of 
the  horn,  a  reddish-brown  line,  extending  to  the  anal  shield.  Legs 
green.  The  anterior  segments  of  the  body  are  moderately  enlarged. 

Second  molt — July  15th.  The  body  marked  as  in  the  preceding 
stage.  The  horn  of  a  lighter  shade  of  reddish-brown,  and  its  tip  darker 
than  before;  anterior  to  it,  on  its  base,  of  which  it  now  occupies  the 
posterior  portion,  a  small  triangular  black  spot,  with  its  apex  in  front. 

A  day  preceding  its  next  molting,  'the  larva  measured  8-10ths  of 
an  inch  in  length,  with  a  diameter  at  the  sixth  segment  of  15-100ths 
of  an  inch.  Its  fourth,  fifth  and  sixth  segments  are  enlarged.  The 
lateral  stripes  are  well  defined.  The  lateral  bands  show  indistinctly, 
in  a  yellow-green  spot  nearly  surrounding  the  stigma,  and  in  another 
anterior  to  it  on  the  second  annulet;  the  four  posterior  bands  are 
more  conspicuous  than  the  other  two  ;  horn,  one-fourth  of  an  inch 
long,  of  a  fulvous  color,  and  with  its  tip  curving  toward  the  head. 

Third  molt — July    22d.      Immediately  after  the  change  it  pre- 


118        TWENTY-FOURTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 

sented  the  following  features  :  color  light  yellow-green  ;  the  annulets 
of  the  segments  with  whitish  granulations,  of  which  those  on  the 
lateral  portions  of  the  third  and  fourth  segments  are  annulated  with 
black ;  lateral  bands,  cream-colored,  margined  with  black,  having 
the  characteristic  outline  of  maturity,  showing  the  three  component 
sub-oval  patches,  of  which  the  posterior  is  the  largest,  and  incloses 
the  stigma  except  at  its  upper  part.  Head  smooth,  of  a  uniform  deli- 
cate green.  Horn  four-tenths  of  an  inch  in  length,  slender,  bending 
anteriorly,  ciliated,  of  a  light  reddish  color,  merging  into  a  rose-color 
at  the  tip  ;  its  base  occupying  less  than  the  posterior  half  of  the  tubercle ; 
anterior  to  the  base  is  a  sub-triangular  black  wart  resting  on  the  crown 
of  the  tubercle — the  development  of  the  "  small  triangular  black  spot" 
of  the  preceding  stage ;  the  tubercle  is  yellow,  almost  surrounded  near 
its  base  with  a  band,  the  extremities  of  which,  instead  of  meeting,  curve 
upward  to  the  horn  posteriorly.  Anal  shield  and  plates,  legs  and 
prolegs  of  a  uniform  green. 

A  short  time  after  molting,  a  change  of  color  was  observed,  and  at 
the  lapse  of  six  hours  it  had  assumed  a  salmon  color.  After  a  night's 
feeding,  it  was  found  to  be  of  a  reddish-brown  color,  deeper  than 
that  which  it  ordinarily  bears  at  maturity,  and  in  marked  contrast 
with  its  former  garb.  A  figure  taken  of  it  at  this  time  represents  it 
as  one  inch  and  one-fourth  long,  12-100ths  of  an  inch  in  diameter  at 
the  central  segments,  and  with  a  horn,  34-lOOths  of  an  inch  in 
length,  regularly  curving  anteriorly  from  its  base  to  the  tip. 

Fourth  molt — July  27th.  Head  and  body  reddish-brown, 'but  of 
a  lighter  shade  than  before.  Caudal  horn  absent,  its  former  position 
on  the  tubercle  indicated  by  an  oval  spot  having  a  central  black  dot. 
Tubercle  more  prominent  than  in  the  preceding  stage. 

The  mature  larva  measured  three  and  one-tenth  inches  in  length, 
by  one-half  an  inch  in  diameter,  when  at  rest,  at  which  time  its 
small  head  is  nearly  hidden  within  the  first  segment,  which  is  with- 
drawn within  the  second,  over  and  in  range  with  which  projects  the 
third  segment,  presenting  a  front  almost  perpendicular  to  the  body. 
The  posterior  segment  also  descends  almost  perpendicularly  from  the 
tubercle  to  the  terminal  prolegs. 

The  descriptions  and  figures  already  published  of  this  larva,*  ren- 
der a  further  account  at  the  present  unnecessary.  The  excellent 
figure  given  of  it  by  Mr.  Riley  cannot  fail  of  securing  for  it  ready 
identification. 

*  Clemens :  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  8<A.  Ph.,  1859,  p.  155.  Harris :  Treat.  Inf.  Inj.  Veg.,  1862,  p.  825,  f.  150. 
Lintner:  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Ph.,  1864,  v.  iii,  p.  660.  Harris:  Ent.  Corr.,  1869,  pi.  8,  f.  11.  Riley:  Sec. 
Sep.  Ins.  Mo.,  1870,  pp.  74,  75,  f.  49. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  119 


V.   SMERINTHUS  GEMINATES  SAY,  AND  ITS  SUPPOSED  VARIETIES. 


A  number  of  eggs  were  deposited  June  12th,  by  a  pinned  specimen 
of  the  above  named  Sphinx.  An  average  of  twelve  of  the  eggs  gave 
for  their  longest  diameter  74-1000ths  of  an  inch  ;  for  their  shorter 
diameter  57-1000ths  of  an  inch  ;  they  were  slightly  flattened,  and  of 
a  pale  green  color. 

On  the  morning  of  the  19th,  three  larvae  were  found  in  the  box, 
and  through  the  transparent  shells  of  the  undeveloped  eggs  (appearing 
of  a  dull  green),  could  be  seen  the  dark  caudal  horn  of  the  inclosed 
larva,  and  the  black  mandibles  busily  employed  in  wearing  an  open- 
ing through  the  shell.  Two  or  three  had  made  small  openings  which 
they  were  engaged  in  enlarging,  by  biting  off  small  portions  from 
the  margins. 

Young  larva. — The  young  larva  was  of  the  length  of  two-tenths 
of  an  inch.  Color  uniform  pale  green.  Head  subglobular,  one-half 
broader  then  the  body,  with  the  eyes  and  mandibles  black.  Caudal 
horn  fuscous,  lighter  at  the' base,  slightly  tapering,  straight  (curving 
forward  as  it  emerges  from  the  shell),  a'nd  carried  at  an  angle  of 
about  85°. 

Larvae  continued  to  emerge  during  the  day,  the  last  appearing  in 
the  evening.  Upon  willow  leaves  being  given  them,  they  commenced 
feeding  thereon.  On  the  third  day,  traces  of  the  lateral  bands  and  a 
subdorsal  line  in  lighter  green  were  seen.  When  disturbed  they 
threw  their  body  upward,  supporting  themselves  on  their  terminal 
and  one  or  two  pairs  of  prolegs. 

On  the  evening  of  the  2-ith,  they  commenced  taking  position  for 
molting.  At  noon  of  the  following  day,  one  had  molted,  and  by 
noon  of  the  26th  all  but  one  had  undergone  the  change,  presenting 
the  following  features : 

First  molt. — Head  triangular,  granulated,  bordered  laterally  with 
a  row  of  larger  granulations  which  culminate  at  the  apex  in  two 
tubercles.  Body  with  whitish  granulations  on  the  annulets :  lateral 
bands  consisting  of  yellow-green  papillae  which  extend  over  three- 
eighths  of  one  segment  and  the  whole  of  the  two  following :  subdorsal 
line  of  whitish  granulations,  indistinct,  until  before  the  first  lateral 
band  where  it  becomes  a  thoracic  stripe  of  transversely  elongated  yellow 
papillae,  continuing  to  the  collar.  Caudal  horn  straight,  pointed, 


120        TWENTY-FOURTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 

spinous,  yellow  laterally,  brown  anteriorly,  and  with  a  narrow 
brown  stripe  posteriorly.  Legs  roseate ;  prolegs  green. 

Second  molt. — June  29th,  and  of  the  last  two  larvae,  on  the  30th  (thirty 
in  all).  Length  at  rest  45-lOOths;  diameter  ll-100ths  of  an  inch. 
Lateral  stripes  of  the  head  rectilinear  from  the  front  of  the  eyes  to 
the  apical  tubercles.  Body  pale  green,  dorsally  whitish  green  ;  in  the 
lateral  bands  the  first  three  papillae  are  inconspicuous,  and  those  on 
the  first  three  annulets  of  the  two  following  segments  are  smaller 
than  the  others  and  geminate;  on  segments  one  to  seven,  is  a  small 
red  spot  placed  on  the  seventh  annulet,  above  the  subdorsal  and 
thoracic  lines  and  anterior  to  the  first  four  lateral  bands.  Caudal 
horn  slightly  curved,  yellow,  narrowly  lined  with  reddish-brown 
anteriorly. 

On  the  morning  of  July  3d,  several  had  taken  their  position  for  molt- 
ing on  the  under  surface  of  the  leaves,  suspended  by  their  terminal, 
and  one  or  at  most  two  pairs  of  prolegs,  with  their  body  hanging 
downward.  On  the  portion  of  the  leaf  beneath  them  (in  most  instances 
a  part  of  the  mid  vein),  for  about  the  breadth  of  the  body  and  two- 
thirds  of  its  length,  a  slight  webbing  of  silk  had  been  spun  to  serve 
as  a  foothold.  The  head  was  partially  withdrawn  from  its  case, 
showing  a  translucency  at  the  tip,  and  a  corresponding  enlargement 
and  extension  of  the  first  segment.  The  subdorsal  lines  had  disap- 
peared, while  the  thoracic  lines  were  still  conspicuous  in  their  yellow 
papillae.  In  the  larger  number  of  the  larvae,  the  row  of  small  red 
subdorsal  spots  was  quite  distinct,  especially  on  segments  five  to 
eight  inclusive,  where  they  occupy  the  seventh  annulet  and  encroach 
on  the  eighth.  Length  at  rest,  one  inch ;  diameter  12-lOOths  of 
an  inch. 

Third  molt. — July  4th  probably,  as  when  again  observed  on 
thermorning  of  the  6th,  all  but  two  had  molted,  and  most  of  them 
had  increased  materially  in  size,  the  largest  measuring  one  inch  and 
six-tenths  in  length.  Immediately  after  the'  molting,  they  were  one 
inch  and  one-fourth  long,  by  M-lOOths  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  When 
their  colors  had  developed,  they  presented  the  following  appearance  : 

Lateral  stripes  of  the  head,  yellow.  Lateral  abdominal  bands  and 
thoracic  stripe,  pale  yellow  with  whitish  papillae,  the  bands  occupying 
of  three  segments,  three-eighths,  the  whole,  and  six-eighths  respectively. 
Caudal  horn  straight,  acutely  granulated,  pale  violet.  Anal  shield 
with  white  granulations  as  the  body.  Legs  roseate.  Stigmata  ellip- 
tical, dark  red :  above  each  stigma  (except  at  the  extremities)  at 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS. 

about  three-fourths  its  length,  is  a  short  delicate  hair,  proceeding  from 
a  minute  granulation  on  the  fourth  annulet,  and  directed  downward  ; 
beneath  the  stigma,  at  a  distance  of  about  its  length,  are  two  similar 
hairs  directed  backward,  proceeding  from  the  summit  of  a  slightly 
larger  granulation. 

On  the  morning  of  the  12th  of  July,  quite  unexpectedly,  it  was 
found  that  six  of  the  larvae  had  left  the  willows,  had  undergone  a 
change  of  color  to  a  sordid  apple-green,  and  were  endeavoring  to 
escape  from  confinement,  thereby  indicating  their  having  attained 
maturity,  and  a  readiness  for  their  pupal  change.  It  was  the  first 
instance  which  had  come  under  my  observation  of  pupation  in  the 
sphingidne  preceded  by  only  three  meltings.  That  the  three  above 
noted,  were  all  that  these  larvae  had  undergone,  was  beyond  all 
doubt,  not  alone  from  the  careful  observations  made,  but  each  cast 
head-case  had  been  carefully  preserved,  and  of  these  there  were  but 
the  three  sets. 

Mature  larva. — Length  at  rest,  one  inch  and  nine-tenths  to  two 
inches.  Color  pale  green,  whitish  dorsally.  Head  triangular,  the 
apex  not  rising  above  the  first  segment,  granulated  in  pale  green 
anteriorly  and  in  white  laterally :  the  lateral  stripes  yellow,  having 
within  them  a  row  of  larger  granulations  increasing  in  size  to  the  apex, 
where  the  two  superior  ones  are  papilliforrn  and  of  an  orange  color. 
Body  moderately  tapering  in  the  anterior  segments  :  the  seven  lateral 
bands  pale  yellow,  except  the  posterior  one  which  is  bright  yellow, 
the  anterior  "one  obsolete ;  their  extent,  two-eighths  to  three-eighths, 
the  whole,  and  from  five-eighths  to  seven-eighths,  respectively,  of  three 
segments  :  thoracic  stripe  with  pearl  white  papillae  larger  than  those  in 
the  bands,  commencing  on  the  superior  portion  of  the  first  segment, 
and  merged  into  the  first  lateral  band  on  the  fourth  segment  at  its 
seventh  annulet,  midway  between  the  stigmata  and  the  vascular  line. 
Anal  shield  and  plates  granulated,  of  a  darker  green  concolorous 
with  the  ventral  region.  Caudal  horn  straight,  sometimes  slightly 
curved,  granulated,  violet,  with  fuscous  acute  granulations  at  its  tip 
occasionally.  Stigmata  elliptical,  red,  except  the  first  which  is 
orange.  Legs  roseate  interiorly,  fuscous  exteriorly  ;  prolegs  green. 

Pupation.— On  the  evening  of  the  12th,  the  above  larvae  were 
placed,  for  their  pupation,  in  a  9  x  15  box,  containing  five  inches  of 
earth  mixed  with  one-third  part  of  hard  wood  sawdust,  and  moistened 
to  a  packing  consistency.  Showing  a  disposition  to  travel  over 
the  surface  of  the  ground,  holes  were  made  with  the  finger  in  which 


TWENTY-FOURTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 

they  were  dropped  head  downward  ;  they  readily  availed  themselves 
of  the  assistance,  and  in  a  few  minutes  all  had  buried  themselves  out 
of  sight.  On  the  morning  of  the  13th,  twenty-one  additional  larvae 
were  ready  for  pupation,  and  were  placed  in  the  same  box  with  the 
above,  in  which  they  soon  buried  themselves ;  none  reappeared 
above  the  ground,  as  the  Smerinthini  in  most  of  my  experiments  in 
rearing  them  heretofore,  have  shown  a  tendency  to  do,  probably 
from  the  omission  of  such  a  preparation  of  the  ground  as  was  made  for 
the  present  colony.  On  the  14th  and  15th,  the  remaining  nine 
larvae  entered  the  ground  and  remained  therein,  in  a  small  box 
(6  x  9  x  4),  divided  into  compartments  by  card  partitions,  as  a  pre- 
ventative  against  interference  in  the  construction  of  their  cells. 

Perfect  insect. —On  the  30th  of  July,  a  male  imago  was  found  in 
the  morning  to  have  emerged  from  pupa,  eighteen  days  after  the 
first  larva  entered  the  ground ;  on  the  31st,  five  emerged ;  August 
1st,  nine  (five  males  and  four  females) ;  on  the  2d,  two ;  on  the  3d, 
eight  (six  males  and  two  females) ;  on  the  4th,  four  ;  on  the  10th,  two, 
and  the  last.  From  thirty-six  larvae,  thirty-one  imagines  were  obtained. 

Metamorphoses. — The  length  of  time  required  for  the  several 
changes  above  recorded  is  as  follows : 

From  deposit  of  egg  to  disclosure  of  larva 7  days. 

disclosure  of  larva  to  first  molt 6 

first  molt  to  second  molt 4 

second  molt  to  third  molt 5 

third  molt  to  earthing 8 

earthing  to  the  pupa,  probably  * 5 

the  pupa  to  the  imago 13 

Development  of  the  ovum 7 

Development  of  the  larva 28 

Development  of  the  pupa 13 

Development  of  the  insect •. 48 

Double  brood. — These  observations  establish  the  fact  not  previously 
recorded  of  two  annual  broods  for  this  species,  occurring  in  the  months 
of  June  and  August;  of  these,  captures  have  been  made  by  me  as 
early  as  June  9th,  and  as  late  as  August  16th.  It  is  probable  that 
the  larvae  from  which  are  produced  the  first  brood  of  moths,  will  be 
found  to  undergo  four  moltings. 

Variety. — Among  the  above  imagines  was  a  female,  having  but  a 
single  blue  pupil  on  the  black  ocellated  spot  of  the  secondaries. 
The  occurrence  of  this  variety  is  peculiarly  interesting  -from  the  fact, 
that  from  specimens  diifering  from  the  type  of  S.  geminatas  mainly  in 

*  AB  observed  in  Ceratomia  guadricornit,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Ph.,  vol.  i.  p.  891,  Sesia  Buffaloensi*  and 
Thyreui  Abbotii,  pp.  113, 115,  of  this  report. 


ENTOMOL  o  G  TO  A  L  CONTRIB  UTJONS.  1  ;>3 

having  but  a  single  pupil,  two  other  species  seem  to  be  based,  viz. : 
Sphinx  ocellatns  Jamaicensis  of  Drury,  and  Smerinthvs  Cerisyi  of 
Kirby. 

Supposed  varieties. — DrinVs  Jamaicensis  is  cited  by  Clemens  as  a 
synonym  of  *S'.  geminatus,  although  its  habitat  is  given  by  Drury  as 
"  Jamaica."  Grote  and  Robinson  include  it  in  their  catalogue  of 
North  American  Sphingidffi,  as  a  distinct  species,  *  remarking  of  it 
"  it  seems  to  us,  judging  from  Drury's  figure  and  description,  quite 
distinct  from  the  northern  species  from  the  Atlantic  district."t 

A  careful  comparison  of  Drury 'B  figure  with  our  variety,  leaves 
scarcely  a  doubt  of  their  identity.  In  the  shape  of  the  wings  they 
correspond  closely,  the  principal  difference  being  in  the  less  rounded 
anterior  angle  of  the  secondaries  of  the  figure,  which  difference, 
however,  is  less  than  that  presented  in  the  apices  of  the  primaries  of1 
the  figure,  showing  the  representation  to  be  not  strictly  reliable.  It 
is  probably  accidental,  that  in  the  markings  of  the  primaries,  the 
figure  conforms  more  closely  to  our  variety,  in  the  near  approach 
just  below  the  first  median  nervule  of  the  two  bands  crossing  the 
middle  of  the  wing,  than  it  does  to  any  other  specimen  of  8.  geminatus 
which  we  have  seen.  The  secondaries  of  the  two  correspond  in  their 
general  color,  margins,  central  red  shade,  and  black  spot  with  its  hook 
like  process  running  from  it  to  the  anal  angle,  quite  as  well  as  could 
be  expected,  from  the  indifferent  execution  of  the  figure :  in  the 
location  of  the  pupil  on  the  black  spot,  a  strict  agreement  between 
the  two,  is  hardly  possible,  for  while  in  our  variety,  the  suboval 
pupil  occupies  the  superior  half  of  the  spot,  in  the  figure  the  right 
hand  oval  pupil  is  placed  centrally  on  the  spot,  and  the  round  left 
hand  one  occupies  the  inferior  portion.  The  description  £  is  faithful 
to  our  variety  in  every  particular. 

Additional  evidence  of  Drury's  Jamaicensis  being  a  simple  variety 
of  S.  geminatus,  and  probably  erroneously  assigned  to  Jamaica,  may  be 

*  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Ph.,  1865,  vol.  v.,  p.  160. 

t  Loc.  cit.,  p.  185. 

%  Upper  side.— Antennae  pectinated  and  brown.  Head  and  thorax  eoft  dun-colored,  but  dark  browu 
above.  Abdomen  dun.  Anterior  wings  delicate  fine  grayish,  light  brown  next  the  shoulders  and 
tips  ;  the  remaining  parts  being  clouded  with  dark  olive  brown  colors.  Posterior  wings  red  in  the 
middle,  but  along  the  external  edges  dun-colored ;  having  a  large  black  spot  placed  near  the 
abdominal  corners,  the  middle  of  which  is  blue,  and  imperfectly  resembling  an  eye.  All  the  wings 
are  angulated. 

Under  side.—  Breast  and  abdomen  dun.  Anterior  wings  red  in  the  middle,  but  along  the  anterior 
edges  ash-colored,  which  runs  to  the  tips  where  it  forms  a  crescent,  the  inner  part  being  dark  olive 
brown ;  the  external  edges  are  olive  brown,  but  lighter  than  the  crescent.  Posterior  wings  clouded 
with  olive  brown  and  ash-color ;  having  a  double  ash-colored  bar  crossing  them,  which  rises  at  the 
anterior  edges  of  the  anterior  wings,  aud  running  circularly,  ends  at  the  abdominal  edges  of  the 
posterior.—  Wett  10.-  Drury's  llhit.  E*t>t.  Ent.,  1837,  v.  ii.,  p.  47. 


124        TWENTY-FOURTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 

found  in  the  fact  that  Mr.  Grote  has  not  met  with  the  species  in  the 
"  very  large  entomological  material "  received  by  him  from  Cuba, 
constituting  the  Poey  collections,  and  embracing  fifty-four  species  of 
Sphingidae,  nor  indeed  with  a  single  member  of  the  tribe  of 
Smerinthini.*  The  species  could  hardly  fail  of  representation  in 
these  collections  if  it  occurred  in  the  neighboring  island  of  Jamaica, 
a  locality,  it  may  be  remarked,  still  more  remote  than  Cuba  from  the 
"Atlantic  district"  (Leconte),  to  which  our  American  Smerinthini 
would  seem  almost  to  be  confined. 

8.  Cerisyi  of  Kirby,  the  description  of  which  is  appended  for 
comparison,t  is,  in  all  probability,  a  simple  variety  of  8.  geminatus,  in 
which  the  superior  of  the  two  blue  markings  has  retained  its  normal 
crescentic  form,  and  the  inferior  one  instead  of  its  usual  suboval 
shape,  has  also  become  crescentic — the  tips  of  the  crescents  approxima- 
ting, with  their  concavities  directed  toward  one  another,  thus  pre- 
senting "  a  black  pupil,  nearly  but  not  quite  surrounded  by  a  blue 
iris."  In  some  of  my  specimens,  quite  an  approach  to  this  form  is 
shown. 

Kirby 's  figure  better  represents  our  species  than  Drury's,  the  pri- 
maries being  very  well  portrayed,  except  in  the  addition  of  a  moderate 
excavation  of  the  external  margin,  between  the  second  and  third 
median  nervules.  The  black  spot  of  the  secondaries  is  less  extended 
toward  the  base  than  usual  in  8.  geminatus.  In  this  latter  particular 
and  in  the  general  shape  of  the  spot,  the  figure  approaches  the 
European  8.  ocellatus,  though  differing  materially  from  that 'species  in 
the  excavated  apex  of  the  primaries  (acute  in  ocellatus\  and  in  a  more 
conspicuous  excavation  at  the  posterior  angle  of  the  same  wings. 

*List  of  the  Sphingidae,  ^EgericUe,  Zygsenidse  and  Bombycidse  of  Cuba.— Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc., 
1870,  v.  iii.,  p.  183. 

tBody  ash-colored:  thorax  with  a  large  trapezoidal  brown  spot  dilated  next  the  abdomen: 
primaries  angulated  aeh-colored,  with  a  transverse  series  of  brown  submarginal  crescents  in  a  paler 
band,  between  which  and  the  posterior  margin  is  another  obsolete  paler  one ;  above  the  crescents  is 
a  straight  whitish  baud,  and  a  linear  angular  forked  one,  under  the  internal  sinuses  of  which  the 
wings  are  clouded  with  dark  brown ;  underneath,  the  above  markings  of  the  wings  are  very 
indistinct :  the  secondaries  are  rose-color,  paler  at  the  costal  and  posterior  margins ;  underneath 
they  are  dusky  cinereous,  with  a  whitish  band  coinciding  with  that  of  the  primaries,  a  transverse  series 
of  crescents  and  a  dentated  brownish  band,  all  rather  indistinct :  but  the  most  conspicuous  character 
of  the  secondaries  is  a  large  eyelet  situated  at  the  anal  angle,  consisting  of  a  black  pupil,  nearly  but 
not  quite  surrounded  by  a  blue  iris,  and  situated  in  a  black  triangular  spot  or  atmosphere,  which 
extends  to  the  anal  angle,  and  is  surmounted  by  some  blue  scales :  the  abdomen  above  is  dusky  ash 
colored. 

This  insect  appears  to  be  the  American  representative  of  S.  ocellatus,  from  which,  however,  it 
differs  considerably.  It  comes  very  near  S.  geminatus  (Say,  Am.  Ent.  i.  t  xii,)  but  in  that  the  eyelet 
has  two  blue  pupils.  Taken  in  North  America,  locality  not  stated.— Faun.  Boreali- Americana,  1837, 
vol.  iv.,  p.  801. 


^ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  125 

The  omission  from  the  figure  of  an  angle  in  the  margin  of  the 
posterior  wings  at  the  submedian  nervnre,  must,  we  think,  be  an 
error  in  representation,  as  also  the  termination  of  the  anal  process  of 
the  black  spot,  not  in  the  anal  angle,  but  wholly  within  the  internal 
margin.  Errors  so  obvious  and  other  probable  ones,  must  necessarily 
afford  a  poor  basis  on  which  to  sustain  a  valid  species. 

Mr.  Grote,  in  his  valuable  papers  on  American  Sphingidae,  has 
advocated  the  specific  distinctness  of  Cerisyi*  In  one  of  them  he 
remarks :  "  The  fact  that  Cerisii  Kirby,  is  certainly  distinct  from 
S.  gemlnatus  Say,  an  opinion  I  have  entertained  since  studying 
Kirby's  description  and  figure,  has  been  recently  ascertained  by  the 
discovery  of  specimens,  as  I  am  informed  by  Mr.  S.  Calverley."  At 
the  present  I  have  no  means  of  determining  the  character  of  the 
specimens  referred  to,  but  I  cannot  believe  that  they  will  prove 
to  be-  different  from  the  exceptional  form  obtained  by  me  from  the 
deposit  of  S.  yeminatus  eggs  above  recorded. 

Mr.  W.  H.  Edwards  informs  me  that  he  has  regarded  S.  Cerisyi 
as  a  distinct  form.  He  has,  in  his  collection,  a  specimen  taken  far 
north,  by  Kennicott,  believed  to  be  the  only  one  in  the  country. 

Kirby's  type  is  probably  in  the  collections  of  the  British  Museum, 
where,  it  is  stated,  the  insects  described  in  fauna  Horeali-Aviericana 
were  deposited. 

From  the  very  brief  description  of  S.  opthalmicus  given  by 
Boisduval,f  it  was  thought  by  Clemens  to  be  possibly  a  variety  of 
S.  yeminatus,  having  but  a  single  eye  in  the  ocellated  spot.  ^  Grote 
and  Robinson  in  their  catalogue  of  X.  A.  Sphingidae,  have  recorded 
it  as  a  distinct  species.  § 

Through  the  kindness  of  Mr.  James  Angus  of  West  Farms,  N.  Y., 
I  have  had  the  privilege  of  examining  a  beautiful  specimen  of  the 
species,  received  by  him  from  California.  It  is  structurally  distinct 
from  S.  geminatus,  and  is  closely  allied  to  8.  ocellatus  of  Europe,  from 
which  however  it  differs  materially. 

As  near  as  I  could  determine  without  dissection,  the  antennae 
consist  of  about  forty  joints  having  longitudinally  on  them  a  single 
series  of  thin,  nearly  square  laminae,  each  equal  in  length  to  the  joint 

*  Notes  of  Cuban  Sphingidse.— Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Ph.,  1865,  rol.  v.,  p.  40. 

tLe  8.  opthalmica  aseez  rapproche  de  notre  ocettatw,  plus  voisin  de  Gemina  de  Say,  mais  1'oeil 
n'est  pas  double  et  il  differe  de  toutes  les  especes  du  meme  groupe  par  aa  large  bande  brune, 
anguleuse,  qui  traverse  le  milieu  des  ailes  superienres.— Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  France,  t.  Hi.,  3me  ser.  xxxii. 

*  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Soc.  Ph.,  1859,  p.  184. 
§  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Ph.,  1865,  vol.  v.,  p.  160. 


126        TWENTY-FOURTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 

upon  which  it  is  placed  ;  the  laminae  bear  on  their  two  sides  two  rows  of 
fine  cilia,  extending  from  a  common  point  on  the  middle  of  their  base 
to  the  two  outer  angles,  regularly  increasing  in  length  as  they  recede 
from  the  originating  and  diverging  point,  the  rows  slightly  curving 
toward  one  another  and  uniting  at  their  tips.  As  seen  from  above, 
the  connivent  cilia  fringing  the  a-ntennal  stem,  are  alone  visible,  in 
their  greatest  length  nearly  equaling  the  pectinations  of  8.  geminatas. 
In  this  latter  species,  from  the  middle  of  each  antennal  joint,  are 
given  out  two  broadly  diverging,  slender,  curved,  cylindrical,  apically 
rounded  pectinations  which  are  margined  with  short  and  fine  cilia; 
the  pectinations  are  thirty-nine  or  forty  in  number. 

The  apex  of  the  primaries  is  acute  in  8.  optkalmicus  as  in  8.  ocellatus 
(excavated  in  8.  geminatus),  but  less  curved  apically  on  the  anterior 
margin  ;  it  is  without  the  white-bordered  semioval  brown  patch  which 
is  a  feature  in  gevninatus.  The  excavations  of  the  hind  margin 
approach  nearer  to  ocellatw  than  to  geminatus.  The  posterior  wings 
are  less  developed  costally  than  in  either  of  the  above  two  species. 
The  ocellated  spot  is  quite  small,  having  a  diameter  between  the 
crescents  of  about  one-half  that  of  the  thoracic  spot  (in  the  other  two 
the  diameter  exceeds  that  of  the  thoracic  spot) ;  it  "rests  anteriorly  on 
the  second  median  nervule,  centers  ori  the  first,  extends  to  midway 
between  the  latter  and  the  submedian  nervure,  and  is  removed  one- 
half  its  longest  diameter  from  the  outer  margin.  It  consists  of  a 
black  spot  and  two  slender,  subequal  crescents  almost  uniting  at  their 
tips,  of  which  the  anterior  one  is  placed  just  within  the  anterior  mar- 
gin of  the  spot  which  is  lost  beneath  the  long,  rose-colored  basal  hairs, 
and  the  posterior  one  forms  its  posterior  margin — the  whole  present- 
ing a  well  defined  ellipse,  having  its  transverse  diameter  on  the  sub- 
median  nervure.  From  opposite  the  center  of  the  spot  interiorly, 
disconnected  from  it  by  a  brownish  line,  a  short  black  dash  points 
toward  the  anal  angle,  but  is  merged  in  an  ochreous-brown  shade 
running  to  the  angle,  and  thence  acutely  reflected  toward  the  base. 
The  thoracic  spot  is  ochraceous-brown,  straight  in  front,  covering  all 
of  the  thorax  except  a  white  bordering  to  the  gray  tegulae.  The  colors 
of  the  abdomen  and  wings  differ  materially  from  those  of  the  two 
species  with  which  it  is  compared,  for  while  they,  are  characterized  by 
shades  of  deep  brown,  in  this,  the  colors  are  fawn  or  pale  ochraceous- 
brown.  Its  expanse  is  two  and  six-tenths  inches ;  length  of  body 
one  inch. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL    CONTRIBUTIONS.  127 

Synonymy. — The  following  table  of  reference  and  synonymy   is 
presented,  in  the  belief  that  it  will  prove  to  be  correct. 

Sphinx  ocdlatvs  Jamaicensu  Drury.     Illus.  Nat.  Hist.,  1773,  v.  ii,  p.  43,  pi.  25,  figs.  2, 3. 

Smerintkus  getninatm  Say.     Amer.  Ent.,  1824,  v.  i,  p.  25,  pi.  12. 

S.  geminata  Harr.  in  Cat.  An.  &  PI.  Mass.,  1835,  p.  71. 

S.  Jamaicensis  Westw.-Drur.     111.  Ex.  Eut.,  1837,  v.  ii,  p.  47,  pi.  25,  figs.  2, 3. 

8.  Cerisyi  Kirby.    Faun.  Bor.-Amer.,  1837,  v.  iv,  p.  301,  pi.  4,  figs.  4, 5. 

8.  geminata  Harr.  in  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.-Ar.,  1839,  v.  xxxvi,  p.  291. 

S.  geminatus  Walk.     Cat.  Br.  Mus.,  Lep.,  1856,  pt.  8,  p.  246. 

S.  yeminatiiB  Clem,  in  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Ph.,  1859,  p.  183. 

S.  geminatns  Morr.     Syn.  Lep.  N.  Amer.,  1862,  p.  210. 

S.  excaxatus*  Lint.,  in  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Ph.,  1864,  v.  iii,  p.  665  (larva). 

S.  geminatm  Gr.  &  Rob.,  in  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Ph.,  1865,  vol.  v,  p.  160. 

S.  cerisii  Gr.  &  Rob.  ibid.,  et  List  Lep.  N.  A.,  1868,  p.  4. 

S.  jii.inaiiieuxiif  Gr.  &  Rob.,  in  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Ph.,  1865,  vol.  v,  p.  160. 

S.  geminatus  Pack.    Guide  Stud.  Ins.,  1869,  p.  275  (vena.  post.  wing). 

*An  erroneous  determination,  the  larva  described  on  page  666  of  the  Proceedings  being  that  of 
S.  exccecafuti. 


TWENTY-FOURTH  REPORT  OF  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 


VI.    TRANSFORMATIONS  OF  DAREMMA  UNDULOSA  WALKER. 


A  moth  of  this  species,  with  broken  and  denuded  wings  and  con- 
tracted abdomen,  which  was  taken  on  the  8th  of  July,  deposited 
eight  eggs  the  following  day  in  the  box  in  which  it  was  confined, 
and  died  three  or  four  days  thereafter.  Upon  examining  the  box  on 
the  14th,  there  were  found  the  transparent  shells  of  six  of  the  eggs 
from  which  the  larvse  had  emerged,  the  other  two  proving  infertile. 
Three  of  the  larvae  had  escaped,  and  the  remaining  three  were  quite 
feeble  from  their  compulsory  fast  of  probably  a  day  or  two.  but  very 
soon  commenced  feeding  on  some  tender  leaves  of  ash  (Fraxinus) 
which  were  given  them.  To  insure  them  a  continual  supply  of 
fresh  food,  they  were  placed  on  a  leaf  of  a  growing  ash  and  inclosed 
in  a  gauze  net  for  their  protection.* 

Young  larva. — The  larva  is  of  a  very  pale  green  color  throughout, 
showing  no  stripes  nor  bands.  Its  length  is  18-100ths  of  an  inch. 
Its  caudal  horn  is  cylindrical,  straight,  of  a  light  green  color,  except 
its  tip,  which  is  brown,  and  measures  8-100ths  of  an  inch. 

*The  rearing  of  larvae  upon  growing  plauts,  as  above  referred  to,  is  becoming  a  favorite  method 
with  lepidopterists,  for  several  reasons?:  It  affords  a  constant  supply  of  suitable  food,  free  from  the 
partial  decomposition  which  commences  almost  immediately  upon  the  plucking  of  the  leaf,  or  from 
the  rapid  change,  commonly  known  as  "  souring,"  which  a  twig  or  stem  undergoes  when  placed  in 
water.  The  great  sensitiveness  of  young  larvae  to  improper  food,  is  well  known  to  those  who  have 
reared  from  the  eggs,  by  the  usual  method  of  plucked  food,  broods  of  our  sphinges,  in  which  a  mor- 
tality of  one-half  has  often  been  encountered  before  the  first  molting.  The  larvae  require  but  little 
attention;  during  their  infancy,  the  few  leaves  upon  which  they  are  at  first  placed,  may  suffice  for  a 
week  or  two ;  as  they  attain  a  size  which  demands  a  larger  supply  of  food,  as  often  as  the  inclosed 
leaves  are  consumed,  it  is  only  necessary  to  open  the  net,  turn  out  the  excrementitious  matter,  clip 
off  the  defoliated  portion  of  the  twig,  and  tie  again  farther  down  the  stem.  It  prevents  the  injuries 
'which  so  frequently  prove  fatal  to  young  larvae,  when  the  slightest  degree  of  force  is  employed  in 
removing  them  to  fresh  leaves.  In  addition  to  natural  food,  it  also  gives  a  natural  exposure,  an 
important  consequent  of  which  is,  that  a  description  of  the  larva  need  not  be  imperfect  from  abnor- 
mal coloration,  which  so  frequently  is  the  result  of  in-door  rearing. 

There  are,  however,  some  risks  to  be  incurred  by  this  method.  The  larva  sometimes  deserts  the 
leaf  for  its  enveloping  net,  when  of  so  small  a  size,  as  not  to  be  able  to  protect  itself  against  being 
seized  and  destroyed  by  ants  or  other  insects ;  and  this  traveling  propensity  is  often  the  first  indica- 
tion of  approaching  molting,  which  is  always  accompanied  by  diminished  powers  of  defense.  As  I 
know  of  no  means  by  which  to  prevent  such  occurrences,  which  are  very  annoying  when  the  larva 
happens  to  be  rare,  I  would,  in  such  cases,  defer  placing  them  out  of  doors  until  their  second  change 
had  given  them  a  degree  of  safety  in  the  size  attained.  As  they  approach  maturity,  the  protection  of 
the  net  does  not  wholly  exempt  them  from  the  attack  of  their  natural  enemies,  the  Ichneumonidse, 
which,  readily  drawn  thither  when  several  larvae  are  associated,  may  often  be  seen  prospecting  over 
the  net  for  a  position  whence  they  may  reach  with  their  ovipositor  the  body  of  their  prey  within. 
Having  thus  lost  a  number  of  rare  larvae,  I  am  now  usually  successful  in  preventing  its  recurrence,  by 
instructing  the  net  of  a  large  size,  and  extending  it  with  two  or  more  wire  rings,  so  as  to  place  the 
inclosed  larvae  while  upon  the  leaves,  which  they  rarely  leave  after  their  second  molting,  out  of  ovi- 
positor reach. 

When  nearly  ready  for  their  pupal  change,  they  should  be  removed  from  the  tree,  and  fed  to  matu- 
rity in  a  box  or  wired  breeding  cage,  to  guard  against  their  liability  to  escape  at  this  period,  by 
forcing  an  opening  in  the  netting. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS. 

First  molt. — On  the  21st  of  July  their  first  molting  occurred.  On 
the  26th,  when  about  to  undergo  their  next  change,  they  had  attained 
the  length  of  seven-tenths  of  an  inch,  and  presented  the  following 
features  :  Head  light  green,  with  a  yellow  lateral  stripe.  Body  light 
green,  marked  conspicuously  with  a  subdorsal  yellow  stripe,  of  the 
breadth  of  two  of  the  annulets,  which  commences  on  the  first  segment 
and  terminates  in  the  last  lateral  band.  The  lateral  bauds  are  seven 
in  number,  of  a  yellow  color,  but  are  less  conspicuous,  except  the 
posterior  one,  than  the  subdorsal  stripe  ;  each  band  commences  at 
the  anterior  margin  of  a  segment  in  range  with  the  stigmata  ;  it  enters 
the  subdorsal  stripe  at  the  fifth  annulet,  and  emerges  therefrom  at 
the  incisure,  whence,  after  rising  slightly  above  the  stripe,  it  is  recurved 
and  touches  it  again,  nearly  reaching  the  following  incisure.  The  caudal 
horn  is  straight,  9-100ths  of  an  inch  long,  and  of  a  red  color.  The 
stigmata  are  not  visible  with  an  ordinary  magnifying  glass,  but  their 
position  is  indicated  by  a  short  horizontal  yellowish  line,  sub-centrally 
on  the  segment.  The  legs  and  prolegs  are  green. 

Second  molt. — This  change  occurred  during  the  night  of  July  26th 
and  27th.  When  in  readiness  for  the  next  molting  on  the  31st,  their 
length  was  85-100ths  of  an  inch.  The  head  shows  granulations  and 
has  broad  lateral  stripes  of  yellow  which  nearly  meet  at  the  apex. 
The  subdorsal  stripe  is  obsolescent,  being  more  distinct  on  the  tho- 
racic segments ;  lateral  bands  quite  distinct,  of  a  bright  yellow ;  the 
three  anterior  and  the  seventh  with  a  shade  of  red  margining  them 
ill  front.  Caudal  horn  straight,  with  short  spines  which  are  brown 
on  the  front  of  the  horn  and  behind.  The  legs  are  light  red,  and  the 
prolegs  green. 

Third  molt — August  lst-2d.  On  the  6th  of  August,  a  cessation 
from  feeding,  a  fixed  position,  and  a  partial  withdrawal  of  the  head 
from  its  case,  indicated  the  near  approach  of  another  molting. 
Length  of  the  larva  at  this  time,  one  inch  and  three- tenths,  with  a 
diameter  of  eighteen-hundredths  of  an  inch.  The  head  is  light  green, 
tuberculated  superiorly,  with  the  lateral  -stripes  broad  and  of  a 
whitish  shade.  The  body  is  pale  green ;  the  subdorsal  stripe  obso- 
lete ;  the  lateral  bands  are  whitish-green,  bordered  anteriorly  with 
darker  green,  except  the  first  and  seventh,  which  are  yellow  anterior  to 
the  stigma ;  the  bands  commencing  at  the  incisure,  cross  the  second 
annulet  in  range  with  the  lower  part  of  the  stigma,  are  contracted 
over  the  stigma,  extend  thence  in  a  straight  line  to  the  next  incisure, 
and  are  continued  somewhat  deflected  over  from  one  to  three  annu- 


130        TWENTY-FOURTH  REPORT  OF  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 

lets  of  the  following  segment  (over  three  on  the  seventh  and  eighth 
segments) ;  this  posterior  portion  of  the  band  is  not  edged  with  darker 
green.  The  caudal  horn  is  very  slightly  curved,  rose-colored 
anteriorly  a£  the  base,  tipped  with  yellow,  and  is  covered  with 
spinules  which,  except  the  lateral  ones,  are  black.  The  anal  shield 
and  plates  have  black  granulations.  The  stigmata  have  a  white  dot 
at  each  extremity,  and  are  bordered  with  orange.  The  legs  are  rose- 
colored  and  the  prolegs  green. 

Fourth  molt. — The  last  molting  during  the  larval  state  occurred 
during  the  night  of  August  7th-8th.  On  the  following  morning  they 
were  found  feeding  on  the  dry  leaf  upon  which  they  had  been  resting 
motionless  for  the  twenty-four  hours  preceding  their  change.  Their 
position  in  each  molting  has  been  on  the  mid  vein  of  the  leaf.  The 
withdrawal  of  the  head  from  its  case  at  the  commencement  of  the 
molting  appears  to  be  accomplished  in  a  very  brief  time,  if  not  at  a 
single  effort.  In  Ceratomia  quadricornis  Harris,  the  operation  is  so 
gradual,  that  its  progress  can  be  followed  for  a  day  or  more.  In  this 
species,  when  a  careful  inspection  has  shown  no  indication  of  the  separa- 
tion of  the  case,  an  hour  thereafter,  it  has  been  found  wholty  withdrawn 
within  the  skin  of  the  anterior  segment,  through  which  the  lateral 
bands  of  the  head  could  be  very  distinctly  seen.  In  Darapsa  Myron 
(Cramer),  the  corresponding  operation  appears  to  be  as  quickly 
accomplished. 

All  the  above  moltings  of  Daremma  undulosa  have  taken  place 
during  the  night. 

Food  plant. — The  larva,  according  to  information  given  to  Dr. 
Clemens  as  stated  in  his  description  of  Ceratomia  repentinus  (deter- 
mined by  an  examination  by  Grote  and  Robinson  of  the  typical 
specimen  of  Walker  to  be  identical  with  this  species*),  has  been 
taken  on  the  ash,  upon  which  the  individuals  above  described  were 
reared.  Mr.  Grote  states  that  he  has  observed  it  numerously  on  the 
lilac  (Syringa  vulgaris)  on  Long  Island.  It  will  probably  also  be 
found  on  the  privet  (Ligustrum  vulgare), — a  larva  which  must  have 
been  either  this  species  or  Sphinx  cinerea,  (chersis  of  Hiibner),  having 
been  reported  to  me  as  occurring  on  this  food-plant. 

Pupation. — Before  entering  the  earth,  it  undergoes  a  marked 
change  in  color.  One  taken  from  a  fence  August  27th,  presented  a 
soiled  white  appearance,  in  which  only  a  trace  of  its  original  green 
was  visible ;  the  position  of  its  lateral  bands  could  with  difficulty  be 

*  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  8oc^  1868,  vol.  ii,  p.  76. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  131 

traced.  It  buried  in  the  ground  the  following  day,  and  constructed 
its  cell  of  the  usual  ovoid  form  of  the  cells  of  the  sphinges,  at  a  depth 
of  four  inches.  The  imago  emerged  the  following  June,  enabling 
me  to  determine  the  species,  which  the  altered  appearance  of  the 
larva  did  not  permit  of  doing. 

Pupa. — Length  one  inch  and  three-fourths  ;  diameter  one-half 
inch  ;  color  dark  brown  ;  head-case  depressed,  shagreened  ;  eye-case 
slightly  prominent,  with  a  smooth,  impressed  line  inferiorly,  and  a 
central  one  on  the  crescent,  which  is  wrinkled  transversely.  Pro- 
notum  shagreened,  quite  depressed  anteriorly,  with  a  medial  line ; 
stigma  fusiform.  Mesanotum  minutely  shagreened,  with  an 
inconspicuous  medial  line.  Metanotum  with  a  transverse  line 
anteriorly,  posterior  to  which  it  is  minutely  wrinkled  longitudinally. 
Abdominal  segments  punctulated,  and  each  divided  superiorly  in 
about  four  parts  by  depressed  transverse  lines.  Eleventh  segment 
with  a  dorsal,  transverse,  oval  depression.  Tongue-case  buried, 
reaching  just  below  the  tips  of  the  middle  leg-cases,  having  ante- 
riorly a  few  transverse  plaits  near  its  medial  line,  arid  a  few  longi- 
tudinal, ones  near  the  antenna-case.  Antennae-cases  in  the  female 
extend  to  half-way  between  the  tips  of  the  anterior  and  the  middle 
leg-cases,  showing  the  joints  distinctly,  with  a  granulation  on  each. 
Anterior  leg-cases  broad,  prominent  and  •  rugose  over  the  femur. 
Wing-cases  somewhat  granulated  at  their  basal  region,  and  smooth 
elsewhere.  Spine  rugose,  subtriangular,  constricted  at  the  base. 

As  will  be  seen  from  the  above  description  of  the  larva,  it  has  no 
structural  affinity  with  that  of  Ceratomia  quadricornis*  The  species 
has  therefore  very  properly  been  removed  from  the  genus  in  which 
Dr.  Clemens  had  been  led  to  locate  it,  from  representations  made  to 
him  by  one  who  claimed  to  have  reared  its  larva  repeatedly,  and 
described  it  as  strongly  resembling  that  of  C.  quadricornis.  To  Mr. 
Grote  belongs  the  credit  of  discovering  structural  differences  in  the 
imagines  of  C.  quadricornis  and  D.  undulosa^  which  differences  are 
fully  sustained  in  their  earlier  stages. 

*  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  1862,  vol.  i,  p.  290. 
IProc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil,,  1865,  vol.  v,  p.  190. 


TWENTY-FOURTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 


VII.    NOTES  ON  PLATARCT1A  PARTHENOS  (HARR.)  PACK. 


Some  eggs  deposited  by  a  captured  moth,  disclosed  their  larvae  on 
July  20th.  The  young  larvae  were  one-tenth  of  an  inch  in  length,  of 
a  fulvous  color,  with  black  tubercles  and  long  fuscous  hairs. 

The  first  molting  occurred  July  26th  and  27th.  The  larvae  were 
now  one-fourth  of  an  inch  long,  with  two  prominent  black  subdorsal 
tubercles  on  the  fourth  and  tenth  segments ;  the  hairs  were  one-tenth 
of  an  inch  long. 

The  second  molting  commenced  July  30th  and  terminated  on 
August  1st. 

The  third  molting  commenced  August  6th. 

The  fourth  molting  commenced  August  llth,  after  the  larvae  had 
maintained  a  fixed  position  for  twenty-four  hours. 

The  fifth  molting  commenced  August  16th. 

The  sixth  molting  extended  from  the  23d  to  the  25th  of  August, 
inclusive.* 

The  seventh  molting  :  two  of  the  larvae  which  had  taken  positions 
in  an  angle  of  the  box  on  the  28th,  and  had  spun  over  them  a  thin 
web  covering,  molted  on  the  31st.  On  the  13th  of  September,  two 
others  molted  ;  the  remainder  did  not  undergo  this  change.  After 
the  middle  of  September  they  ate  very  sparingly,  many  of  them 
resting  for  days  in  one  position.  A  few  of  the  brood  having 
died,  about  the  middle  of  October,  the  remaining  ones  (eighteen  in 
number)  were  transferred  to  winter  quarters  within  a  box  containing 
chips  and  sawdust,  and  inverted  on  the  ground  beneath  a  bedding  of 
leaves  and  earth.  The  few  larvae  which  had  undergone  their  seventh 
molting,  had  at  this  time  attained  a  length  when  in  motion  of  two 
and  one-fourth  inches. 

On  the  1st  of  April,  eleven  of  the  larvae  were  found  to  have  survived 
the  winter.  These  were  provided  with  growing  plants,  beneath  glass, 
for  food,  but  manifested  an  indisposition  to  eat,  seeming  in  a  feeble 
condition.  On  the  27th  of  April,  two  of  the  number  were  observed 
to  be  feeding  nicely.  The  others  died  without  partaking  of  any  food. 

The  two  larvae  without  again  molting,  or  materially  increas- 
ing in  size,  spun  cocoons  of  a  dark  colored  silk  interwoven  with 

*  A  description  of  the  larva  at  this  stage,  is  given  by  Mr.  W.  Saunders,  in  the  Canadian  Entomolo- 
gist, 1871,  vol.  iii,  p.  225. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS. 

their  hairs,  of  a  texture  permitting  the  inclosed  pupa  to  he  seen 
through  the  threads.  One  only  disclosed  its  imago  (a  male).  Of  its 
period  of  pupation,  no  note  was  made. 

The  moth  conforms  very  closely  to  the  description  given  by  Pack- 
ard.* In  the  female  from  which  the  eggs  were  obtained,  the  median 
hand  on  the  secondaries  which  in  the  male  consists  of  approximate 
orange  spots,  becomes  a  continuous  orange  band  from  its  enlarge- 
ment at  the  costal  margin  to  near  the  internal  margin  (one-third 
of  the  distance  between  it  and  the  submedian),  constricted  opposite 
the  cell  and  on  the  first  median  nervule  ;  the  nervules  which  intersect 
it  are  dotted  with  black  scales.  On  the  fold  between  the  median  and  the 
submedian  nervures,  is  an  orange  vitta,  attenuated  anteriorly  for  two- 
thirds  its  length,  enlarged  and  rounded  posteriorly,  and  extending 
nearly  one-half  the  distance  across  •  the  wing,  f  The  sides  of  the 
abdomen,  terminal  segment  and  anal  tuft  are  orange,  concolorous 
with  the  ground  of  the  posterior  wings  ;  the  black  of  the  dorsum 
extends  medially  in  a  point  over  the  terminal  segment.  Expanse  of 
wings  2.80  inches  ;  in  the  male  2.-iO  inches. 

*Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  1864,  vol.  iii.,  p.  110. 

tNo  trace  of  this  feature  appears  in  the  figure  given  in  Agassiz'  Lake  Superior  (pi.  vii.,  fig.  4,)  of  a 
male  taken  on  the  northern  shore  of  the  lake,  nor  in-  a  male  of  my  collection. 


134        TWENTY-FOURTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEI-M. 


VIII.    NOTES  ON  EUPREPIA  AMERICANA  (HARRIS.) 


A  moth  of  this  species,  captured  in  a  room  late  in  the  evening* 
where  it  had  been  drawn  by  a  brilliant  light,  deposited,  after  having 
been  pinned,  a  number  of  eggs,  of  which,  about  one-half  (seventy  by 
count)  were  given  me  to  rear. 

Most  of  the  eggs  were  deposited  in  an  irregular  mass,  and  a  few  were 
lying  loosely  in  the  box.  They  were  white,  of  an  obovate  form, 
very  slightly  compressed,  with  a  length  of  8-100ths  of  an  inch,  and  a 
breadth  of  6-100ths  of  an  inch.  The  larvae  emerged  from  the  larger  end, 
leaving  a  shell  firm  and  opaque,  of  w^hich  only  an  aperture  was  eaten. 
Less  than  one-half  of  the  eggs  disclosed  larvae,  f  The  date  of  their 
appearance  was  not  noted. 

The  first  molting  was  on  the  13th  of  August.  Previous  to  the 
following  molt  they  were  three-eighths  of  an  inch  long,  of  a  reddish 
brown  color,  with  intermingled  white  and  black  hairs  at  the  extremi 
ties,  and  with  a  lateral  lead-colored  stripe.  The  head  and  tubercles 
of  the  body  were  black. 

The  second  molt  extended  from  August  22d  to  the  25th4  Length, 
one-half  inch  ;  anterior  segments  fulvous,  with  hairs  of  the  same  color. 
The  third  rnolt  commenced  August  30th  ;  the  fourth,  September  9th; 
the  fifth,  and  last  recorded,  September  20th. 

The  moltings  were  not  at  all  uniform  throughout  the  brood,  some 
of  the  number  being  at  this  time  an  entire  molting  in  advance  of 
others. 

Several  days  after  the  last  change  above  noted,  the  larvae  varied  in 
length  from  six-tenths  of  an  inch,  to  one  inch  and  a  tenth..  Having 
ceased  feeding  (and  a  few  having  died),  they  were  placed  in  winter 
quarters  with  the  P.  parthenos  larvae  of  the  preceding  paper. 

When  uncovered  in  the  spring,  but  one  of  the  colony  was  found 
alive.  It  fed  for  about  two  weeks,  increasing  in  size  during  that 

*  In  two  other  instances  of  the  capture  of  this  moth  within-doors,  in  the  same  locality,  during  the 
same  season,  it  was  observed  that  its  appearance  was  between  the  hours  of  ten  and  eleven  p.  M. 

t  The  very  large  number  of  eggs  borne  by  this  moth— stated  by  Dr.  Fitch  to  be  seven  hundred  and 
forty-four  in  an  instance  observed  by  him  — might  account  for  so  many  (the  last  deposited)  having 
failed  of  fertilization. 

$  It  is  possible,  in  consideration  of  the  long  interval  between  this  and  the  first  molt,  as  compared 
with  the  corresponding  interval  in  P.  parthenos,  that  an  intermediate  molting  may  have  escaped 
observation. 


ENTOMOL  oaic  u  L  Co  NT  RIB  UTIONS.  185 

time  from  nine-tenths  of  an  inch  to  one  inch  and  a  fourth,  hut  died 
before  attaining  maturity. 

Dr.  Fitch,  from  a  comparison  of  colors  and  markings,  regards  this 
species  as  identical  with  the  European  E.  caja  (Linn).*  Dr.  Packard 
finds  indisputable  distinctive  features  in  the  stouter  body,  shorter  wings 
and  prominent  antennal  pectinations  of  our  species.  Specimens, 
however,  have  been  taken  in  Labrador,  which  Packard  has  deter- 
mined to  be  E.  caja,  and  which  he  represents  as  giving  evidence  of 
introduction.  He  states  that  "  the  coloration  and  the  markings  are 
the  same,  and  it  can  scarcely  lay  claim  to  be  considered  as  a  climatal 
variety.  The  patagia  are  white  in  the  Labrador  specimen,  and 
brown  in  the  English ;  this  is  the  principal  distinction." 

Of  its  larva,  Packard  states  :  "  It  occurred  at  Gore  Island,  in 
Southern  Labrador,  wandering  over  the  herbage.  At  Caribou  Island, 
they  were  found  in  July,  in  various  stages,  feeding  on  Potentilla 
anserina.  The  larva  was  also  found,  full  fed,  crawling  over  herbage, 
on  June  15th,  at  Little  Mecatina  Island,  and  it  had  no  doubt  hyber- 
nated  in  this  state.  The  body  was  black,  with  large  white  papillae, 
from  which,  on  the  thoracic  rings,  rise  short  yellow  hairs,  like  those 
on  the  sides  of  the  body.  Above,  the  white  papillae  are  large  and 
conspicuous,  and  from  them  arise  long,  thin,  mostly  irregular  fascicles 
of  pale  gray  hairs,  with  shorter  and  fewer  black  hairs,  the  longer  ones 
equaling  in  length  the  breadth  of  the  body.  II  is  of  the  usual  size,  and 
its  tricolored  hairs  and  white  papillae  give  a  striking  appearance  to 
this  handsome  larvae.  It  began  to  spin  a  cocoon  June  26th,  and 
the  moth  appeared  July  27th."f 

I  know  of  no  description  of  the  mature  larva  of  E.  Americana  to 
compare  with  the  above.  That  of  Dr.  Fitch  (loc.  cit.)  does  not  per- 
tain to  our  native  species,  (although  associated  with  an  excellent  des- 
cription of  the  imago),  but  is  obviously  taken  from  European  sources, 
and  refers  to  Euprepia  caja. 

E.  Americana  has  been  taken  in  several  places  in  Canada  and  in 
New  York,  in  Massachusetts  and  on  Lake  Superior. 

*  Noxious  Insects  of  New  York,  Reports,  6-9,  p.  234. 
iProc.  Bost.  Soc.  N.  H.,  1868,  vol.  xi,  p.  34. 


136        TWENTY-FOURTH  REPORT  ow  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 


IX.   NOTES  ON  EUCHRES  EGLE  (DEUHT). 


A  colony  of  the  young  larvae  was  taken  on  the  milkweed  (Asdepias 
cornuti)  July  20th,  collected  in  an  irregular  cluster  on  one  of  the 
leaves.  Their  appearance  at  this  stage  was  so  unlike  that  presented 
when  more  advanced,  that  the  species  would  not  have  been  suspected, 
but  from  the  food  plant  on  which  they  occurred. 

On  the  21st,  having  consumed  the  leaf  on  which  they  were  feeding, 
they  moved  to  the  top  of  the  jar  beneath  which  they  had  been 
placed,  where  they  collected  in  a  body.  They  were  now  three-tenths 
of  an  inch  in  length.  The  head  was  subquadrate,  glossy  black. 
Collar  fuscous.  Body  deeply  incised,  obscure  green,  with  round  fus- 
cous tubercles  dorsally,  and  oval  ones  laterally,  from  which  radiate 
white  hairs  of  unequal  length,  those  on  the  four  anterior  and  two 
posterior  segments  being  longer  than  elsewhere,  and  intermingled 
with  dusky  hairs.  Legs  spotted  with  fuscous,  and  prolegs  with  a 
fuscous  spot  outwardly. 

On  the  23d  they  were  found  to  have  undergone  a  molting, 
and  were  traveling  with  a  very  rapid  motion  in  every  direction  about 
the  jar.  Later  in  the  day,  they  had  again  collected  in  a  cluster, 
when  fresh  food  was  supplied  them,  upon  which  they  arranged  them- 
selves with  some  degree  of  regularity,  but  not  with  the  striking 
parallelism  which  characterizes  their  feeding  when  met  with  in  the 
field. 

The  larva  now  appears  with  twelve  rows  of  tubercles,  disposed 
in  two  ranges  on  each  segment,  the  tubercles  alternating  on  the 
anterior  and  posterior  portions  of  the  segment. 

The  first  segment  has  some  short  white  hairs  projecting  over  the 
head.  On  the  second  segment  are  four  black  pencils,  each  with  a 
single  hair  projecting  beyond  the  others ;  the  two  inner  pencils  are 
the  longer,  and  the  single  hair  extends  to  nearly  twice  the  length  of 
the  pencil.  The  third  segment  has  its  interior  pencils  like  those  of 
the  second,  but  its  exterior  ones  are  without  the  long  hair.  The 
fourth  segment  has  a  double  pencil  issuing  from  the  two  anterior 
dorsal  tubercles,  with  four  white  pencils  from  the  four  tubercles  next 
below.  Segments  five  to  nine  inclusive  have  each  four  orange  pencils 
curving  inward  and  forward,  of  which  the  two  anterior  proceed  from 
the  two  superior  tubercles,  and  the  two  posterior  from  those  next 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  137 

below;  beneath  these  is  a  row  of  black  pencils  above  a  blue  line 
which  incloses  the  stigmata.  On  segment  ten  is  a  similar  arrange- 
ment of  pencils,  but  the  two  posterior  ones  are  white  instead  of  orange. 
On  segment  eleven  a  double,  dorsal  black  pencil  from  the  two 
anterior  tubercles,  two  white  ones  posterior  to  these,  and  two  black 
ones  exterior.  On  segment  twelve  are  four  black  pencils  directed 
backward.  The  two  lower  rows  of  tubercles  on  segments  one  and 
three,  and  the  three  rows  on  four  and  five,  have  fascicular  bunches  of 
short  white  hairs  radiating  from  them,  as  have  also  the  corresponding 
tubercles  on  the  three  posterior  segments.  The  lower  row  of  tuber- 
cles on  segments  six  to  nine  inclusive,  have  a  few  similar  hairs 
proceeding  from  their  lower  portion.  Body  of  the  larva,  pale  brown. 
Legs  shining  black  ;  prolegs  fuscous  exteriorly. 

On  August  1st,  another  molting  occurred.  On  the  3d,  from  one 
of  the  larvae,  several  parasites  emerged,  and  enclosed  themselves  in 
small  white  cocoons  of  a  slight  texture,  enveloped  in  loose  wool-like 
threads :  from  these  seven  hymenopterous  imagines  of  an  undetermined 
species  (all  females)  were  disclosed  on  the  18th. 

On  the  4th,  one  of  the  larvae  had  spun  its  cocoon,  through  the 
walls  of  which  some  parasitic  larvae  emerged.  By  the  9th,  several 
had  made  their  cocoons,  and  all  had  ceased  feeding.  The  last  of  the 
colony  made  its  cocoon  on  the  12th. 

On  the  26th  of  August,  an  Egle  imago  emerged  from  one  of  the 
cdcociis,  which  proved  to  be  the  only  one  obtained  from  the  entire 
colony.  Late  in  the  ensuing  spring  the  cocoons  were  examined, 
when  about  half  of  the  number  were  found  to  contain  untrans- 
formed  shriveled  larvae,  and  the  remainder  dead  pupae. 

Other  attempts  to  rear  broods  of  this  larvae,  have  been  attended 
with  about  the  same  success,  showing  it  to  be  a  very  difficult  species 
to  carry  through  to  the  imago  state,  under  treatment  which  proves 
successful  with  many  others. 

On  the  24th  of  August, — a  month  later  than  the  date  of  collection 
above  noticed — another  colony  of  this  larva  which  had  apparently 
very  recently  undergone  the  first  molting  was  observed  feeding  on 
Asclepias. 


138        TWENTY-FOURTH  REPORT  ON  TSE  STATE  MUSEUM. 


X.  TRANSFORMATIONS  OF  LAGOA  CRISPATA  PACKARD. 


A  cluster  of  eggs  subsequently  ascertained  to  be  the  deposit  of  this 
moth,  was  found  July  7th,  1869,  at  Center,  N".  Y.,  on  the  under  side 
of  a  leaf  of  Quercus  ilicifolia,  arranged  somewhat  in  a  segment  of  a 
circle,  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  length,  and  covered  with  a 
yellow- white  down.  .  '  \. 

The  eggs  are  pale  green,  of  an  elongate-oval  form,  measuring 
2-100ths  by  45-1000ths  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  They  were  attached 
to  the  leaf  by  their  sides  in  two  rows,  with  the  enveloping  down 
extending  beyond  them  on  the  leaf  for  a  space  somewhat  exceeding 
the  longest  diameter  of  the  egg. 

Young  larva. — The  larvae  were  disclosed  July  13th,  with  a  length 
of  62-1000ths  of  an  inch.  They  were  of  a  pale  yellow-green  color, 
and  were  thickly  covered  with  long,  soft,  white  hairs,  many  of  which 
were  twice  the  length  of  the  body.  The  larvae  fed  on  the  upper 
surface  of  the  leaf. 

First  molt — July  21st  to  23d :  larva  lirnacodiform  in  appearance, 
white,  oval,  flattened  superiorly  between  the  subdorsal  rows  of  short, 
cylindrical,  fleshy,  white  tubercles,  apparently  nine  hi  number  exclu- 
sive of  the  terminal  ones ;  counting  these  last  in  the  stigmatal  row, 
it  consists  of  twelve  similar  tubercles ;  from  each  of  these  tubercles, 
long,  white  hairs  of  unequal  length  radiate,  the  longest  of  which 
measure  one-fourth  of  an  inch.  The  head  is  not  visible  from  above, 
and  the  extremity  to  which  it  belongs  is  with  difficulty  distinguish- 
able from  the  posterior  when  the  larva  is  at  rest.  Its  prolegs  can 
only  be  seen  from  beneath  when  moving  on  a  transparent  surface. 

Second  molt— July  28th :  length  of  larva,  27-100ths  of  an  inch, 
diameter  12-100ths;  the  hairs  are  three-tenths  of  an  inch  long, 
usually  uncinate,  more  numerous  than  before  and  nearly  concealing 
the  body.  The  larvae  still  eat  only  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaf 
within  the  veinlets. 

Third  molt — Commenced  August  3d :  length  of  larva,  31-100ths 
of  an  inch,  diameter,  15-100ths.  Three  rows  of  tubercles  are  visible 
on  each  side  of  the  body,  of  which  the  substigrnatal  ones  are  round, 
the  lateral  and  subdorsal  ones  elliptical ;  from  these  tubercles  proceed 
the  long  hairs,  which,  diverging  and  interlacing,  cover  the  body. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  •   139 

The  larva  no  longer  confines  itself  to  the  surface  of  the  leaf,  but 
commencing  at  the  margin,  now  eats  the  entire  body  except  the  veins. 
Its  method  of  eating  is  peculiar.  Extended  on  the  surface  of  the 
leaf  (usually  the  lower  surface)  at  a  right  angle  with  its  margin,  it 
bends  its  head  over  the  edge  in  a  position  to  grasp  it  with  its 
mandibles.  Its  collar,  which  is  quite  extensible,  is  thrown  forward 
with  its  sides  appressed  closely  to  the  two  surfaces  of  the  leaf, 
entirely  enveloping  the  head.  From  its  position,  one-half  of  the 
collar  is  hidden  beneath  the  body ;  the  other  half  is  seen  on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  leaf  as  a  triangular  fleshy  piece,  having  its 
anterior  edge  in  range  with  the  line  of  the  body.  On  one  occasion 
while  feeding,  when  a  small  bit  of  leaf  had  been  detached  and  was 
held  by  the  anterior  pair  of  legs,  the  favorable  position  of  the  larva 
for  its  observation,  displayed  both  of  the  lateral  edges  of  the  collar 
folded  on  the  piece,  and  holding  it  between  them,  while  within,  as 
disclosed  by  the  regular  motion  of  the  body  and  the  gradual  disap- 
pearance of  the  leaf,  the  mouth  was  in  active  operation,  wholly 
concealed  from  even  a  direct  front  view,  except  when  a  slight  eleva- 
tion of  a  portion  of  the  collar  chanced  to  disclose  a  section  of  a  black 
mandible. 

When  in  readiness  for  its  fourth  molting,  the  larva  at  rest,  measures 
7-10ths  of  an  inch  long,  and  28-100ths  of  an  inch  broad.  From  having 
been  up  to  this  period  entirely  white,  the  body  now  shows  patches 
of  coloring.  Two  or  three  days  after  it  has  affixed  itself  for  its  molt, 
the  colors  become  defined  in  shade  and  outline.  *  There  now  are 
seen  blackish  bands  on  the  terminal  segments,  a  line  of  elongate 
black  spots  above  the  legs,  a  white  stigmatal  band  with  a  row  of 
blackish  spots  above,  and  an  obscure  salmon  shade  suffusing  the 
entire  dorsal  region.  In  these  colors  are  revealed  the  new  clothing 
nearly  matured  whicli  the  larva  is  about  to  assume,  closely  folded  to 
the  body  in  separate  pencils  of  hairs,  and  partially  seen  through  the 
translucent  skin. 

Fourth  molt — August  20th,  and  several  following  days :  length 
75-100ths,  breadth  3-10ths  of  an  inch.  The  withdrawal  of  the  larva 
from  its  old  integument  occupies  about  five  minutes  of  time.  As 
the  segments  successively  emerge,  the  hairs  appear  as  wet  pencils 
appressed  to  the  body,  which  rise  up  as  they  are  released  from  their 
confinement,  and  very  soon  becoming  dry,  diverge  and  entirely  cover 

*A  larva  taken  at  Center,  after  its  third  molt,  took  its  position  for  its  fourth  change  during:  the  night 
of  August  27-8;  the  bands  were  visible  on  the  31st,  and  the  molting  occurred  on  the  afternoon  of 
September  1st,  nearly  four  days  having  been  required  to  complete  the  change. 


140        TWENTY-FOURTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 

the  body  without  any  outward  indication  of  originating  in  a  few 
isolated  points.  The  larva  now  presents  a  remarkable  contrast  to  its 
former  appearance,  in  features  as  follows: 

The  head  is  round  and  white ;  the  eyes  and  mandibles  are  black. 
The  body  is  white  throughout.  The  collar  has  four  patches  of  short 
slate-colored  hairs  —  the  inferior  patches  round  and  the  superior 
elongated.  On  the  first  segment  are  eight  tufts  of  slate-colored  hairs ; 
on  the  second  segment  are  six  tufts,  of  which  the  four  inferior  are 
slate  and  the  two  superior,  slate  mingled  with  ochreous ;  on  the  third 
and  following  segments,  exclusive  of  the  terminal,  the  lower  tuft  is 
slate  with  black  basally,  the  lateral  is  slate  and  ochreous,  and  the 
dorsal  is  ochreous ;  on  the  terminal  segment  the  position  of  the  tufts 
was  not  ascertained  further  than  that  the  lower  is  slate-colored.  The 
slate-colored  hairs  of  the  thoracic  segments  superiorly,  and  the 
ochreous  ones  of  the  terminal  segments,  are  long  and  projected  over 
the  extremities,  and  are  so  fine  as  to  be  readily  moved  by  the  breath ; 
the  abdominal  hairs  are  shorter,  somewhat  coarser,  appressed,  and 
meet  over  the  dorsum  in  a  ridge.  The  stigmata  are  white,  hemi- 
spherical, with  an  elongated  subcylindrical  papilla  beneath  the  anterior 
one  and  behind  each  of  the  others.  Legs  five-jointed,  bearing  upon 
them  several  short  bristles.  The  five  pairs  of  prolegs  on  segments 
6-9  and  12,  are  well  developed  and  have  their  plantse  armed  with 
series  of  black  booklets ;  on  their  base  exteriorly  is  a  small  pencil  of 
short  hairs,  and  three  still  smaller  contiguous  pencils  anteriorly,  visi- 
ble with  a  lens :  the  two  pairs  of  conical  prolegs  on  segments  5  and 
10  (completing  the  seven  pairs  ascribed  to  this  larva*),  are  rudimen- 
tary, without  plantse,  bearing  apically  a  few  short  hairs. 

Sting  of  larva. — On  several  occasions  subsequent  to  the  third 
molting,  while  transferring  the  larvae  to  fresh  leaves,  a  slight  pricking 
sensation  was  felt,  which  was  not,  however,  sufficiently  decided  to 
arrest  attention ;  a  larva  seemingly  so  inoffensive  in  its  downy  dress, 
and  so  timid  as  to  roll  itself  up  in  a  ball  at  any  rude  touch,  was  not  to 
be  suspected  of  the  possession  of  a  method  of  defense  bestowed,  in  like 
degree,  upon  only  two  other  associate  Bombycideans.  Later,  with 
their  increased  growth,  the  pricking  became  more  acute,  and  its  source 
could  no  longer  be  doubted.  If  a  larva  was  pressed  with  the  back  of 
a  finger,  or  permitted  to  drop  upon  it  from  a  moderate  height,  a  sharp 
stinging  would  be  felt,  soon  becoming  more  acute,  and  followed 
in  a  few  minute*  with  a  redness  of  the  skin,  and  elevated  white  spots 

*  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.t  Ph.,  1864,  rol.  iii,  p.  336. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  141 

similar  to  the  "nettle-rash.1'  As  would  naturally  be  expected  from 
the  comparative  size  of  the  larvae,  the  sting  is  not  so  severe  as  that 
of  Hemil.euca  Maia  (Drury),  or  Hyperahiria  lo  (Fabr.)* 

A  critical  examination  of  the  larva,  by  a  partial  removal  of  its 
hairs,  revealed  the  existence  of  clusters  of  short,  slender,  acute,  white 
bristles,  directed  upward  from  the  several  tubercles  of  the  lateral  and 
subdorsal  rows,  the  presence  of  which  had  previously  been  unnoticed, 
under  their  covering  of  the  long  hairs  surrounding  and  effectually 
concealing  them.  Upon  touching  the  bristles  with  the  hand,  they 
were  found  to  be  the  source  of  the  sting  experienced. 

Fifth  -molt. — The  fifth  molting  through  which  the  larvae  were 
observed  to  pass,  and  their  subsequent  changes,  were  not  recorded. 
Additional  collections  of  larvae  made  at  Center  were  thoughtlessly 
added  to  the  colony,  which,  with  other  circumstances,  prevented  the 
completion  of  their  history.  Of  the  above  collections,  one  of  the 
number  spun  its  cocoon  on  the'  29th  of  August,  attached  to  the 
bottom  edge  of  the  bell-jar  confining  it. 

An  alcoholic  matured  specimen  in  my  possession,  which  had 
attained  more  than  ordinary  size,  measures  one  inch  and  three-tenths 
in  length,  by  one-third  of  an  inch  broad.  Its  head,  drawn  within  the 
first  segment  is  black,  as  are  also  the  tips  of  four  or  five  of  the  ante- 
rior stigmatal  papilla?. 

A  larva  taken  at  New  Baltimore,  N.  Y.,  feeding  on  plum  leaves,  and 
brought  to  me  August  31st,  was  more  elongate  than  usual ;  its  three 
anterior  segments  were  clothed  with  hairs  of  a  brownish  shade,  and 
the  hairs  of  its  posterior  extremity  were  prolonged  so  as  to  form  a 
short  .tail.  It  made  its  cocoon  September  1st,  but  did  not  develop 
the  imago. 

Cocoon. — The  cocoon  is  of  a  tawny-brown  color,  oval  in  form,  often 
modified  by  the  surface  to  which  it  may  be  attached,  and  occasionally 
contracted  near  its  apical  end ;  its  average  size,  taken  from  fifteen 
specimens,  is  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  length,  by  one-third  of  an 
inch  in  diameter.  It  is  of  a  firm,  parchment-like  texture,  capable  of 
sustaining  considerable  pressure  from  the  edge  of  the  nail  before 
yielding  to  it.  Its  exterior  is  irregularly  covered  with  a  thin  web  of 
rather  coarse  threads,  in  which,  under  the  microscope,  a  few  of  the 
plumose  hairs  of  the  caterpillar  may  be  observed ;  underneath 
this,  the  outer  coating  of  the  cocoon  is  thinly  extended  over  its  apical 
end,  to  the  extent  of  about  one-tenth  of  an  inch.  Upon  stripping 

*  Twenty-third  Report  on  the  N.  T.  State  Cabinet,  1872.  p. 


142        TWENTY-FOURTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 

away  this  portion,  a  flat  surface  is  seen  beneath,  covered  with  a  mat- 
ting of  intermingled  hairs  and  silk ;  if  this  matting  be  removed,  a 
moderate  pressure  of  the  fingers  upon  the  sides  of  the  cocoon, 
will  cause  the  flattened  apex  to  detach  itself  in  part  from  the  body, 
disclosing  a  perfectly  fitting  lid,  of  which  its  connection  with  the 
cocoon  for  about  one-third  of  its  circumference,  serves  as  a  hinge. 
The  margin  of  the  lid  is  slightly  recurved ;  that  of  the  cocoon  to  a 
greater  degree,  so  as,  in  some  examples,  to  render  this  portion  as 
broad  as  the  central  diameter. 

The  lid  is  woven  by  the  caterpillar  separately  from  the  rest  of  the 
cocoon,  and  is  not  a  section  cut  from  it  after  its  completion.  This 
interesting  fact,  at  variance  with  the  generally  received  opinion  upon 
the  subject,  was  clearly  shown,  when,  upon  springing  open  the  lid, 
there  was  found  to  be  resting  upon  and  partly  overlapping  its  margin, 
and  quite  distinct  from  the  matting  inclosed,  a  packing  of  stout, 
parallel  threads  and  hairs,  not  forming  an  entire  circle,  but  inter- 
rupted by  returns  at  each  side  of  the  hinge,  over  which  its  extension 
would  not  be  needed;  underneath  this,  and  more  closely  united  to 
the  margin1  was  a  more  slender  silken  cord  arranged  in  like  manner. 
The  construction  of  the  packing  and  its  curious  disposition,  prior  to 
the  formation  of  the  lid,  as  from  their  relative  position  it  must  neces- 
sarily be,  is  ample  evidence  that,  in  continuation  of  the  plan  adopted, 
the  lid  is  subsequently  woven  to  its  shape,  with  the  packing  serving 
for  its  base  and  guide. 

The  lids  are  usually  of  an  ovate  form,  but  in  some  specimens  they 
assume  a  subtriangular  shape,  or  present  one  or  more  projecting 
angles ;  in  such  instances,  these  irregularities  are  met  by  comple- 
mentary variations  in  *the  margin  of  the  cocoon,  by  which  a 
perfectly  fitting  lid  is  insured. 

A  tranverse  section  of  the  cocoon  displays  an  ingeniously  con- 
trived structure  for  the  firm  support  of  the  margin  of  the  lid,  without 
which,  notwithstanding  the  partial  support  provided  for  it  in  the 
inflated  margin  of  the  cocoon,  it  might  too  easily  yield  to  outward 
pressure  from  some  inquisitive  enemy.  While  as  before  stated,  the 
main  body  of  the  cocoon  consists  of  a  single  wrall,  its  superior  third 
is  seen  to  divide  in  several  laminae  (seven  were  counted  in  one 
specimen),  slightly  separated  and  carried  to  the  proper  height  to 
meet  and  sustain  the  lid;  the  interior  ones  are  thin,  while  that 
forming  the  inner  wall  is  firm  and  smoothly  coated  by  a  gummy 
secretion  probably  from  the  inouth  of  the  larva,  uniform  with 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  143 

the  remaining  portion  of  the  cocoon.  With  the  same  economy  of 
labor  and  of  material  shown  in  the  construction  of  the  inter- 
rupted "packing,"  these  laminae  do  not  encircle  the  cocoon,  but 
disappear  beneath  the  hinge. 

The  separate  construction  of  the  lid,  as  shown  in  the  remarkable 
evidences  of  design  above  recorded,  is  also  confirmed  by  microscopic 
observation.  Under  a  high  magnifying  power,  the  parallelism  of 
the  threads  composing  its  margin  is  distinctly  seen,  in  marked  con- 
trast with  the  ragged  projecting  ends  of  an  excised  portion. 

Pupation. — The  larvae  made  their  cocoons  between  the  leaves  on 
which  they  had  fed,  or  those  lying  on  the  surface  beneath.  In 
several  instances,  a  half  dozen  or  more  were  found  associated  between 
a  couple  of  leaves,  and  so  firmly  attached  to  one  another  that  they 
could  with  difficulty  be  separated.  Of  perhaps  eighty  cocoons 
obtained,  eight  only  developed  the  moth  during  the  last  of  October 
and  early  part  of  November,  after  a  pupation  of  about  two  months. 
None  were  disclosed  in  the  spring,  at  the  regular  time  for  its  apparition 
during  the  month  of  June,  as  we  may  infer  from  the  collection  of  its 
eggs  on  the  full  grown  leaves  of  oak.  In  a  number  of  the  cocoons  sub- 
sequently opened  for  examination,  were  found  the  shrunken  remains 
of  untransformed  larvae,  and  in  others,  the  apparently  fully  matured 
pupa,  seen  through  the  thin  case,  perfect  in  all  but  the  extension  of 
its  wings. 

It  is  worthy  of  remark  that  this  species,  Hyperchiria  lo  and 
Hemileuca  Maia  have  each,  in  my  experiments  in  rearing  them, 
produced  a  portion  of  their  brood  in  the  early  fall,  at  a  time  when 
their  exclusion  could  not  be  the  result  of  an  indoor  temperature, 
which  at  that  period  did  not  exceed  that  of  their  natural  exposure. 

When  in  readiness  for  its  final  metamorphosis,  the  pupa  forces 
upward  the  lid  of  the  cocoon,  and  withdraws  itself  through  the  open- 
ing, until  only  its  terminal  segments  are  held  by  the  pressure  of  the 
lid  and  enveloping  convergent  threads.  As  the  pupa  is  wholly 
destitute  of  the  dentiform  processes  which  encircle  the  pupal  segments 
of  those  of  our  moths  (^Egeriadse,  Cossidae  et  al.),  which  are  known 
to  extrude  themselves  partially  from  their  cocoons  while  still  in  their 
pupal  state,  and  which  apparently  are  dependent  on  aid  afforded  by 
these  processes  for  their  release,  some  other  provision  is  required  by 
crispata  to  serve  in  its  work  of  extrication.  This  is  found  in  the 
motion  permitted  its  encased  limbs  while  yet  a  pupa.  As  a  general 


144         TWENTY-FOURTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 

rule  among  the  Lepidoptera,  when  the  pupa  first  divests  itself  of  its 
larval  covering,  its  antennae-,  leg-,  and  wing-cases  are  readily  separable 
from  the  body-case  on  which  they  lie,  but  in  a  brief  time  are  firmly 
cemented  to  it  by  the  drying  and  hardening  of  the  viscid  coating 
which  overspreads  it.  This  species,  however,  is  an  exception  to  the 
rule,  and  the  first  which  has  been  observed  by  me.  *  Upon  opening 
its  cocoons,  the  above  mentioned  organs  are  found  disconnected  (except 
basally)  from  the  pupal  body.  In  its  extruded  pupa-case  may  usually 
be  seen  the  antennas-cases  extended  in  the  form  of  the  antique  lyre 
quite  in  advance  of  the  other  members,  the  leg-cases  brought  up  from 
beneath  the  wing-cases,  the  latter  quite  separated  at  their  apices  from 
the  abdominal  region,  and  giving  indication  of  having  rendered 
efficient  service  in  the  escape  from  the  cocoon. 

Pupa. — Its  color  is  essentially  that  of  the  contained  imago  show- 
ing through  the  translucent  shell,  being  ochreous  on  the  thorax  and 
attached  members,  and  lutescent  on  the  abdomen.  It  is  of  an  oval 
shape,  slightly  contracted  at  the  base  of  the  abdomen,  its  extremities 
rounded,  the  terminal  segment  blunt  and  without  processes.  The 
head-case  projects  moderately  beyond  the  prothorax ;  the  eye-cases 
are  prominent  with  a  shining  mamilla  intermediately.  The  antennae- 
cases  showing  distinctly  at  their  mesial  carination  the  curved  tips  of 
the  pectinations,  extend  in  the  male  to  the  tips  of  the  wing-cases,  and 
in  the  female  to  those  of  the  anterior  leg-cases.  The  posterior  leg- 
cases  protrude  from  beneath  the  wing-cases,  nearly  across  the  eighth 
segment.  The  wing-cases  are  rounded  at  their  inner  angle,  and 
extend  half-way  over  the  seventh  segment ;  under  a  lens,  they  show 
distinctly  the  crinkled  black  hairs  of  the  disc  of  the  wing.  The 
thoracic  divisions  are  distinct,  not  being  cemented  together;  the 
pronotum  is  thrice  as  broad  as  long,  excavated  in  front,  convex 
behind,  depressed  medially,  its  posterior  angles  subquadrate,  with  a 
protuberance  near  its  anterior  margin  on  each  side ;  the  mesanotum 
is  one-half  longer  than  broad,  its  sides  subparallel,  and  its  hinder 
margin  rounding  over  the  metanotum  to  nearly  its  posterior  margin; 
the  metanotum  is  a  little  longer  than  the  pronotum,  and  corrugated 
longitudinally  on  each  side.  The  abdominal  segments,  under  a  lens, 
have  fine  longitudinal  wrinkles  anteriorly ;  the  incisures  are  rather 
deep.  The  eight  abdominal  stigmata  are  visible ;  the  seven  anterior 
ones  are  broadly  oval,  with  prominent  margins,  and  have  a  small 
tubercle  behind  each ;  the  last  one  is  linear,  without  a  raised  margin 

*In  some  of  the  Tineidae  the  limbs  are  partially  free.— Packard,  in  The  American  Naturalist,  1871, 
vol.  v.^p.  712. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  145 

or  accompanying  tubercle.     Length  from  five-tenths  to  six-tenths  of 
an  inch ;  diameter  from  two-tenths  to  one-fourth  of  an  inch. 

The  larvae  were  found  very  abundantly  at  Center  on  the  6th  and 
20th  of  August,  1869,  feeding  on  the  different  species  of  Quercus,  on 
Yaccinium,  on  Pteris  aquilina,  and  on  other  plants;  they  were  all, 
at  this  time,  in  their  white  coats.  On  the  27th  of  August,  at  one 
locality  at  Center,  on  a  gently  sloping  hill-side,  a  thousand  individuals 
could  have  been  taken  by  a  collector  in  an  hour's  time :  at  this  date, 
a  few  had  assumed  the  brown  coat  indicative  of  their  fourth  molt, 
and  by  the  8th  of  September,  nearly  all  had  undergone  this  change. 
At  a  locality  frequently  visited,  in  Bethlehem,  near  Albany,  but  one 
individual  was  observed  during  the  season,  on  September  14th. 

Notwithstanding  the  remarkable  abundance  of  the  larvae  at  Center, 
the  imago  has  not  been  observed  by  me,  either  in  that  locality  or 
elsewhere. 

During  the  last  of  August,  1870,  the  larvae  were  again  observed  in 
large  numbers  at  Center,  but  not  so  abundantly  as  in  the  previous 
year.  Of  about  twenty  collected,  nearly  all,  when  in  their  third  and 
fourth  stages,  gave  out  a  parasitic  larva,  which  transformed  into 
pupae,  apparently  of  some  species  of  Tachina,  but  of  which  I  did  not 
succeed  in  obtaining  an  imago.  None  of  my  collections  of  the  preced- 
ing year  were  ,thus  affected.  Mr.  C.  Y.  Riley  informs  me  that  his  col- 
lections of  the  larvae,  made  in  1870,  in  the  vicinity  of  St.  Louis,  were 
also  destroyed  by  probably  the  same  parasite,  which  he  was  equally 
unsuccessful  in  carrying  to  maturity. 

10 


146        TWENTY- FOURTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM, 


XL  TRANSFORMATIONS  OF  HYPERCHIRIA  10  (FABR.). 


Of  the  above  species,  a  small  company  of  sixteen  larvae  was  found 
at  Center.  July  15th,  arranged  side  by  side  in  perfect  parallelism  on 
a  leaf  of  Populus  tremuloides.  They  had  evidently,  at  the  time  of 
their  collection,  undergone  their  first  molt. 

Second  molt — July  18th  ;  the  leaf  on  which  the  larvae  were  taken 
having  become  dry,  they  abandoned  it  and  passed  to  the  side  of  the 
jar  occupied  by  them,  in  regular  procession  and  in, an  unbroken  line, 
moving  in  single  file,  unlike  Hemileuca  Mala,  whose  processions  are 
in  files  of  two's  or  three's.  Later  they  had  arranged  themselves  in 
the  form  of  an  S  on  the  table  on  which  the  jar  rested,  still  maintain- 
ing their  line  of  inarch,  with  the  head  of  one  in  contact  with  the  ter- 
minal legs  of  the  one  in  advance.  A  twig  of  Populus  balsamifera 
was  given  them,  which  they  refused,  and  ate  in  preference  a  fragment 
of  a  dried  leaf  of  P.  tremuloides. 

Their  cast  head-case  has  none  of  the  spines  of  the  first  segment 
adhering  to  it,  as  has  that  of  H.  Maia*  The  exuviae  are  eaten  by  the 
larvae. 

On  the  20th,  they  were  one-half  inch  in  length.  The  head  at  this 
stage,  is  pale  red,  with  the  clypeus  fuscous,  bordered  with  pale  red ; 
the  eyes  are  on  a  black  patch,  surrounded  with  light  red.  The  body 
is  rufescent,  with  eight  lighter  lines :  there  are  six  rows  of  spines,  or 
eight  if  the  inferior  row,  interrupted  on  the  proleg-bearing  segments 
be  included,  w^hich  have  black  trunks  with  white  branches ;  the 
lateral  spines  have  their  branches  terminating  in  a  black  bristle ;  in 
the  dorsal  rows,  except  on  the  terminal  segments,  the  branches  are 
without  the  bristle,  and  some  are  black  tipped  ;  those  of  the  substig- 
matal  row  are  Without  the  branches,  having  only  bristles  instead. 
The  legs  are  marked  with  fuscous  outwardly,  and  the  prolegs  are 
rufescent. 

Third  molt — From  July  25th  to  27th.  Head  fuscous  anteriorly, 
dull  green  superiorly,  as  also  above  the  eyes  and  margining  the 
clypeus.  Body  white-dotted,  and  marked  with  a  conspicuous  stig- 
matal  orange-red  band  bordered  below  with  white,  a  pale  rufescent 
vascular  stripe,  and  two  subdorsal  and  two  lateral  ones  in  which  are 

*  Twenty-third  Report  on^he  N.  Y.  State  Cabinet,  1872,  p.  143. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  147 

the  spines  ;  spines  pale  green,  with  the  tips  or  branches  black.     Legs 
fuscous ;  prolegs  with  a  red  patch  exteriorly. 

Fourth  molt — Date  not  noted.  Head  pale  green,  black  beneath, 
thence  a  black  line  extending  upwards,  dividing  to  inclose  the  eyes ; 
the  clypeus  marked  with  black  inferiorly  and  with  an  abbreviated 
black  line  external  to  it.  Body  pale  green,  with  a  pale  yellow  sub- 
dorsal  and  lateral  line,  an  orange-red  stigmatal  line  bearing  the 
stigmata  centrally,  bordering  which  below  is  a  narrow  white  stripe ; 
the  stripes  commence  on  the  third  segment.  Ventral  region  ocel- 
lated,  more  conspicuously  in  two  rows  of  brown  dots  which  range 
with  the  prolegs. 

Fifth  molt — August  10th.  The  appearance  of  the  larva  immedi- 
ately succeeding  this  molt  was  not  noted. 

Mature  larva. — Its  length  is  two  inches,  and  its  diameter  four- 
tenths  of  an  inch.  Its  head  is  smooth,  round,  pale  green,  with  a  few 
short  white  hairs.  The  body  tapers  from  the  seventh  segment 
moderately  toward  the  head,  and  more  considerably  posteriorly : 
color  of  the  body,  white  dorsally,  pale  green  ventrally,  with  a  yellow 
green  lateral  stripe  and  a  quadrangular  patch  resting  thereon  on  the 
posterior  half  of  each  abdominal  segment ;  beneath  this,  commencing 
on  the  fourth  segment,  a  narrow,  sanguineous,  stigmatal  stripe  inclos- 
ing the  stigmata,  having  upon  it  some  whitish  piliferous  dots,  and  bor- 
dered beneath  with  a  narrow  white  stripe  which  it  overlaps,  except  on 
the  crown  of  each  segment :  ventrally  ranging  with  the  bases  of  the 
prolegs  and  on  the  anterior  half  of  the  segment,  two  rows  of  triangu- 
lar sanguineous  spots  dotted  as  the  stripes ;  the  caudal  plates  are 
also  sanguineous  in  continuation  of  the  stigmatal  stripes,  and  the 
prolegs  are  marked  exteriorly  with  a  similar  colored  spot.  The 
number  of  spines  on  the  several  segments  are,  1^5,  6^9,  y,  y,  \f  : 
their  trunks  are  green,  of  a  conical  form,  with  cylindrical  green 
branches  which  are  black  tipped  ;  those  of  the  two  superior  rows  are 
of  the  same  length  with  the  lateral  ones,  and  have  their  branches 
contracted  suddenly  to  an  acute  tip,  except  on  the  first  segment 
where  the  upper  branches  (black  on  their  superior  half  or  three- 
fourths)  are  cylindrical  throughout,  and  have  implanted  in  their  sum- 
mits a  bristle  nearly  or  quite  as  long  as  the  branch  ;  on  the  second 
segment,  the  spines  have  a  few  of  the  bristle-branches,  and  two  or 
three  are  also  to  be  seen  on  the  three  superior  spines  of  the  twelfth 
segment ;  the  lateral  spines  have  each  three  or  four  of  these  bristle- 
branches,  and  the  remainder  like  those  of  the  dorsal  rows ;  in  the 


148        TWENTY-FOURTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 

stigmatal  row,  the  branches  are  all  bristle-pointed,  as  also  in  the 
interrupted  substigmatal  row :  the  caudal  plates  have  at  their  poste- 
rior angle,  a  rudimentary  spine.  , 

Pupation. — On  the  21st  of  August,  one  of  the  larvse  made  its 
slight  cocoon  between  a  couple  of  leaves.  On  the  17th  of  the  fol- 
lowing month,  a  male  imago  emerged  from  pupa ;  on  the  21st,  a 
second  male  was  disclosed,  and  some  other  of  the  moths  emerged  dur- 
ing the  fall. 

The  cocoons  were  kept  in  a  warm  room,  and  some  time  during  the 
month  of  January,  a  crippled  imago  was  found  in  the  box.  On  the 
7th  of  February,  a  second  crippled  specimen  was  obtained,  and  on 
the  10th,  a  perfect  one,  small  and  unusually  dark  colored. 

In  the  irregularity  of  its  disclosure,  and  in  its  extension  over  the 
fall  and  spring  months  (extending  to  the  latter  when  not  prema- 
turely developed  by  warmth)  this  species  resembles  Hemileuca 
Maia.  Its  shortest  period  of  pupation  as  above  observed,  was  less 
than  half  that  of  Maia,  being  but  twenty-seven  days,  and  in  Maia 
fifty-eight  days.* 

As  an  addition  to  the  history  of  this  moth,  the  following  extracts 
are  taken  from  notes  made  several  years  since  : 

Eggs  were  deposited  July  10th.  They  are  elliptical,  somewhat 
flattened,  five-hundredths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  with  a  small  black 
spot  on  each  end  and  a  larger  orange  one  on  the  side.  The  caterpil- 
lars emerged  July  22d.  They  are  one-eighth  of  an  inch  long,  of  a 
reddish  color,  and  have  the  body  covered  with  long  bristles. 

On  the  27th  of  July,  occurred  the  first  molting,  when  they 
measured  one-fourth  of  an  inch  in  length.  The  head  was  black, 
body  rufescent,  with  black  branching  spines,  and  several  stripes. 

The  second  molt  was  on  August  3d :  length  one-half  inch.  The 
larvae  are  still  associated  in  groups  while  feeding. 

At  the  third  molt  on  August  9th,  they  had  attained  a  length  of 
seven-eighths  of  an  inch.  The  black  spines  have  a  few  of  their  upper 
branches  black,  the  others  being  white  as  before. 

Fourth  molt,  August  17th  :  length  of  larva  one  inch  and  one-fourth. 
The  fifth  molt,  pupation,  et  cet.,  were  not  recorded. 

I  have  taken  the  larva  feeding  on  locust  (Robinia  pseudacacid), 
on  choke-cherry  (Cerasus  virginiana)  on  willows  and  other  plants. 
A  colony  found  on  a  willow,  the  leaves  of  which  had  become  partially 

*  Twenty-third  Report  on  the  2f.  Y.  State  Cabinet,  1872,  p.  148. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  149 

dried  while  being  brought  to  me,  deserted  the  twig  for  one  of  choke- 
cherrj  standing  near  it,  on  which  they  continued  to  feed. 

In  the  Entomological  Correspondence  of  Harris,  clover,  elm,  oak, 
and  balm  of  Gilead  are  given  as  food-plants  of  the  larva. 

I  retain  for  this  moth  the  specific  name  by  which  it  has  long  been 
known,  instead  of  adopting  the  one  proposed  for  it  by  Walker  (varia) 
and  adopted  by  Packard  in  his  "  Synopsis  of  the  Bombycidae  of  the 
United  States,"  in  which  he  remarks  that  "  our  species  has  been 
confounded  by  authors  with  Cramer's  species  lo :  judging  by 
Cramer's  plate  Iiis  <Io  '  from  South  America,  belongs  to  a  different 
genus."  Dr.  Speyer,  the  eminent  German  lepidopterist,  has  critic- 
ally examined  a  number  of  specimens  of  the  moth  sent  to  him,  and 
has  found  that  it  was  correctly  described  under  the  name  of  70,  by 
Fabricius,  in  Syst.  Ent.  1775,  p.  560,  and  its  habitat  given  as  North 
America. 


150        TWENTY-FOURTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 


XII,  TRANSFORMATIONS  OF  EAGLES  IMPERIALIS  (DRURY). 


A  pair  of  these  beautiful  and  rare  moths  was  taken  in  Greenbush, 
in  coitu,  and  remained  in  that  state  while  being  brought  across  the 
river  to  Albany.  In  the  box  with  them  were  some  twigs  and  leaves  of 
chestnut  (Castanea  vesca),  with  a  number  of  eggs  already  deposited  on 
them,  from  which  circumstance,  in  the  absence  of  any  accompanying 
statement,  it  is  to  be  presumed  that  they  were  captured  upon  that 
tree.  A  large  number  of  eggs  were  subsequently  deposited  by  the 
moth,  of  which,  through  the  kindness  of  Mr.  Louis  Sautter,  eighty- 
five  were  brought  to  me,  which  were  said  to  have  been  laid  on  the 
25th  of  June. 

Eggs. — The  eggs  are  flattened  ellipsoids,  having  their  diameters 
respectively  12-1000ths,  ll-1000ths,  and  8-1000ths  of  an  inch.  When 
examined  under  a  high  magnifying  power  the  shell  presents  the 
appearance  of  having  its  surface  studded  with  numerous  short,  capitel- 
late  setse,  somewhat  curved  at  the  base,  and  arranged  in  a  degree  of 
regularity  at  a  little  more  than  their  length  from  one  another ;  but 
as  no  setse  are  seen  in  relief  when  looking  across  the  surface  of  the 
shell,  the  forms  observed  undoubtedly  pertain  to  its  structure,  and 
as,  from  the  focal  adjustment  which  their  examination  requires,  they 
evidently  connect  the  inner  and  outer  surfaces,  they  can  scarcely 
be  anything  else  than  pores  traversing  the  shell.  When  the  eggs 
were  received  by  me,  on  the  30th,  they  all  presented  a  circular 
depression  on  their  flattened  surface,  which,  in  the  eggs  of  many 
of  our  moths,  indicates  a  stage  in  their  development.  They  were 
of  a  light  honey-yellow,  with  some  reddish  spots  or  clouds  macu- 
lating their  circumference.  By  the  2d  of  July,  the  larvae  could  be 
plainly  seen  in  frequent  motion  in  a  few  of  the  eggs,  through  the 
transparent  shell.  On  the  following  day,  the  larval  bands  were 
quite  visible. 

Young  larvae. — Four  of  the  larvae  were  disclosed  July  4th,  and 
twelve  additional  during  the  five  following  days ;  of  these  the  last 
ones  to  emerge  were  quite  feeble,  four  of  them  dying  without 
partaking  of  food.  None  other  of  the  eggs  developed,  probably  from 
failure  in  fertilization,  resulting  from  a  disturbed  coition.  The 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  351 

newly  emerged  larva  measures  one-fourth  of  an  inch  in  length.  The 
head  is  red,  round  and  smooth.  Body  of  a  dull  red  color,  armed, 
except  on  the  last  two  segments,  with  six  rows  of  bristle-tipped 
spines :  the  subdorsal  spines  on  the  second  and  third  segments  are 
nearly  one-third  the  length  of  the  body,  black,  rugose,  bifurcated,  each 
prong  tipped  with  a  white  acute  bristle ;  on  the  top  of  the  eleventh 
segment  is  a  similar  spine  resting  on  a  red,  conical  tubercle.  The 
segments  are  annulated  with  three  fuscous  bands  terminating  lat- 
erally at  the  stigmatal  flexure,  of  which  one  precedes,  and  two  follow 
the  spines :  the  terminal  segment  declines  considerably  from  the 
plane  of  the  others.  Legs,  black;  prolegs,  red. 

The  larvae  feed  only  at  long  intervals,  passing  most  of  their  time 
in  wandering  over  the  leaves  or  resting  on  their  petioles. 

First  molt. — Of  one  individual  on  July  llth;  on  the  12th,  of  two 
others,  and  on  the  night  of  the  14th,  of  four.  Length  of  the  larvae, 
one-half  inch.  Head  glossy,  ferruginous,  fuscous  at  the  clypeus 
and  about  the  eyes.  Collar  and  terminal  segment,  ferruginous.  The 
segments  are  testaceous  centrally,  shading  into  an  obscure  red  at  the 
incisures,  the  transverse  bands  which  previously  marked  them  hav- 
ing disappeared.  The  spines  are  glossy  black  with  branches  tipped 
with  white  acute  bristles :  the  two  long  spines  of  the  second  and  third 
segments  each  and  the  medial  one. of  the  eleventh,  which  are  about 
one-fifth  the  length  of  the  body,  are  directed  slightly  forward ;  their 
two  forks  are  of  unequal  size;  the  last  mentioned  spine  is  in  addi- 
tion to  the  six  of  the  preceding  segments,  and  ranges  with  the  four 
substigmatal  and  lateral  spines,  the  two  subdorsal  being  placed 
farther  back  on  the  segment :  the  terminal  segment  has  thirteen 
spines,  viz.,  six  occupying  the  usual  position,  a  seventh  medial  one 
behind  the  range  of  the  preceding,  four  on  the  anal  shield,  of  which 
the  two  anterior  are  the  larger  (four  others  are  indicated  by  acute 
granulations  on  the  posterior  margin),  and  a  small  one  on  each  ter- 
minal leg  exteriorly.  The  stigmata  are  broadly  elliptical,  fuscous, 
and  situated  on  a  distinct,  elliptical,  testaceous  spot.  Legs  and-  pro- 
legs  testaceous,  marked  outwardly  with  fuscous. 

On  the  16th  two  larvae  were  in  position  for  molting,  indicating 
progress  in  the  change  by  their  translucent,  vacant  head-cases  and 
heads  covered  by  the  skin  of  the  first  segment. 

Second  molt — July  17th.  Length,  six-tenths  of  an  inch.  Imme- 
diately succeeding  the  molt  the  head  is  pale  red,  and  the  long  spines 
before  noticed,  now  appearing  as  horns,  are  pearl  white. 


152        TWENTY-FOURTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 

Three  days  thereafter,  the  larva  measures  eight-tenths  of  an  inch  in 
length.  The  head  is  dull  ferruginous,  with  fuscous  centrally  and 
laterally.  Body  of  an  umber-brown,  lighter  at  the  incisures,  gray 
dorsally  with  a  dark  vascular  line ;  segments  with  a  few  white  hairs, 
the  longest  of  which  surround  the  subdorsal  spines;  horns  of  second, 
third  and  eleventh  segments  curved,  glossy  black,  with  base  luteous ; 
spines  dull  black.  Anal  shield  marked  with  a  cordiform,  glossy 
black  spot,  having  central  and  marginal  rufescent  granulations  ;  anal 
plates  with  a  subtriangular,  granulated,  fuscous  impression.  Stig- 
mata surrounded  with  a  dark  brown  ring.  Legs  shining  black  ;  pro- 
legs  with  a  black  spot  exteriorly,  and  with  fuscous  near  the  plantse. 

Third  molt— July  30th  and  August  3d,  of  the  two  larvae  surviving 
this  change.  Length,  one  inch.  The  head  and  color  of  the  body  are 
as  before.  A  marked  feature  at  this  stage  is  the  presence  of  long 
white  hairs  given  out  from  the  central  portion  of  the  segments,  of 
which  the  superior  ones  are  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  thoracic 
horns,  and  the  lateral  ones  shorter;  similar  hairs  of. medium  length 
project  laterally  over  the  proleg-bases.  The  horns  are  18-lOOths 
of  an  inch  long,  of  a  honey-yellow  color,  and  are  studded  with 
conical  projections  (of  which  the  two  apical  are  fuscous),  bearing  a 
short,  acute,  fuscous  spinule.  The  spines  of  the  two  subdorsal  rows 
are  5-100ths  of  an  inch  long,  of  tlve  dolor  of  the  head,  and  (except  the 
two  exterior  to  the  horns)  have  two  fuscous,  spinule-tipped  projec- 
tions. The  lateral  row  consists  of  tubercles,  of  which  those  on  the 
interior  segments  are  simple,  and  on  the  terminal  ones  branched,  of 
a  darker  shade  of  color  than  the  subdorsal  spines.  The  substig- 
matal  row  is  composed  of  still  smaller  simple  tubercles.  Anal  shield 
brown  with  whitish  granulations,  bordered  with  tubercles,  of  which 
two  are  branched  ;  anal  plates  fuscous  centrally.  Legs  ferruginous ; 
prolegs  fuscous  on  the  outer  side. 

Fourth  molt  of  the  sole  survivor,  August  15th.  Length,  one  inch 
and  three-tenths.  A  marked  change  occurs  in  the  horns  at  this 
molting.  From  being  heretofore  cylindrical  they  are  now  conical, 
are  armed  with  stout  spinules,  and  have  become  shorter ;  the  length 
of  the  thoracic  ones  is  12-100ths  of  an  inch,  of  the  posterior  one,  one- 
tenth  of  an  inch.  The  anal  plates  are  conspicuously  marked  with 
whitish  granulations.  The  stigmata  are  brown,  with  a  central  line 
and  border  of  white,  surrounded  with  fuscous  on  a  subquadrangular 
testaceous  patch. 

On  the  18th  of  August  the  larva  died  of  diarrhoea  attended  with 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  153 

an  extraordinary  retro  version  and  protrusion  of  the  intestinal  canal, 
resulting  probably  from  its  having  been  fed  for  so  long  a  time  on  a 
food-plant  unnatural  to  it.  The  chestnut  leaves  which  were  at  first 
given  to  the  young  larvae  were  refused.  It  not  being  convenient  to 
provide  them  with  buttonwood,  on  which  Harris  represents  them  as 
occurring,  oak,  mentioned  by  Abbot  as  one  of  their  food-plants  at 
the  South,  was  procured  for  them,  upon  which  they  fed,  but  at  no 
time  in  a  very  earnest  manner.  An  attempt  was  afterward  made  to 
transfer  them  to  pine,  on  which  Dr.  Fitch  states  that  they  are  almost 
invariably  found  in  the  northern  States,*  but  they  were  unwilling  to 
make  the  change. 

Although  the  larvae  above  described  were  undoubtedly  dwarfed  by 
their  spare  diet,  the  small  dimensions  after  the  fourth  molt,  as  com- 
pared with  their  mature  size  (three  inches  in  length),  would  denote 
at  least  one  additional  molting  prior  to  pupation.  This  would 
appear  to  be  established  by  observations  made  on  larvae  subsequently 
collected. 

During  the  following  month  (September,  1869),  from  the  7th  to 
the  16th,  fourteen  individuals  were  taken  by  me,  and  as  many  more 
by  Mr.  Meske,'of  Albany,  from  the  lower  branches  of  a  number  of 
pines  (Pinus  strobus)  bordering  a  road  in  the  Forbes  manor,  at  Bath. 
Their  presence  on  a  tree  was  in  most  instances  readily  revealed  by  the 
large  pellets  of  their  excrement  lying  upon  the  smooth  graveled  road 
beneath,  when,  from  the  robust  form  of  the  larva  in  marked  contrast 
with  the  slender  leaves  surrounding  it,  its  resting-place  was  not  difficult 
to  detect.  On  the  7th,  one  was  taken  which  had  just  completed  its  last 
molting;  on  the  9th  one  was  observed  in  the  process  of  molting, 
which,  from  some  irregularity  attending  it,  had  fallen  to  the  ground ; 
and  on  the  same  day  one  which  had  already  assumed  the  brown  or 
tawny  hue  indicative  of  its  full  maturity  was  taken  while  moving 
down  the  trunk  of  a  tree  to  seek  its  place  for  pupation.  The  most 
advanced  one  of  the  others  collected,  matured  on  the  llth,  and  trans- 
formed to  a  pupa  on  the  surface  of  the  ground  on  the  16th.  Most  of 
the  remainder  entered  the  ground,  where  they  constructed  cells  of 
moderate  dimensions  for  their  pupal  transformation. 

The  pupae  were  kept  in  a  cold  room  during  the  winter.  About 
the  1st  of  March  they  were  removed  to  a  warm  apartment.  April 
28th,  May  3d  and  7th,  male  imagines  emerged,  after  which  females 
were  disclosed  until  near  the  end  of  the  month. 

*  Third,  Fourth  and  Fifth  Reports  on  the  Insects  of  New  York,  1859,  Section  271. 


154        TWENTY-FOURTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEVM. 

In  the  fall  of  1870  diligent  search  was  made  for  the  larva  in  the 
locality  at  Bath,  where  it  had  been  abundant  the  preceding  year, 
as  above  recorded,  without  finding  a  single  individual.  Its  non- 
occurrence  indicates  a  marked  periodicity  in  the  appearance  of  the 
species  or,  possibly,  an  exhausted  locality  from  the  collections  made. 

A  single  specimen  of  the  closely  related  species  Citheronia  regalia 
Hiibner,  has  been  taken  near  Albany,  by  Mr.  Sautter,  and  I  am 
informed  by  Dr.  M.  Cooke,  of  Utica,  N.  Y.,  that  its  larva  has  been 
found,  on  one  occasion,  in  the  vicinity  of  that  city.  I  have  not  met 
with  it  in  my  field  collections. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  155 


XIII.  LARVAL  NOTES  ON  ANISOTA  SENATORIA  (SMITH). 


Moths  were  observed  at  Center,  N.  Y.,  July  7th,  depositing  their 
eggs  on  the  under  surface  of  leaves  of  oak,  in  regular  distribution  in 
a  single  layer,  and  in  contact  with  one  another.  A  leaf  of  Quercus 
prinoides  of  ordinary  size  was  collected,  having  one-half  of  its  surface 
covered  with  the  eggs.  From  a  count  of  a  portion  of  the  deposit,  the 
whole  number  was  estimated  at  five  hundred ;  still  larger  patches 
have  been  observed.  From  the  number  usually  occurring  in  these 
deposits  it  may  be  presumed  that  the  moth  places  all  her  eggs  on  a 
single  leaf  unless  disturbed  during  the  operation. 

The  eggs  hatched  July  llth.  The  head  of  the  young  larva  is  oval 
and  glossy  black.  The  body  is  pale  yellow-green,  with  a  few  short 
hairs;  on  the  second  segment  are  two  smooth,  straight,  subcylin- 
drical,  black  horns,  arising  from  a  green  base,  and  with  a  slight  enlarge- 
ment at  the  apex,  where  they  give  out  two  black  diverging  setse  of 
the  length  of  two-thirds  that  of  the  horn. 

The  young  larvae  feed  in  company,  and  occupy  both  surfaces  of  the 
leaf,  the  entire  substance  of  which  they  consume,  except  the  veins 
and  veinlets,  leaving  frequently  a  very  good  skeleton  of  the  leaf. 

The  first  'molting  occurred  on  the  18th  and  19th  of  July.  At  this 
stage  the  body  is  obscure  green  with  seven  fuscous  lines,  of  which 
the  dorsal  and  stigmatal  ones  are  narrow ;  the  subdorsal  and  lateral 
ones  broader,  having  in  them  a  row  of  short  spines.  Collar  centrally 
and  anal  segment,  shining  black.  Legs,  black;  prolegs,  witk  a 
black  spot  outwardly. 

Second  molt— July  28th  and  29th.  Length  of  larva,  37-100ths 
of  an  inch.  Head  and  collar,  glossy  black.  Horns,  slightly  spinose, 
enlarged  at  the  tip,  and  usually  with  apical  spines.  The  abdominal 
stripes  are  black,  with  yellow-brown  intermediately,  showing  a  broad 
stigmatal  stripe.  The  terminal  segment  is  spinose,  and  of  a  glossy 
black. 

Third  molt — August  4th  and  5th.  Length,  six-tenths  of  an  inch. 
The  larva  is  glossy  black,  with  eight  yellow  stripes,  of  which  the  lower 
one  is  geminated  by  a  crescent  on  the  central  portion  of  each  seg- 
ment inclosing  a  spinule ;  ventrally  from  the  fifth  segment  is  a  yellow- 


156        TWENTY-FOURTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 

green  interrupted  stripe.  The  horns  are  slightly  tapering,  clubbed 
at  their  tips,  and  two-tenths  of  an  inch  long.  The  legs  and  prolegs 
are  black. 

Fourth  molt. — Extending  from  August  14th  to  16th.  Imme- 
diately following  the  molting,  the  head,  collar,  horns,  anal  shield, 
anal  plates  and  legs  are  flavescent ;  in  a  few  hours  they  become 
shining  black.  The  horns  are  but  slightly  enlarged  at  the  tip,  being- 
less  so  than  previous  to  this  molt.  The  body  is  covered  with  numer- 
ous, minute,  shining,  elevated  points  of  the  color  of  the  ground  upon 
which  they  are  placed. 

The  mature  larva  is  so  fully  and  accurately  described  by  Dr.  Fitch* 
as  not  to  need  redescription  here. 

Subsequent  collections  of  larvae  were  made  and  inadvertently 
added  to  the  above,  preventing  the  observation  pf  the  date  of  pupa- 
tion of  the  brood.  The  pupation  of  the  last  occurred  about  the  15th 
of  September.  Larvae  were  still  observed  in  the  field  on  the  30th  of 
September. 

Dr.  Eights,  of  Albany,  has  informed  me  that  a  number  of  years 
ago  he  observed  on  the  line  of  the  New  York  Central  railroad, 
between  Albany  and  Schenectady,  a  species  of  caterpillar  so  exceed- 
ingly abundant  on  and  about  the  railroad  track  that  the  numbers 
crushed  on  the  rails  by  the  passage  of  the  trains  caused  the  slipping 
of  the  wheels  of  the  engines  to  the  extent  of  proving  a  serious  incon- 
venience in  ascending  grades.  A  notice  of  the  interesting  incident 
was  communicated  by  him  to  one  of  the  journals  of  the  day,  in  which 
some  account  of  the  caterpillar  was  given.  Although  from  the  long 
time  which  has  elapsed  since  the  event  he  is  not  able  to  indicate 
positively  the  species,  he  believes  it  to  have  been  A.  senatoria,  and 
the  locality  of  its  occurrence  in  the  vicinity  of  Center. 

This  larva  is  found  annually  at  Center  in  great  abundance.  In 
the  more  favorable  years  for  its  multiplication"  it  abounds  so  exces- 
sively that  the  smaller  oaks,  although  very  numerous  there,  are  almost 
as  effectually  defoliated  as  if  a  fire  had  swept  over  them.  I  have  no 
information  of  its  occurrence  in  equal  numbers  at  any  other  locality. 

The  congeners  of  this  species,  pellucida,  stigma,  and  rubieunda, 
are  rarely  taken  in  the  neighborhood  of  Albany.  Of  the  latter 
species  the  larva  has  not  been  observed,  but  a  wing  of  the  imago  has 
been  found,  by  Mr.  Meske,  at  Center. 

*  Third,  Fourth,  and  Fifth  Reports  on  the  Insects  of  2V.  F.,  1859,  section  322. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  157 


XIV.  CALENDAR  OF  BUTTERFLIES  FOR  THE  YEAR  1870. 


In  the  following  table  is  contained  a  record  of  seventy-three  species 
of  Rhopalocera  observed  at  six  localities  in  the  State  of  New  York 
on  thirty-five  days  during  the  spring  and  summer  of  1870,  com- 
mencing with  the  26th  of  April,  the  date  of  the  first  observed  appa- 
rition of  Theclft  Irus,  and  ending  on  September  22d. 

The  figures  immediately  below  the  several  months  give  the  day  of 
collection  or  observation.  Underneath  these  the  locality  is  indicated 
in  roman  characters,  I  representing  Schoharie  ;  IV,  Center ;  Y,  Beth- 
lehem; VII,  Bath;  Sharon  Springs  designated  by  the  letter  A  ;  and 
Glen,  in  Warren  county,  by  B.  In  a  few  instances  where  the  appa- 
rition of  fresh  individuals  of  a  new  brood  was  noted,  the  date  is 
indicated  by  the  insertion  of  a  larger  star  (*). 

The  greatest  number  of  species  observed  in  one  day  was  twenty- 
nine,  at  Center,  on  the  16th  of  June.  The  time  of  observation  was 
usually  between  the  hours  of  10  A.  M.  and  2  p.  M. 

The  last  column  but  partially  represents  the  comparative  abuir 
dance  of  the  several  species,  its  more  direct  import  being  the  continu- 
ance of  the  brood  or  a  succession  of  broods.  Thus,  while  C.  Philodice 
is  recorded  on  twenty-eight  occasions,  L.  comyntas  on  twenty-two,  C. 
Americana  on  nineteen,  P.  Troilus  on  sixteen,  L.  misippus  on 
fifteen,  M.  tkaros  on  thirteen  (each  of  these  being  double  or  triple 
brooded),  of  none  of  them  were  as  many  individuals  seen  as  of  Theda 
Irus,  which  was  observed  on  but  eight  occasions.  If  from  this 
comparison  C.  Philodice  be  omitted,  the  number  of  T.  Irus 
observed  was  at  least  three  times  as  great  as  of  any  other  of  the 
species. 

The  single  observations  recorded  of  several  of  the  species,  viz., 
A.  Atlantis,  A.  Idalia,  M.  Harrisii,  G.  Dry  as,  P.  cardui,  P.  Ata- 
lanta,  H.  Sassacus  and  H.  Leonardos,  faithfully  indicate  their  rarity 
during  this  year  at  least,  for  of  each  of  these  but  a  single  individual 
was  collected  or  recognized. 

The  observations  at  Sharon  Springs  are  by  Mr.  O.  Meske,  as  are 
also  many  of  those  at  Bath,  Bethlehem  and  Center. 


158        TWENTY-FOURTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 


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ENTOMOL  o  GIGA  L  CONTRIB  UTIONS. 


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Hesperia  Manataaqua  Scudd  . 

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Number  of  species  observ 

162         TWENTY-FOURTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 

The  following  are  some  notes  made  during  the  year  1870  on  the 
abundance,  condition,  time  of  appearance  of  sexes,  successive  broods, 
larvae,  et  cet.,  of  some  of  the  species  recorded  in  the  preceding  list : 

May  3d. — Thecla  Irus  of  each  sex  abundant  at  Center.  Of  T. 
Augustus,  eight  individuals  were  collected ;  of  T.  niphon,  five,  and 
of  T.  Melinus,  one.  Of  the  Nisoniades,  a  few  of  Persius  only  were 
observed.  Pieris  oleracea  was  taken  by  me,  for  the  first  time  in 
Albany  county. 

May  14th. — Thecla  Irus,  with  each  sex  in  good  condition,  still  abroad 
at  Center ;  the  only  Thecla"observed.  A  few  females  of  J5T.  Persius 
were  taken  for  the  first  time  this  season,  and  one  of  JV.  Juvenalis  ;  of 
N.  Martialis,  two  males.  Of  the  earliest  Hesperian,  Metea,  two 
males  were  obtained. 

May  16th. — Five  males  of  Nisoniades  Lucilius  were  captured 
while  hovering  over  blossoms  of  Aquilegia  Canadensis,  and  as  many 
more  were  observed.  Argynnis  Bellona  was  abundant  in  wet  mea- 
dows. Five  of  Thecla  niphon  were  taken,  all  of  which  were  females  ; 
the  larger  number  of  the  captures  of  this  species  prove  to  be  of  this 
sex.  Bethlehem. 

May  19th. — Pieris  oleracea  about  gardens,  in  woods  and  its  mar- 
gins in  meadows.  N.  Lucilius  taken.  Schoharie. 

May  21st. — N~.  Persius  abundant,  and  many  quite  fresh,  with  a  few 
only  of  N.  Juvenalis  and  Martialis.  A  female  jW.  Lucilius  which 
had  just  emerged  from  the  chrysalis  was  taken  while  sitting  on  a 
twig.  Among  numerous  Lyccena  neglecta  no  females  were  seen,  arid 
of  L.  contyntas  but  a  single  female.  The  abundant  brood  of  T.  Irus 
was  represented  by  only  a  few  worn  specimens.  Two  males  of  Hes- 
peria  mails  were  collected  and  several  of  H.  Metea.  A  female  Chry- 
sophanus  Americana  was  taken,  indicating  the  species  to  have  been 
abroad  for  several  days.  Center. 

May  25th. — Of  the  JSTisoniades,  Juvenalis  and  Icelus  were  abun- 
dant, Martialis  and  Lucilius  quite  few  in  number.  Several  of  each 
sex  of  Hesperia  Hianna  were  obtained,  and  one  II.  Zabidon.  Of 
Lyccena  Scudderii — its  first  observation  for  the  season  —  a  single 
one  only  was  seen.  One  female  of  L.  neglecta  occurred.  Center. 

May  28th. — At  Schoharie,  a  few  P.  oleracea  were  seen,  the  first- 
brood  having  nearly  disappeared.  Its  eggs  and  some  young  larvae 
were  found  on  horse-radish.  On  June  12th  none  of  the  butterflies 
could  be  seen. 

May  31st. — L.  neglecta  abounded  in  flocks ;  Z.  Scudderii  was  not 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  J63 

rare.  Of  Hesperla  Ilianna  twenty  captures  were  made,  and  more 
could  have  been  secured.  Center. 

June  Yth. — Collected  twelve  Melitcea  Batesii,  one  of  which  was  a 
female.  Females  of  L.  Scudderii  have  appeared. 

June  16th. — Melitaea  Batesii  were  abundant ;  of  M.  Nycteis,  only 
a  few  were  observed.  Of  Hesperia  bimacula,  seven  males  and  one 
female  were  collected  ;  of  Chrysophanus  Hyllus,  three,  and  of  Melitwa, 
Phaeton,  six. 

June  29th. — Melitaeas  very  abundant  at  Center;  of  M.  Nycteis, 
only  males  occurred.  No  Nisoniades  were  seen. 

July  2d. — Females  of  M.  Nycteis  were  abundant. 

July  6th. — At  Bethlehem,  males  of  Argynnis  Aphrodite  and  of  A. 
Cybele  abundant.  In  a  number  of  captures  of  these  species,  no 
females  occurred.  Satyr  us  Alope  abundant. 

July  9th. — At  Center,  the  second  brood  of  Lyccena  Scudderii  very 
abundant  in  the  roads,  on  flowers  and  on  leaves ;  threw  the  net  over 
fifteen  individuals  at  once.  On  a  small  patch  of  damp  ground  in,  the 
road  a  large  number  had  assembled,  estimated  at  two  hundred. 
Several  Theclas  were  taken  while  resting  on  the  flowers  of  Ceanothus 
Americanus  (Jersey  tea).  Six  of  Ilesperia  Logan  were  captured,  all 
of  which  were  males. 

July  13th. — L.  Scudderii  quite  abundant,  and  among  them  many 
females.  Limenitis  misippus  was  more  numerous  than  ever  before 
observed  by  me.  Individuals  of  a  second  brood  of  Nisoniades  Mar- 
tialis  were  taken  which  show  some  difference  of  color  from  those  of 
the  first  brood ;  they  were  at  first  believed  to  be  a  distinct  species. 
Center. 

July  17th. — The  second  brood  of  Pieris  oleracea  which  has  been 
numerous  for  a  time  past,  has  disappeared,  only  one  individual  having 
been  observed.  Schoharie. 

July  20th. — A  larva  of  Danais  Plexippus  changed  to  a  chrysalis, 
from  which  it  emerged  on  the  28th. 

July  21st. — Larva  of  Papilio  Troilus  found  on  sassafras,  and  two 
of  P.  Turnus  on  wild-cherry,  resting  each  on  a  web  spun  over  the 
upper  surface  of  a  leaf,  drawing  the  sides  somewhat  together  and 
depressing  the  midvein  a  .little  distance  beneath  the  web.  Limenitis 
misippus  abundant;  Lyccena  Scudderii  diminishing;  a  few  good 
Theclci  Mopsus  still  abroad ;  T.  Edwardsii  quite  worn  ;  all  the  other 
species  of  diurnals  observed  were  worn  except  C.  Americana,  of 
which  there  are  successive  broods  throughout  the  season. 


164        TWENTY-FOURTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 

July  24th. — Pieris  rupee  was  recognized,  for  the  first  time,  in 
Albany.  A  few  were  seen  flying  about  piles  of  cabbages  exposed 
upon  the  sidewalk  at  some  vegetable  stands  in  the  south  part  of  the 
city,  and  in  one  instance  alighting  upon  a  cabbage  as  if  to  deposit  an 
egg.  On  the  27th  many  were  seen  and  several  were  captured  in  a 
vegetable  garden  at  the  extreme  southern  part  of  the  city,  near  "  the 
Island,"  upon  which  cabbages  are  extensively  cultivated.  Upon 
visiting  the  island,  they  were  found  to  be  so  abundant  that  several 
could  be  observed  at  any  moment  hovering  over  or  alighting  on  the 
plants.  Many  were  attracted  by  the  blossoms  of  La/ppa  qfficinalis 
(burdock)  growing  abundantly  upon  the  bank  of  Island  creek ;  on  one 
vplant  ten  were  counted,  intent  on  taking  their  food  from  the  flowers. 
Of  the  thirty  individuals  collected,  two-thirds  were  males  which 
were  nearly  all  in  good  condition,  while  the  females  were  worn. 
This  butterfly  is  more  difficult  to  capture  on  the  wing  than  oleracea, 
for  while  the  flight  is  not  more  rapid  than  of  that  species,  it  is  undoubt- 
edly more  erratic,  for  less  than  one- third  of  my  attempts  to  inclose 
them  in  the  net  were  successful. 

July  25th. — No  P.  oleracea  were  observed  at  Schoharie,  but  some 
full-grown  larvae  were  collected  from  horse-radish,  and  a  few  of  its 
chrysalides  were  found. 

July  28th. — A  large  number  of  larvae  of  Nisoniades  Lucilius  were 
found  resting  concealed  on  the  under  surface  of  leaves  of  Aquilegia 
Canadensis,  growing  abundantly  in  an  elevated  rocky  locality  in 
Bethlehem.  Their  shelter,  as  observ-ed  in  numerous  specimens  col- 
lected at  this  time  and  in  larvae  subsequently  taken,  is  constructed  in 
a  very  ingenious  manner.  Shortly  after  the  larva  leaves  its  shell,  and 
with  its  first  feeding  it  commences  to  cut  a  narrow  channel  in  the 
leaf  from  the  margin  inwardly  a  short  distance;  this  completed,  from 
another  point  on  the  margin  not  far  removed  from  the  first,  a  second 
channel  is  cut,  curving  toward  the  former,  the  two  not  uniting,  but 
frequently  running  parallel  for  a  short  space.  The  portion  thus 
nearly  separated  retains  its  connexion  with  the  leaf  by  only  a  pedi- 
cel-like attachment.  Its  own  weight  carries  it  downward  to  nearly 
the  position  which  it  is  to  assume,  when  a  very  slight  effort  by  the 
young  larva  serves  to  bring  it  to  its  desired  place,  almost  in  contact 
with  the  lower  side  of  the  leaf,  to  which  it  is  then  fastened  by  threads 
passing  between  the  two  surfaces  at  several  points.  Sometimes,  as 
if  with  the  object  of  economizing  time  or  labor,  the  lobe  of  a  leaf  is 
selected  of  which  to  construct  this  shelter,  when  but  a  moderate 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  165 

amount  of  cutting  at  its  base  gives  the  requisite  size  and  desired 
form. 

Resting  upon  the  inside  of  this  recurved  portion,  the  larva  may 
always  be  found,  except  during  the  brief  time  that  it  leaves  its  con- 
cealment to  take  its  food  from  some  neighboring  leaf.  Its  rapid 
feeding  soon  satisfies  its  appetite,  when  it  moves  quickly  back  and 
resumes  its  position.  In  localities  where  the  larva  occurs,  these 
hiding-places  may  be  readily  found  by  bending  over  the  stems  of  the 
Aquilegia,  when  these  little  bits  of  the  bright  green  upper  surface  of 
the  leaf,  in  marked  contrast  with  the  grayish-green  of  the  lower  side 
upon  which  they  rest,  at  once  disclose  their  presence.  Should  one  of 
them  be  found  deserted,  its  former  occupant  may  perhaps  be  dis- 
covered on  a  leaf  near  by,  within  a  larger  retreat  of  similar  construc- 
tion. From  the  gradation  of  sizes  observed,  it  is  probable  that  fol- 
lowing each  molting  a  new  shelter  is  constructed,  of  a  size  sufficient 
to  cover  the  larva  during  that  stage  of  growth,  until  at  the  last  larval 
molting,  when  an  entire  leaf  is  simply  folded  over,  or  two  or  more 
leaves  have  to  be  brought  together  in  order  to  afford  the  necessary 
concealment. 

Some  of  the  larvas  taken  at  this  time  had  undergone  their  third 
molt,  many  their  second,  and  the  larger  number  their  first.  About 
one  hundred  were  collected,  and  two  eggs  near  their  development. 

Fresh  broods  of  Argynnis  Myrina  and  A.  Bellona  were  observed 
on  mint  blossoms ;  also  many  Hesperia  Peckius^  Limenitis  misippus 
and  Thymelicus  Numitor.  Bethlehem. 

July  30th. — Limenitis  misippus  abundant  and  easily  captured. 
A  few  Hesperia  Peckius  seen.  Some  Lyccena  comyntas  in  good 
condition,  but  L.  Scudderii  quite  worn.  A  few  Thecla  Mopsus,  a 
little  worn,  on  blossoms  of  Jersey  tea.  Some  P.  oleracea,  but  no 
P.  rapcB  observed.  Center. 

July  31st. — The  third  brood  of  P.  oleracea  quite  abundant  at 
Schoharie. 

August  6th'. — At  Saratoga  Springs,  saw  a  number  of  Pieris  rapoe 
in  company  with  P.  oleracea^  flying  about  gardens  and  blossoms  of 
burdock  in  vacant  lots. 

August  8th. — At  the  Glen,  Warren  county,  Pieris  rapce  was  numer- 
ous, and  its  larvse  were  found  on  garden  cabbages,  usually  feeding  on  the 
tender  central  leaves  of  the  plant,  unlike  oleracea,  which  more  fre- 
quently occur  on  the  older  outer  leaves.  On  a  small  central  leaf  of 
a  plant  commencing  to  form  a  head,  three  larvae  were  feeding,  the 


166        TWENTY-FOURTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 

ravages  of  which,  in  their  progress  to  maturity,  in  all  probability 
would  have  prevented  the  heading  of  the  plant.  Of  several  of  the 
plants  the  central  leaves  had  been  nearly  consumed,  arid  an  amount 
of  excrementitious  matter  was  distributed  about  their  stalks  by  larvae 
which  had  matured  and  probably  transformed  to  the  butterflies 
which  were  then  flitting  about  the  garden.  A  rapae  chrysalis  was 
observed,  attached  to  the  midrib  of  one  of  the  larger  leaves.  Between 
Saratoga  and  the  Glen  several  of.Danais  Plexippus  were  seen  in  grace- 
ful flight.  At  the  Glen,  Colias  Philodice  occurred  in  companies,  upon 
damp  patches  of  ground.  Argynnis  Cybele  and  A.  Atlantis  were 
captured  on  the  flowers  of  Canada  thistle.  Chrysophanus  Ameri- 
cana was  very  abundant.  A  single  Lyccena  comyntas  was  seen,  and 
a  Grapta  in  flight,  of  which  the  species  could  not  be  determined. 

August  15th. — At  Schoharie,  P.  oleracea  of  the  third  brood,  more 
abundant  than  at  any  time  previously  this  year. 

Two  colonies  of  Vanessa  Milbertii  larvae  were  taken  on  nettle 
(  Urtica  dioica\  the  one  apparently  after  the  first  molting,  and  the 
other  after  the  third.  The  larvae  of  the  former  were  feeding  in  com- 
pany near  the  tip  of  a  stem,  and  on  one  of  the  terminal  leaves  was  a 
cluster  of  the  egg-shells  from  which  they  had  emerged. 

August  18th. — Fourteen  larvae  of  Pieris  rapce  were  collected,  all  of 
which  had  transformed  to  chrysalides  by  the  21st ;  the  last'imago  from 
these  emerged  on  the  30th. 

August  22d. — Larvae  of  Pyrameis  Atalanta  abundant  within 
folded  leaves  of  the  nettle ;  some  of  the  larvae  were  nearly  mature, 
and  others  about  half-grown. 

August  26th. — A  few  young  larvae  ofLimenitis  misippus  were  found 
on  poplar  and  willow.  One  on  the  willow  had,  at  this  early  period, 
commenced  the  construction  of  its  hybernaculum,  and  another  had 
built  its  peculiar  structure  of  bits,  of  leaf  on  the  mid-vein. 

Collected  ten  Nisoniades  Lucilius  of  the  third  (?)  brood,  most  df 
which  were  males.  A  few  of  the  larvae,  nearly  full-grown  were  found 
within  their  leaf  shelters  on  the  Aquilegia,  but  none  of  the  chrysal- 
ides or  their  cases  could  be  discovered,  although  careful  search  was 
made  for  them. 

Hesperia  Peckius,  Argynnis  Bellona  and  A.  Myrina,  were  abun- 
dant on  mint.  Danais  Plexippus  was  more  numerous  than  I  had 
ever  seen  it. 

August  29th. — The  third  brood  of  P.  oleracea  is  nearly  gone.  As 
near  as  can  be  determined  from  visits  regularly  made  to  Schoharie, 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  167 

at  intervals  of  a  week,  the  three  broods  of  the  above  species  have  had, 
during  the  present  year,  a  continuance  of  about  a  month  each,  the 
last  brood  probably  continuing  for  a  few  days  longer.  Approximate 
periods  of  their  duration  would  be,  of  the  first  brood,  from  May  5th 
to  June  5th ;  second  brood,  from  June  20th  to  July  20th ;  third 
brood,  from  July  28th  to  September  1st. 

Nisoniades  Lucilius  emerged  after  thirteen  days  in  the  chrysalis 
state.  The  larva  had  been  reared  in  confinement,  and  was  transformed 
to  a  chrysalis  among  the  leaves  of  its  food-plant. 

August  31st. — Eight  males  of  the  hitherto  rare  Hesperia  Leon- 
ardus  were  collected  on  the  summit  of  a  hill  at  Center,  indicating  it 
to  be  partial  to  elevated  ground.  Several  L.  comyntas  of  a  new 
brood  were  taken,  and  also  fresh  specimens  of  Vanessa  Antiopa. 

September  9th. — At  Bethlehem  collected  several  males  of  Niso- 
niades Lucilius,  with  some  of  its  larvae  just  from  the  egg,  and  others 
half-grown.  Argynnis  Myrina  were  observed  in  copula.  Of  Hes- 
peria Taumas,  usually  rare,  six  males  and  one  female  were  collected. 

September  14th. — Argynnis  Idalia  was  taken  for  the  first  time  in 
the  vicinity  of  Albany.  Young  larvae  of  L.  misippus  and  N.  Luci- 
lius were  observed.  Bethlehem. 

October  21st. — On  "the  Island"  collected  numbers  of  the  chrysal- 
ides of  P.  rapce  which  were  attached  to  the  under  surface  of  the 
stems  of  the  coarser  weeds  lying  on  the  ground.  Several  were  taken 
from  the  lower  Bide  of  prostrate  pieces  of  timber.  None  were  found 
upon  the  trunks  of  trees  or  standing  weeds,  nor  on  fences,  except  at 
one  place  where  tomato  vines  had  grown  over  the  lower  board, 
affording  a  partial  protection.  A  few  larvae  were  found  suspended, 
and  nearly  ready  for  transformation,  and  a  few  were  still  remaining 
on  the  plants. 

From  a  portion  of  the  above  collection  of  chrysalides  placed  in  a 
box,  there  were  obtained  during  the  winter  ten  male  and  thirteen 
female  imagines. 


168        TWENTY-FOURTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 


XV.  DATES  OF  COLLECTION  OF  SOME  HETEROCERA  FOR  1870. 


SPHINGID^E. 

Sesia  diffinis  Harris May    21. 

Sesia  gracilis  Gr.-Rob -. , May    25. 

Sesia  Buffaloensis  Gr.-Rob.,  larva Aug.  22. 

Philampelus  Pandorus  (Hubner)=P.  Satellitia  Harris..  . .  June  21. 

Philampelus  achemon  (Drury) June  23. 

Smerinthus  geminatus  Say ' June     4. 

Ceratomia  Amyntor  (Hubner)=0.  quadricornis  Harris..  . .  June  19. 

Macrosila  quinquemaculata  (Haworth) June  24,  Sept.  26. 

Sphinx  chersis  (Hul)ner)=S.  cinerea  Harris June    5,  June  24. 

Sphinx  drupiferarum  Sm.-Abb June  11,  June  24. 

Sphinx  kalmise  /Sm.-Abb June  24. 

Sphinx  gordius  Cramer May  19,  June  24. 

BOMBYCID^E. 

Eudryas  grata  (Fabr.) July  6. 

Eudryas  unio  (Hiibn.) July  6. 

Scepsis  fulvicollis  (Iliibn.) Sept.  9. 

Ctenucha  virginica  (Charp.) June  6. 

Spilosoma  virginica  (Fdbr.) April  27,  May  21. 

Hyphantria  textor  Harris May  25. 

Ecpantheria  scribonia  (Hiibner),  larva ^-llg-  15. 

Ecpantheria  scribonia,  ex  larva Nov.  9. 

Lagoa  crispata  Packard June  16. 

Empretia  stimulea  Clemens,  larva Ang-  30. 

Limacodes  scapha  (Harris),  larva Sept.  16. 

Perophora  Melsheiinerii  Harris June  7. 

Cerura  borealis  Harris,  larva Aug«  26. 

Hemileuca  Maia  (Drury) Sept.  19. 

Eacles  imperialis  (Drury),  larva Sept.  2. 

Anisota  stigma  (Sm.-Abb.),  larva Sept.  9. 

Anisota  senatoria  (Sm.-Abb.) , June  16. 

Clisiocampa  decipiens  Walk July  17. 

Lithsedia  bellicula May  16. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  169 


Leucania  unipuncta  Haw  .............................   Sept.  9. 

Gortyna  nitela  Guen  .................................   Sept.  5. 

Hydroecia  sera  Gr.-Rob  ..........  ....................   July  22. 

Achatodes  sandix  Guen  ..............................   July  25. 

Prodenia  antumnalis  Riley  ...........................   Sept.  28. 

Cirrcedia  pampina  Guen  .............................   Sept.  14. 

Phlogophora  anodonta  Guen  ..........................   July  18. 

Euplexia  Incipira  (Linn)  ............................   June  8. 

Aplecta  latex  Guen  ...............................  ,  .   May  15. 

Hadena  subjuncta  Gr.-Rob  ...........................   June  1. 

Hadena  chenopodii  (Albiri)  ...........................   Jnly  22. 

Xylina  Bethunei  Gr.-Rob  ............................    Sept.  18. 

Cucullia  florea  Guen  .........  .  ....................  .  .   July  8. 

Cucullia  intermedia  Speyer  ...........................   May  28. 

Bhodophora  florida  Guen  .............................   July  27. 

Abrostola  urentis  Guen  ..............................   July  12. 

Plusia  simplex  Guen  .................................   Sept.  14. 

Amphipyra  pyramidoides  (Linn.)  ......................   July  25. 

Catocala  Clintonii  Grote  ..............................  July  10. 

Catocala  cerogama   Guen  .............................   July  22. 

Catocala  relicta  Walk  ................................   July  25. 

Catocala  cara  Guen  ..................................   Aug.  22. 

Catocala  parta  Guen  .................................   Sept.  6. 

Catocala  amatrix  Hiibn  .............  I  .  ................   Sept.  22. 

Drasteria  erechtea  (Cram.)  ............  .  .......   May  16,  Sept.  9. 

Drasteria  erechtea  (Cram.),  larva  ......................   Oct.  21. 

Euclidea  cuspidea  Hiibn  ..............................   May  21. 

Poaphila  quadrifilaris  (Hiibn.)  .................   May  21,  June  7. 


Eutrapela  transversata  (Drury)  ........................  July   27. 

Angerona  crocataria  (Fdbr.)  .........  .............  ....  June     9. 

Endropia  ferruginaria  Pack.  MS  ......................  June     7. 

Tetracis  lorata  Grote  .................................  May    31. 

Cleora  pulchraria  Minot  .............................  Sept.     6. 

Boarmia  sublunaria  Guen  ............................  May    15. 

Corycia  semiclarata  ?  Walk  ...........................  May    31. 

Lozogramma  petraria  Hiibn  ..........................  .  June  15. 


170        TWENTY-FOURTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 

Numeria  obfirmaria  Htibn May  21. 

Fidonia  bicoloraria  Minot May  25. 

Hsematopis  grataria  (Fabr.) May  25. 

Aspilates  dissimilaria  Hiibn June  29. 

Crochiphora  accessaria  Hiibn May  25. 

Zerene  catenaria  (Cram..) Sept.  19. 


FROM    THE    TWENTY-SIXTH    ANNUAL    REPORT    ON    THE    NEW    YORK    STATE 
MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY,  FOR  THE  YEAR   1872. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS 


No.    III. 


By    J.     A.     LINTNER 


P  R  I  N  T  KJ  r>    IN     ADVANCE    OF    XHK    R,  PC  IP  O  R  T ; 


ALBANY : 

THE    ARGUS    COMPANY,    PRINTERS 
MAY,   1874. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE. 

1.  On  the  Larvae  of  Eudryas  unio  (Hiibn.)  and  allied  forms 117 

2.  Transformations  of  some  Bombycidae 125 

3.  Descriptions  of  the  Larvae  of  some  Bombycidae 129 

4  Descriptions  of  the  Larvae  of  some  Noctuidae 135 

5.  Notes  on  some  New  York  Bombycidae 142 

6.  Notes  on  some  New  York  Noctuidae,  etc 157 

7.  Descriptions  of  New  Species  of  Cucullia 168 

8.  Observation  of  some  New  York  Rhopalocera  for  the  Year  1871 177 

9.  Dates  of  collection  of  some  New  York  Heterocera  for  the  Year  1872  . . .  179 
10.  Description  of  a  convenient  Insect  Case 185 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS-NO.  III. 

By  J.  A.  LINTNEK. 


I.  ON  THE  LARVA  OF  EUDRYAS  IMO  Him  AND  ALLIED  FORMS. 


On  the  9th  of  September  the  larvae  of  this  moth  were  found  feed- 
ing on  Epilobium  coloratum  growing  in  a  swampy  portion  of  a  pas- 
ture. About  thirty  individuals  were  collected  during  a  few  minutes 
search,  two  or  three  of  the  larvae,  in  some  instances,  occurring  on  the 
same  plant.  They  had  nearly  attained  their  maturity ;  some  of  their 
number,  a  day  or  two  after  their  collection,  buried  themselves  in  the 
moist  sand  in  which  were  inserted  the  plants  upon  which  they  were 
fed,  and  on  the  16th  a  pupa  was  observed,  partially  extruded  from 
the  sand.  Only  four  of  the  larvae  were  carried  through  to  their  pupal 
change,  it  having  been  inconvenient  to  supply  them  with  suitable 
food.  The  pupae  were  kept  daring  the  winter  in  a  moderately  warm 
apartment,  and  on  the  8th  of  April  the  first  disclosed  its  imago. 

The  larva  bears  a  strong  resemblance  to  those  of  E.  grata  (Fabr.) 
and  Alypia  octomaculata  (Fabr.)  in  shape,  markings  and  colors.  Its 
prominent  features  are  its  bands  on  each  segment  of  white,  black  and 
orange  (a  single  orange  one  occurring  on  the  center  of  the  segment), 
and  a  hurnp  on  the  eleventh  segment.  A  detailed  description  is  as 
follows  : 

Head  rounded,  its  diameter  somewhat  exceeding  one-half  that  of  the 
body,  orange  with  black  spots,  of  which  there  is  an  oblong  one  near 
the  base  of  the  clypeus,  two  semi-ellipsoidal  ones  surmounting  its  apex 
and  a  small  quadrangular  one  on  each  side;  a  perpendicular  row  of 
five  spots  on  each  side  of  the  clypeus  of  which  the  second  superior 
one  is  the  largest,  a  spot  above  the  ocelli,  and  a  row  of  three  behind 
them.  Body  tapering  regularly  toward  the  head,  from  the  eleventh 
segment,  which  is  elevated  in  a  hump.  First  segment  white,  with 
two  transverse  bands  of  black  spots,  and  with  two  black  bands  only 
seen  when  extended.  The  abdominal  segments  have  each  three 
white  and  three  black  bands  on  each  side  of  a  central  orange  band. 
The  orange  band  is  the  broadest ;  it  is  marked  dorsally  on  its  anterior 


118          TWENTY-SIXTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 

margin  by  two  transversely  elongated  black  spots  resting  on  the 
black  line  margining  it,  and  laterally  by  two  geminate  similar  ones, 
of  which  the  upper  is  the  larger  and  the  lower  embraces  the  stigma ; 
behind  the  lower  margin  of  the  stigmatic  spot,  centrally  on  the  band 
is  a  small  rounded  black  tubercle  bearing  a  short  hair ;  on  the  poste- 
rior margin  of  the  band,  resting  on  the  bordering  black  line,  are  two 
subdorsal  semi-elliptical  black  spots,  forming  with  the  two  anterior 
spots  a  "  trapezoid  "  ;  between  these  subdorsal  spots  are  two  or  four 
black  points,  of  which  the  two  interior  sometimes  assume  the  form  of 
a  "  dove-tail "  medial  process  of  the  black  band  ;  the  orange  band 
extends  downward  to  the  black  bases  of  the  prolegs,  midway  between 
which  and  the  stigmata,  on  or  in  range  with  the  third  black  band,  is 
an  elongated  hair-bearing  black  spot,  and  posteriorly  another  similar 
one,  lower  and  running  into  the  black  bordering  the  prolegs.  The 
white  band  preceding  the  orange  is  interrupted  or  greatly  contracted 
on  the  medial  line  by  an  enlargement  of  the  black  band  anterior  to 
it,  and  is  marked  with  a  small  piliferous  black  dot  in  front  of  the 
stigma.  On  the  second  and  third  segments  the  orange  band  is 
marked  with  a  row  of  eight  spots,  of  which  the  six  superior  are 
located  in  the  middle  of  the  band,  and  the  two  inferior  coalesce  with 
the  black  band  margining  it  behind.  On  the  eleventh  segment  the 
trapezoidal  fuscous  spots  are  of  a  well-defined  oval  form ;  above  the 
stigma  is  another  similar  spot.  On  the  twelfth  segment  the  corres- 
ponding spots  are  round,  and  the  trapezoid  has  its  broadest  side  in 
front.  The  anal  shield  bears  two  spots  centrally  and  five  marginal 
ones,  of  which  the  medial  one  is  elongated.  On  the  sides  of  the 
larva  a  yellowish  shade  rests  on  the  incisures.  Yentrally,  white  and 
black  interrupted  bandings  are  observable  on  the  abdominal  segments 
when  extended  ;  the  thoracic  region  is  almost-  wholly  white ;  on  seg- 
ments four  and  five  the  orange  band  is  continued  beneath,  inclosing 
on  the  former  four  and  on  the  latter  six  rounded  black  spots.  The 
legs  are  dull  yellow,  tipped  or  edged  on  the  two  joints  with  black, 
and  dotted  with  black  interiorly.  The  prolegs  are  dull  yellow,  with 
a  velvety  black  base,  and  with  two  lateral  lines  and  three  black  spots 
(one  small) ;  the  terminal  pair  have  a  black  line  outwardly  and  a 
cluster  of  black  spots  behind,  which,  as  well  as  all  of  the  black  spots 
noticed  in  the  above  description,  are  piliferous,  having  the  hair 
somewhat  longer  and  stouter  than  in  grata. 

Length  of  the  mature  larva  one  inch  and  one-eighth ;   diameter 
three-sixteenths  of  an  inch. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  119 

The  larva  has  not,  that  I  am  aware  of,  been  previously  described, 
nor  can  I  find  any  positive  record  of  its  observation.  It  seems  to 
have  occurred  at  Otisco,  N.  Y.,  for,  in  reply  to  some  inquiries 
directed  from  that  place  to  Mr.  0.  V.  Riley,  the  answer  is  returned 
that  "  the  Eudryas  larva  which  feeds  on  Epilobium  color  atwtn,  or 
Purple-veined  Willow-herb,  is  in  all  probability  E.  unio  Hiibner, 
although  we  cannot  determine  positively  unless  specimens  are  sent."* 
Harris,  Fitch  and  Riley  describe  the  moth,  but  were  doubtless  unac- 
quainted with  its  larva;  for  Harris  states  his  ignorance  of  it;  and, 
although  Dr.  Packard  asserts  that  Fitch  has  raised  both  grata  and 
unio.  from  the  grape,  f  there  is  reason  to  believe  that  Dr.  Fitch  had 
assigned  to  unio,  without  any  knowledge  of  its  habits,  the  food-plant 
of  which  it  was  natural  to  suppose  it  would  partake  in  common  with 
its  congener ;  \  and  Mr.  Riley  also  probably  includes  it  among  his 
"  blue  caterpillars  of  the  vine,"  §  without  personal  observation,  but 
from  a  reliance  on  the  usual  accuracy  of  the  statements  of  Dr.  Fitch. 

At  present  we  have  no  information  of  its  having  been  found  on 
any  other  plant  than  Epilobium  coloratum.  It  is  quite  remarkable 
that  two  species,  so  closely  allied,  should  have  such  dissimilar  food- 
plants.  The  fact  suggests  an  interesting  inquiry,  whether  unio  be 
confined  to  Epilobium,  or  if  it  occurs  on  other  of  the  Onagraceae, 
or  even  ranges  to  some  other  order.  As  grata  is  known  to  feed  on 
Ampelopsis  as  readily  as  on  the  grape,  it  is  not  improbable  that  a 
careful  examination,  during  the  month  of  September,  of  the  common 
evening  primrose  ((Enothera  l)iennis\  may  be  rewarded  by  a  dis- 
covery of  unio  upon  it. 

Two  other  larvae  occur  in  New  York,  viz.,  Alypia  octomaculata 
and  Psychomorpka  epimenis  (Drury),  which  bear  so  strong  a  resem- 
blance to  the  Eudryades,  that  the  four  are  liable  to  be  confounded, 
not  only  by  the  casual  observer,  but  by  the  entomologist  who  may 
not  have  acquainted  himself  with  their  characteristic  features. 

Of  A.  octomaculata,  Harris  remarks,  ||  "  It  resembles  the  larva  of 
Eudryas  grata  in  its  colorings  and  markings  so  much,  that,  before  I 

*  The  American  Entomologist ,  1870,  vol.  ii,  p.  59. 
f  Proc.  Essex  Institute,  1864,  vol.  iv,  p.  27. 
\  Third  Report  on  the 'Insects  of  New  York,  p.  81. 
§  Second  Report  on  the  Insects  of  Missouri,  1870,  p.  83. 

||  Entomological  Correspondence  of  Tliaddeus  William  Harris,  M.  D.,  Boston,  1867, 
p.  116. 


120         TWENTY-SIXTH  REPORT  ON  Tits  STATE  MUSEUM. 

was  acquainted  with  its  manners,  I  have  frequently  taken  the  one 
for  the  other ;"  and  again,  when  writing  of  E.  grata  (loc.  cit.  p.  138), 
he  says  :  "  The  position  of  the  larva  in  repose,  with  its  head  depressed, 
and  the  third  and  fourth  segments  arched  upwards,  give  it  a  hunch- 
backed appearance ;  the  attitude,  disposition  of  the  colors  and  the 
habitat,  are  similar  to  those  of  the  larva  of  Alypia  octomaculata." 

Several  of  the  larvge  of  P.  epimenis,  sent  to  Mr.  Riley  by  corres- 
pondents and  also  collected  by  himself  from  grape-vines,  were  referred 
by  him,  although  with  some  doubt,  to  A.  octomaculata,  *  and  were 
figured  in  association  with  the  imago  in  one  of  his  plates.  Subse- 
quently he  was  able  to  rear  octomaculata  from  its  larva,  which  he 
figures  and  describes,  correcting  the  first  erroneous  reference,  f  But 
in  continuation  of  the  confusion,  the  epimenis  larva  is  now  made  to 
stand  (with  a  reservation)  for  E.  unio,  the  larval  state  of  which  was 
then  unknown ;  and  only  in  a  following  report  does  it  find  its  true 
name  and  proper  place  beside  the  beautiful  imago  which  it  produces. 
I  mention  the  above,  not  to  reflect,  in  the  slightest  degree,  upon 
Mr.  Riley,  whose  able  reports  are  conceded  to  be  very  valuable 
acquisitions  to  science,  but  as  an  illustration  of  the  close  resemblances 
existing  among  these  larvae.  If  they  are  capable  of  thus  puzzling  so 
accurate  an  observer,  there  certainly  is  need  of  faithful  description, 
or  at  least  a  statement  of  prominent  features  and  differences,  that 
their  identification,  whenever  met  with,  may  not  be  a  matter  of  doubt. 

I  regret  that  I  have  no  memoranda,  or  material  at  hand,  to  enable 
me  to  institute  a  full  comparison  between  the  most  nearly  allied  of 
these  larvae,  viz.,  octomaculata,  grata  and  unio.  I  have  only  at 
command  two  alcoholic  examples  of  unio,  three  immature  forms  of 
grata,  and  one  collected  several  years  ago  and  labeled  grata  but 
which  I  believe  to  be  octomaculata. 

The  comparative  length  of  the  hairs  will,  in  all  probability,  prove 
a  sufficient  distinction  between  the  last  two.  Harris  (Ent.  Gorr.,  p. 
286,)  describes  the  mature  larva  of  octomaculata,  taken  July  16th, 
as  transversely  banded  with  orange  and  dotted  with  black,  the  dots 
being  in  two  alternate  rows,  and  all  of  them  emitting  distinct,  long, 
whitish  hairs.  In  a  young  larva  found  by  him  July  2d,  between 
one-fourth  and  one-third  of  an  inch  long,  the  hairs  were  very  distinct. 
Of  grata,  occurring  abundantly  on  the  grape-vine,  August  10th,  he 

*  First  Report  on  the  Insects  of  Missouri,  1869,  p.  136. 
f  Second  Report  on  the  Insects  of  Missouri,  1870,  p.  80. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  121 

writes  (loc.  cit.,  p.  306),  "larva  entirely  naked;"  and,  on  page  307, 
he  institutes  a  comparison  between  the  caterpillars  of  the  Agaristiadae, 
"  which  are  sparingly  covered  with  hairs,"  and  those  of  Eudryas,  "  in 
which  the  caterpillar  is  not  at  all  hairy."  The  two  figures  of  grata 
given  in  the  Treatise  on  Insects  Injurious  to  Vegetation ,  represent 
the  larva  as  hairless.  Riley  (%d  Rep.  Ins.  Mo.,  p.  80)  says  of  octo- 
maculata,  "  each  spot  or  tubercle  gives  rise  to  a  white  hair,"  and  of 
grata  (1.  c.,  p.  83),  that  it  differs  from  the  preceding  by  the  hairs 
being  less  conspicuous.  Of  the  latter  species  Mr.  W.  Saunders* 
states  that  "  the  bands  are  dotted  with  round  black  dots,  from  each  of 
which  arises  a  single  short  brown  hair." 

In  the  examples  of  the  larvae  (about  half-grown)  of  grata  before 
me,  the  hairs  do  not  exceed  in  length  the  breadth  of  the  central  band, 
and  are  noticeable  only  on  close  observation.  In  octomaculata  they 
are  quite  long,  equaling  in  length  the  diameter  of  the  body,  if  we 
may  refer  to  this  species  the  description  by  Dr.  Packard  f  of  some 
larvae  collected  by  Mr.  Putnam  on  the  grape-vine,  and  deposited  as 
grata  larvae  in  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  at  Cambridge. 
The  description  of  the  grata  larva,  given  in  the  Guide  to  the  Study 
of  Insects,  pp.  281-2,  with  its  hump  on  the  eighth  ring,  and  each 
segment  having  across  it  a  row  of  tubercles  which  give  rise  to  three 
fascicles  of  hairs,  evidently  refers  to  some  other  form. 

The  following  may  be  noticed  as  distinguishing  features  of  these 
closely  allied  forms,  which  should  serve  to  remove  all  occasion  for 
confounding  the  two  first  mentioned  with  one  another  or  with  the 
Eudryades : 

The  larva  of  Psychomorpha  epimenis  (also  a  grape-vine  feeder)  has 
on  each  segment  four  white  and  FlG- 1- 

four  black  bands  (four-banded  on  a 
white  ground),  arid  is  without  the 
orange  band  which  exists  in  the 
other  three.  The  spots  which  COD- 
FIG.  2.  spicuously  mark  the  others  are  obsolete  in  this. 
In  Fig.  1  the  larva  is  represented  at  a/  &  is  an  en- 
larged representation  of  one  of  the  segments,  and  in 
c  is  given  the  marking  of  the  hump  on  the  eleventh 
segment.  The  male  imago  is  shown  in  Fig.  2. 

*  First  Ann.  Rep.  on  the  Noxious  Insects  of  the  Province  of  Ontario,  1871,  p.  35. 
f  Notes  on  tlie  Family  Zyganidw,  in  Proc.  Ess.  Ins.,  vol.  iv.,  p.  28. 


122 


TWENTY-SIXTH  REPORT  ON  THE  /STATE 


FIG.  4. 


The  larva  of  Alypia  octomaculata  is  marked  on  each  segment  with 
eight  black  bands  (counting  the  two  which  border  the  broad  central 
FlG  3-  orange  band),  as  shown  in  a  of  Fig.  3, 

and  more  distinctly  in  the  enlarged 
view  of  one  of  the  segments  at  b  •  from 
the  black  dots  long  white  hairs  are  given 
out  (represented  too  short  in  the  figure), 
and  below  the  stigmata,  on  segments 
four  to  nine,  is  a  row  of  white  spots, 
with  a  large  white  spot  extending  over 
the  incisure  of  the  tenth  and  eleventh 
segments.  At  <?,  a  view  is  given  of  the 
imago  of  this  species. 

The  larvse  of  Eudryas  grata  and  of  E.  unio  have  six  black  bands 

and  a  central  orange  one  on  each  of  the 
principal  segments;  they  are  without 
the  white  lateral  patches,  and  have  a 
prominent  hump  on  the  eleventh  seg- 
ment. A  representation  of  the  imago 
of  E.  grata  is  given  in  Fig.  4,  for  com- 
parison with  octomaculata  and  epimenis, 
and  to  illustrate  the  fact  well  known  to  those  who  have  studied  the 
larvse  of  our  Lepidoptera,  that  very  dissimilar  moths  are  frequently 
produced  from  larvse  closely  resembling  one  another.* 

I  regret  my  inability  to  give,  at  the  present,  the  differential  fea- 
tures of  grata  and  unio.  At  maturity  they  differ  in  size,  unio  being 
invariably  the  smaller.  In  markings  they  resemble  one  another  so 
closely,  that  Mr.  Biley,  after  a  critical  comparison  of  examples  of 
unio  which  I  had  sent  to  him,  with  some  examples  of  grata  in  his 
possession  (probably  alcoholic),  writes  me,  that  he  finds  the  two  spe- 
cies absolutely  indistinguishable. 

While  specific  differences  may  not  be  detected  in  alcoholic  indi- 
viduals, there  is  scarcely  any  doubt  but  that  sufficient  characters  for 
their  identification  could  be  obtained  from  a  comparison  of  the  colors 
of  the  living  forms.  Having  lately  seen  a  large  number  of  grata 
larvae  (at  Portland,  Me.,  in  August,  1873),  I  may  safely  assert  that 
the  two  species  differ  materially  in  their  general  aspect.  While 
unable  to  state  from  recollection  what  these  differentia  are,  I  believe 
that  unio  will  prove  to  be  characterized  by  more  prominently  marked 

*  The  figures  illustrating  this  article  are  from  the  excellent  drawings  of  Mr.  C.  V. 
Riley. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTR 


123 


rest- 


black bands  laterally  and  ventrally,  and  by  the 
ing  on  the  incisures  laterally. 

It  is  possible  that  the  minute  description  which  Mr.  Riley  proposes 
shortly  to  give  of  grata,  drawn  from  a  large  number  of  living  larvse, 
when  compared  with  the  detailed  description  which  I  have  endeavored 
to  give  of  unio,  may  develop  such  points  of  difference  as  will  permit 
of  the  ready  recognition  of  these  two  forms,  peculiarly  interesting 
from  the  close  resemblance  existing  between  them. 

Since  the  above  has  been  put  in  type,  I  have  been  able  to  compare 
my  two  examples  of  E.  unio  larvae  with  six  alcoholic  examples  of 
E.  grata,  and,  as  the  result  of  such  comparison,  I  am  compelled  to 
disagree  with  Mr.  Riley  as  above  quoted,  for  while  the  two  are  very 
similar  in  their  ornamentation,  yet  I  find  such  differences  that  (pro- 
vided the  features  to  be  referred  to  prove  constant  in  larger  numbers) 
I  would  have  no  difficulty  in  selecting  a  single  mature  individual  of 
either  species  from  among  a  thousand  of  the  other.  Through  the 
kindness  of  Mr.  Riley,  I  am  able  to  accompany  this  paper  with  an 
excellent  figure  from  drawings  made  by  himself  of  the  larva  of 
E.  grata,  and  also  (for  the  first  time)  a  representation  of  the  beautiful 
egg  of  this  species.  At  a  the  larva 
is  shown  of  its  natural  size ;  at  Z>, 
one  of  the  segments  (the  fifth)  en- 
larged ;  at  6-,  the  ordinary  ornamen- 
tation of  the  collar,  differing  in 
some  examples  by  the  addition  of 
several  (to  the  number  of  eight) 
central  dots ;  at  d,  the  usual  marking  of  the  hump  on  the  eleventh 
segment ;  e  represents  the  egg  as  seen  from  above,  and  /'  is  a  side- 
view  of  the  same  (natural  size  shown  with  the  enlarged  figures). 

The  following  are  the  principal  differences  that  I  find  in  the  two 
species  : 

Contracted  by  their  preservation  in  alcohol,  the  two  unio  larvae 
average  in  length  1.05  in. ;  the  six  grata  1.29  in.  They  differ  in 
form,  in  that  the  latter  presents  much  the  more  prominent  hurnp  on 
the  penultimate  segment,  and  is  angulated  at  that  point  to  a  degree 
that  were  it  a  vertebrate,  it  would  suggest  the  idea  of  its  terminal 
portion  dragging  from  having  been  broken  at  that  point ;  in  unio 
the  hump  is  moderate  and  the  peculiar  angulated  form,  well  repre- 
sented in  the  figure,  is  not  seen. 

Unio  is  the  more  heavily  marked  with  black,  both  in  its  bands 


FIG.  5. 


124         TWENTY-SIXTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 

and  spots.  In  none  of  the  examples  of  grata  are  the  black  bands 
broader  than  one-half  the  width  of  the  intervening  white  ones,  while 
in  one  unio  their  average  width  is  nearly  double  that  of  the  white. 
The  spots  on  the  head  are  the  same  in  position  in  both  species,  but 
are  smaller  in  grata.  In  that  species  there  are  usually  two  distinct 
piliferous  spots  on  the  base  of  the  clypeus ;  in  two  of  my  examples 
these  are  confluent,  running  together  by  slender  projections  in  a 
broad  V-form  :  in  unio  the  two  are  united  as  a  band  across  the  clypeus. 
In  unio  a  black  spot,  broadly  rounded  beneath,  following  the  curved 
line  of  the  ocelli,  and  tapering  to  a  point  above,  incloses  the  four 
superior  ocelli :  this  is  not  present  in  grata,  but  in  two  examples  some 
of  the  ocelli  are  indistinctly  annulated  with  black.' 

At  c,  in  Fig.  5,  the  spots  on  the  collar  of  grata  are  faithfully  repre- 
sented in  position,  but  their  size  might  have  been  slightly  enlarged. 
In  unio,  the  four  spots  of  the  anterior  row  are  separate,  but  those  of 
the  posterior  row,  from  their  greater  size  as  compared  with  grata, 
are  confluent,  except  the  two  medial  ones  :  in  grata,  these  spots  are 
separated  by  spaces  varying  from  one  diameter  of  a  spot  to  two  and 
one-half  diameters. 

The  spots  on  the  caudal  hump  of  grata,  shown  at  d,  in  the  figure, 
are  isolated,  while  in  unio  those  in  each  row  are  connected  by  the 
black  band  to  which  they  are  united. 

Similar  comparisons  might  be  instituted  of  all  the  other  spots  of 
the  two  species,  but  the  above  may  indicate  their  differences.  The 
feature  which  should  serve  better  than  any  other  to  distinguish  unio 
is  the  blackish  coloring  (its  outline  not  permitting  its  designation  as 
a  stripe),  above  the  prolegs  and  continued  on  the  two  following  seg- 
ments, the  three  piliferous  spots  above  the  prolegs  being  connected 
with  it ;  this  is  entirely  wanting  in  grata.  It  results,  apparently, 
from  the  increasing  breadth  and  coalescence  of  the  black  bands  as 
they  descend  to  the  ventral  region.  In  one  of  the  examples,  the  ven- 
tral region  of  the  proleg  segments  is  essentially  blackish,  which  fea- 
ture was  also  observed  in  a  number  of  the  living  larvae,  according  to 
my  recollection  and  that  of  Mr.  Meske,  who  also  collected  the  larvae 
and  bred  from  them  several  imagines. 

The  differential  features  above  indicated  are  not  entitled  to  the 
reliability  that  would  attach  to  them,  were  they  drawn  from  living 
examples ;  but  should  they  prove  to  be  sustained  by  future  observa- 
tions, there  need  be  no  necessity  of  failing  in  the  determination  of 
these  species,  when  either  may  chance  to  be  collected. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  125 


II.  TRANSFOPxMATIONS  OF  SOME  BOMBYCID.E. 


Platysamia  Cecropia  (Linn.}. 

Two  larvae,  measuring  .45  in.  in  length  (after,  probably,  their  first 
molting),  were  found,  July  13th,  feeding  on  leaves  of  mountain 
ash  (Pyrus  Americana).  The  body  was  dull  orange,  bearing  six 
rows  of  spines,  four  to  six-branched  at  the  tip.  In  the  two  dorsal 
rows  the  spines  were  black,  except  in  front  where  they  were  orange, 
concolorous  with  the  body  ;  spines  of  the  remaining  rows  wholly  of 
a  shining  black.  The  eleventh  segment,  with  but  two  spines,  the 
tenth  with  four,  the  ninth  with  five,  and  the  others  with  six  each. 
On  each  segment  two  black  dots  between  the  spines,  making  them 
centers  of  squares  of  four  dots.  Head  and  legs,  when  the  larvre  were 
first  taken,  of  a  dark  red,  subsequently  changing  to  black. 

After  the  second  molting,  they  measured  one  inch  in  length  and 
were  of  a  yellow-green  color.  On  the  second  and  third  segments 
superiorly,  each,  two  globular-headed  red  tubercles  with  seven  black 
bristles ;  on  the  seven  following  segments  two  dorsal  rows  of  yellow 
tubercles,  swrollen  apically,  of  which  the  two  on  the  fourth  segment 
are  larger  than  the  others  and  bear  seven  bristles  each,  while  the 
following  twelve  have  but  five.  On  the  eleventh  segment,  medially, 
is  a  single  yellow  tubercle  with  eight  bristles ;  on  each  side  of  these 
yellow  tubercles  are  oblong  black  spots.  The  two  lateral  rows  of 
tubercles  light  blue  and  setiferous,  and  beneath  these,  on  the  three 
anterior  segments,  a  black  pointed  tubercle.  Head  with  two  con- 
verging black  lines.  Legs  with  black  tarsi,  and  prolegs  each  with 
a  black  spot  exteriorly. 

The  subsequent  moltings  were  not  observed. 

A  captured  Cecropia  deposited  over  two  hundred  eggs,  and  from 
her  body,  after  death,  nearly  a  hundred  were  taken,  most  of  which 
were  of  full  size;  the  entire  number  was  three  hundred  and  five. 
In  their  longest  diameter  they  measured  one-tenth  of  an  inch ;  in 
their  shortest  diameter  .083  of  an  inch. 


126          TWENTY- SIXTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 

Callosamia  Promethea  (Drury). 

A  deposit  of  eggs  hatched  July  6th,  laid  nineteen  days  before.  On 
the  14th  the  first  molting  occurred.  Length  of  larva  35-100ths  of  an 
inch.  Body  pale  green,  with  yellow  bands  bordered  by  black ;  rows 
of  tubercles  are  apparent. 

From  having  previously  fed  in  companies  of  from  twenty  to  thirty, 
there  are  now  seldom  more  than  six  collected  on  a  single  leaf.  A 
larva  usually  commenced  eating  into  the  leaf  at  a  point  in  its  margin, 
where  it  would  be  joined  by  others,  cutting  into  the  body  of  the  leaf, 
until  often  the  entire  interior  was  consumed,  leaving  an  unbroken 
margin  (except  at  the  entering  point)  of  a  breadth  barely  sufficient 
to  serve  as  a  support  for  the  larvae. 

At  the  second  molting,  on  the  20th  of  July,  their  length  was 
six-tenths  of  an  inch.  Body  light  yellow-green,  with  black  transverse 
interrupted  markings;  on  the  second  and  third  segments  each,  two 
clubbed  yellow  tubercles  and  one  on  the  eleventh  ;  six  rows  of  smaller 
black  tubercles.  Legs  yellow,  with  a  white  spot. 

August  1st,  the  larvae  molted  for  the  third  time.  The  subsequent 
molting  was  not  noted.  On  August  9th,  some  of  the  colony  com- 
menced the  construction  of  their  cocoons,  fifty-two  days  from  ovipo- 
sition,  and  thirty-three  days  from  the  disclosure  of  the  larvae. 

A  measurement  taken  of  some  eggs  of  Promethea  gave  for  the 
diameters  .077  and  .063  of  an  inch.  They  are  of  a  white  color,  with 
an  ochreous-yellow  spot  on  the  upper  side. 

Act  las  Luna  (Linn.). 

From  an  oviposition  of  one  hundred  and  eighty  eggs,  larvae  were 
developed  on  July  25th.  Body  pale  green,  with  a  brown  lateral 
stripe  and  a  dorsal  one  on  the  anterior  segments,  and  with  rows  of 
tubercles  bearing  bristles.  Head  crossed  with  a  brown  stripe. 

On  July  30th,  larvae  molted  for  the  first  time.  Length  three-eighths 
of  an  inch.  Color  pale  green.  On  first  segment  four  red-tipped 
tubercles ;  on  the  second  and  third  two  similar  ones,  and  a  medial 
one  on  the  eleventh ;  the  tubercles  elsewhere  on  the  body  are  yellow- 
tipped.  The  head  is  marked  on  front  with  four  black  spots  forming 
nearly  a  square. 

Second  molting  on  August  3d.  Length  one-half  an  inch.  The 
tubercles  of  the  first,  second  and  eleventh  segments,  above  mentioned, 
are  tipped  with  deep  red,  and  have  several  hairs  branching  from 
them.  The  tubercles  of  the  lower  lateral  row  are  also  red  with 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  127 

hairs  ;  those  of  the  upper  row  green  and  without  hairs.  The  yellow 
stripe  of  the  side  and  the  yellow  bands  marking  the  incisures  now 
appear.  The  two  superior  of  the  four  spots  of  the  head  are  no  longer 
seen.  The  larva,  after  its  molting,  consumes  its  exuvia. 

Third  molting  on  August*9th.  Larva  seven-eighths  of  an  inch  in 
length,  with  no  material  change  in  appearance  from  that  presented 
in  the  preceding  stage. 

The  fourth  molting  was  on  August  17th,  developing  all  the  features 
of  the  mature  larVa.  Length  one  inch  and  one-fourth.  Color  a  pale 
apple-green,  shading  darker  below  the  stigmata;  incisures  yellow, 
and  a  yellow  line  on  the  upper  margin  of  the  substigmatal  fold.  Six 
rows  of  small  pink  warts,  each  with  one  or  more  black  hairs.  Scat- 
tered over  the  body  are  a  few  white  hairs,  some  of  which  are  of  a 
clavate  form.  Anal  shield  brown,  triangular,  yellow  bordered  ;  anal 
plates  brown,  bordered  anteriorly  with  yellow. 

By  the  31st  of  the  month  all  of  the  larvae  had  inclosed  themselves 
in  cocoons. 

For  several  days  prior  to  the  disclosure  of  the  moth,  the  pupa 
(which  is  fastened  by  its  terminal  hooks  to  some  threads  in  the  end 
of  its  cocoon)  may  frequently  be  heard  in  motion,  as  if  rotating  from 
side  to  side.  When  the  time  for  its  transformation  has  arrived,  the 
pupal-shell  is  broken  by  the  muscular  force  of  the  inclosed  limbs  and 
a  wet  spot  appears  on  the  end  of  the  cocoon,  indicating  the  point  at 
which  the  moth  is  to  emerge.  A  sound  like  gnawing  is  now  heard, 
which  is  probably  produced  by  the  friction  of  the  base  of  the  fore- 
wings  against  the  cocoon  in  the  effort  to  force  an  opening.  After 
these  periods  of  activity,  in  which  the  motion  is  often  sufficient  to  pro- 
duce a  considerable  movement  of  the  cocoon,  intervals  of  quiet  follow. 
The  wet  spot  increases  in  size  until  its  diameter  about  equals  that  of 
the  body  of  the  moth.  At  length  the  end  yields,  and  the  head  of 
the  moth  is  seen  through  the  still  connected  threads.  It  partially 
withdraws  itself,  and  then  again  resumes  its  effort  to  escape.  After 
one  or  two  more  rests,  the  antennae  are  protruded,  shortly  followed  by 
the  first  pair  of  legs,  when  the  moth  rapidly  disengages  itself  from 
the  cocoon,  usually  emerging  with  its  back  downward,  and  quickly 
seeks  some  position  where  it  can  attach  itself,  with  its  small  wet 
wings  hanging  downward  over  its  back.  The  anterior  wings  are  the 
first  to  expand  ;  next  the  body  of  the  posterior  wings  and  last  the 
tails.  In  about  three  hours'  time  the  wings  are  fully  expanded,  and, 


128          TWENTY-SIXTH  REPORT  ON  TEE  STATE  MUSEUM. 

by  a  quick,  muscular  action,  are  folded  over  to  their  natural  position 
against  the  surface  on  which  it  rests  (if  an  extended  one),  and  the 
insect  has  attained  its  full  maturity. 

In  a  search  made  for  Luna  cocoons  beneath  a  number  of  hickories 
(Carya  alba)  at  Schoharie,  on  May  9th,  nine  were  found  in  a  space 
of  eight  feet  square.  Of  eight  others  collected  at  this  time  not  more 
than  one  was  found  tinder  a  tree.  The  first  imago  from  these  cocoons 
emerged  May  18th,  a  male,  followed  by  three  other  males,  after  which 
females  and  other  males  appeared. 

From  the  following  record  in  my  note-book,  it  would  seem  that 
the  season  of  1857  was  very  prolific  in  Luna  moths  at  Schoharie: 

"  June  27th.  Fine  specimens  of  Attacus  Luna  are  brought  to  me 
almost  daily,  most  of  which  have  been  taken  when  the  moths  had 
but  recently  emerged  and  were  resting  on  trunks  of  hickories.  In 
three  instances  where  seemingly  fresh  examples  were  pinned  out  of 
doors  in  the  evening,  males  were  found  in  the  morning  copulating 
with  them." 

"July  2d.  In  a  walk  of  two  hours,  four  females  of  Attacus  Luna 
were  found  resting  on  trunks  of  hickories,  at  about  two  feet  from  the 
surface  of  the  ground." 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  129 


III.  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  THE  LARV$  OF  SOME  BOMBYCIDJ!. 


Parorgyia  parallela  Gr.-Rdb. 

The  larva  was  taken  at  Schoharie  daring  the  month  of  June,  1859, 
feeding  on  the  plum.  It  was  tufted  similar  to  that  of  Orgyia  leucos- 
tigma,  with  mouse-colored  feathered  hairs  ;  the  pencils  (from  memory) 
were  black.  It  made  a  thin  cocoon  July  5th,  in  which  Hs  hairs 
were  loosely  woven.  The  moth  emerged  July  21st.  At  rest,  its 
wings  slope  like  the  roof  of  a  house,  and  its  front  legs  are  extended, 
giving  it  an  attitude  like  that  of  Eudryas  grata. 

On  the  25th  of  July,  of  the  same  year,  a  female  moth  of  this  spe- 
cies was  taken,  which,  after  having  been  pinned,  deposited  a  number 
of  eggs  from  which  ten  larvae  were  obtained. 

The  tufts  and  pencils  of  hairs  marking  the  larvae  were  developed  at 
the  second  molting  (date  not  noted). 

In  preparing  for  their  third  molting,  they  spun  on  the  side  of  the 
*box  in  which  they  were  confined  a  thin  web,  somewhat  larger  in 
extent  than  their  body,  upon  which  they  took  position ;  their  molting 
occurred  two  days  thereafter.  They  continued  resting  in  the  same 
position  for  another  day,  when  they  commenced  to  travel  slowly 
about  the  box,  but  refused  to  eat  of  any  of  the  tender  leaves  which 
were  placed  in  their  path. 

Two  or  three  days  later  (October  1st)  it  was  noticed  that  they  had 
again  resumed  a  fixed  position  on  newly  spun  webs.  As,  without 
feeding  and  growth,  another  molting  could  not  be  impending,  there 
was  scarcely  any  doubt  but  that  they  were  now  commencing  their 
period  of  hybernation,  in  accordance  with  their  habit  at  this  stage  of 
their  growth.  This  was  evident  a  month  later  (November  5th)  when 
they  were  found  still  maintaining  their  fixed  position,  but  showing 
equal  sensitiveness  upon  being  touched  to  that  manifested  at  the 
commencement  of  their  rest.  They  were  accordingly  set  aside  in  a 
cool  room  for  their  winter's  repose. 

With  their  heads  closely  appressed  to  the  surface  on  which  they 
rested,  they  presented  the  following  features : 

Length  .18  of  an  inch.  Body  densely  covered  with  light  brown 
or  fawn-colored  hairs,  short  and  even  on  the  back  and  upper  portion 

9 


180         TWENTY-SIXTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 

of  the  sides,  and  lower  down  with  a  margin  of  longer  and  unequal 
ones,  projecting  also  behind.  On  the  anterior  portion  of  the  body 
dorsally,  a  semicircular  dark  brown  brush-like  tuft,  convex  in  front, 
and  slightly  elevated  above  the  surrounding  hairs ;  on  the  posterior 
portion  of  the  body  (llth  segment  1)  a  similar  round  tuft  of  longer 
hairs.  Two  slender  pencils  of  dark  brown  feathered  hairs  project  in 
front  of  the  head.  Legs  and  prolegs  light  fawn-color.  Yentral 
region  black. 

The  attempt  to  carry  the  above  larvae  through  their  hybernation 
met  with  the  ill  success  that,  in  nearly  every  instance,  attends  similar 
experiments.  In  the  spring  they  were  found  still  fastened  to  their 
webs,  but  dead. 

Apatelodes  Angelica  (Grote). 

Head  subrotund,  dark  brown,  the  clypeus  and  two  lines  on  the  front 
lighter  brown.  Body  with  the  thoracic  segments  tapering;  terminal 
segments  tapering  and  flattened  posteriorly ;  ventral  region  flattened  ; 
the  anal  legs  projecting  behind.  Color  of  the  body  gray;  numerous 
fine  black  linings,  among  which  may  be  traced  two  forming  a  vascu 
lar  stripe,  and  two  similar  lateral  stripes  on  each  side.  On  segment 
one,  anteriorly,  are  four  dorsal  white  lines,  posteriorly  black  ;  segment* 
two  is  black  anteriorly,  behind  which  are  irregular  black  linings ; 
segment  three  as  the  preceding  one;  on  segments  five  to  ten  the  dor- 
sal black  linings  assume  a  Y  shape,  the  apex  resting  on  the  suture 
and  inclosing  centrally  two  yellow-green  subelliptical  spots,  with  a 
similar  spot  exterior  to  each  within  the  superior  lateral  stripe. 

From  the  first  segment,  long,  whitish-brown  hairs  project  over  the 
head,  nearly  concealing  it;  from  the  middle  of  the  second  and  third 
segments  whitish  hairs  project  forward,  of  which  those  on  the  latter 
segment  are  shorter  and  arranged  somewhat  in  tufts,  beneath  which, 
when  extended,  some  short  stiff  red  hairs  are  seen ;  laterally  below 
the  stigmata  are  two  rows  of  fascicles  of  white  hairs  of  unequal 
length,  mingled  with  a  few  longer  brown  ones,  extended  rectangu- 
larly with  the  body  until  to  its  middle,  whence  the  remainder  are 
directed  backward  ;  from  the  terminal  segment  white  and  brown 
hairs,  of  greater  length  than  elsewhere  on  the  body,  project  horizon- 
tally, brush-like,  backward ;  short,  whitish  hairs  are  scattered  sparsely 
over  the  body.  (The  larva  escaped  before  its  description  could  be 
completed,  and  the  remainder  is  from  memory).  On  the  vascular 
line,  on  each  segment,  is  a  tuft  of  black  hairs  about  .06  in.  long,  the 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  131 

ends  of  which  converge  to  a  point.  The  prolegs  project  laterally, 
almost  hidden  by  the  hairs.  Yentrally  is  a  broad  fuscous  stripe. 

Eight  or  ten  of  the  larvge  were  collected  at  Bath  (near  Albany) 
during  the  early  part  of  September,  feeding  on  ash  (Fraxinus) ; 
also  by  Mr.  Meske,  at  Sharon  Springs,  on  lilac  (Syringa  vulgaris). 
When  not  eating,  they  usually  occurred  resting  on  and  closely 
appressed  to  a  twig.  The  first  transformation  to  a  pupa  was  on 
September  14th.  The  larva  has  a  marked  gastropachean  aspect.  It 
is  now  for  the  first  time  described. 

Ccelodasys  unicornis  (Sm.-Abb.)  Pack. 

Larva  taken  August  3d,  feeding  on  hazel  (Corylus  Americana). 

Head  large,  ovate,  green,  with  delicate  red  markings,  and  with 
two  black  stripes  on  its  front,  as  shown  in  Fig.  6  at  B.  Body  with 
the  thoracic  segments  Fl°- 6- 

apple-£reen,  with  a  dou-  Vc  8     V  E 

i#>L      M    Ltuiiuiw*         <jJu         D  //rift         ;/  ° 

ble  brown-  dorsal  stripe  J^^^^^^j^S^>        U        F'  — ^    M^ 
extending  from  the  head 

to  a  long,  fleshy,  red-tipped  spine  on  the  fourth  segment,  broadly 
forked  at  the  tip  and  bearing  two  hairs  as  at  c.  Abdominal  seg- 
ments reddish-brown,  with  fine  interrupted  markings.  On  the  eighth 
segment  is  a  double  setiferous  hump,  between  which  and  the  anterior 
spine  C  is  a  white  elongated  spot  as  in  F,  centrally  constricted,  and 
marked  with  pale  red  lines.  On  the  eleventh  segment  is  a  smaller 
hump,  between  which  and  that  on  the  eighth  is  a  V-shaped  white 
spot  (E),  opening  posteriorly.  Terminal  segment  without  feet, 
forked,  as  at  D,  and  usually  elevated. 

As  the  larva  eats  into  the  margin  of  a  leaf,  it  extends  its  body 
along  the  excised  portion  following  the  curve,  holding  the  edge 
between  its  feet,  and  in  this  position,  from  its  color  and  peculiar  out- 
line, it  can  with  difficulty  be  distinguished  from  the  leaf. 

The  larva  has  also  been  found  by  me  on  choke-cherry  (Prunus 
Virginiana),  apple,  and  on  plum  (July  28th,  one-half  inch  in  length). 

This  species  has  proved  very  difficult  to  rear,  as  it  usually  dies 
within  the  cocoon,  before  assuming  the  pupal  state  in  the  spring. 

Platycerura  furcilla  Packard. 

Larva  eating  the  leaves  of  pine  (Plnus  strobus).  Length  at  matu- 
rity one  inch  and  five-eighths.  Head  round,  of  about  the  diameter 
of  the  body,  red  with  conspicuous  markings  upon  the  front  of  lighter 


132         TWENTY-SIXTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 

red,  somewhat  in  the  form  of  a  script  x,  and  less  distinct  reticulations 
of  the  same.  Body  presenting  a  peculiarly  mottled  appearance  from 
its  irregular  and  broken  stripes ;  its  general  color  dull  red  ;  on  each 
segment  an  irregular  band  of  brighter  red ;  a  whitish  vascular  line 
within  a  broken  gray  stripe  ;  a  better  defined  lateral  stripe  just  above 
the  stigmata,  within  which,  on  each  segment  from  the  third  to  the 
eighth  inclusive,  are  four  black  depressed  spots  arranged  in  a  right 
angle,  the  upper  three  in  line,  the  largest  of  which  rests  on  the  crown 
of  the  segment,  with  two  behind  it  and  one  before ;  the  substigmatal 
fold  is  white  on  the  anterior  portion  of  each  segment  and  red  on  the 
remainder;  rows  of  tubercles  from  which  clusters  of  red  hairs  of 
unequal  length  proceed,  which,  on  the  anterior  segments,  incline  to 
yellow;  on  the  first,  second,  fourth  and  eleventh  segments  each, 
superiorly,  are  two  pencils  of  red  hairs  nearly  one-fourth  of  an  inch 
in  length,  darker  at  the  tips  and  slightly  feathered.  (These  pencils 
made  their  appearance  after  the  last  molting.)  Stigmata  encircled 
with  brown.  Legs  red. 

In  the  accompanying  illustration  (Fig.  7)  is  represented  the  habit 
7.  and  attitude  of  the  larva  in  feeding.     With  its 

terminal  pair  of  legs  clasping  the  leaves  at  the 
sheath,  it  extends  its  body  along  a  leaf  until  it 
commences  to  bend,  when,  by  detaching 'succes- 
sively the  first  and  following  pairs  of  prolegs, 
it  forces  the  leaf  through  its  legs  until  its  tip  is 
held  between  them,  in  the  attitude  shown  in  the 
figure.  When  the  leaf  has  been  eaten  from  its 
tip  downward,  as  far  as  the  contracted  segments 
of  the  larva  will  permit,  it  moves  to  another  leaf, 
and  feeds  upon  it  after  the  same  manner. 

I  have  observed  the  same  method  of  feeding 
in  the  nearly  full-grown  larvae  of  Ellema,  Harrisii 
Clemens. 

Two  of  the  larvae  above  described  underwent  their  last  molting 
September  17th  (1859),  and  a  larva  farther  advanced  spun  its  cocoon 
beneath  leaves  lying  in  the  bottom  of  its  feeding  cage.  A  second 
one  spun  up  on  September  25th.  An  imago  emerged  June  12th. 

The  above  larvae  were  collected  at  Schoharie.  Examples  have 
also  been  found  on  pine  at  Bethlehem,  near  Albany.  It  has  not 
been  hitherto  described. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  133 

The  imago  is  much  more  rare  than  the  larva,  and  is  seldom  met 
with  by  the  collector. 

Dryocampa  rubicunda  (Fair.). 

Length  of  mature  larva  1.70  inch.  Head  reddish-brown,  with 
the  ocelli  on  a  Innate  spot.  Body  cylindrical,  apple-green,  closely 
dotted  with  minute,  whitish,  acute  granulations;  a  darker  green, 
narrow,  dorsal  stripe,  and  broader  subdorsal,  lateral  and  stigrnatal 
stripes,  the  stigrnatal  less  distinct  than  the  others.  Segment  one, 
with  four  black  tubercles  on  the  collar,  the  central  ones  transversely 
oval,  the  outer  ones  subtriangular ;  a  spine  in  front  of  the  stigma 
and  another  at  the  base  of  the  leg.  Segments  two  to  eleven,  with  a 
substigmatal  row  of  acute,  prominent,  black  spines  pointing  back- 
ward ;  a  lateral  row  of  shorter  ones  on  the  inferior  margin  of  the 
lateral  stripe ;  a  subdorsal  row  of  still  shorter  ones  on  the  superior 
margin  of  the  subdorsal  stripe,  marked  with  whitish  at  base  supe- 
riorly ;  a  ventral  row  on  and  in  range  with  the  external  basal  portion 
of  the  legs  and  prolegs,  those  of  the  prolegs  (segments  six  to  nine) 
quite  small,  the  other  seven  (segments  one  to  five,  ten  and  eleven) 
nearly  as  long  as  the  substigmatal  ones,  except  those  on  the  terminal 
pair  of  legs,  of  which  there  are  two  on  the  base  of  each,  which  are 
quite  minute.  All  of  the  above  spines  black,  the  three  superior  ones 
in  range  transversely  on  the  anterior  portion  of  the  segment,  and  the 
substigmatal  ones  on  the  middle  of  the  segment.  In  addition  to  the 
above,  from  the  fourth  to  the  twelfth  segment  inclusive,  there  is  a 
row  of  whitish,  black-tipped  short  spines  on  the  inferior  margin  of 
the  subdorsal  stripe.  Segment  two  has  the  two  subdorsal  spines 
replaced  by  two  black,  blunt,  spinous  horns  one-eighth  of  an  inch 
long,  placed  below  the  subdorsal  stripe.  The  four  superior  spines 
of  segment  eleven,  more  prominent  than  the  corresponding  ones  of 
the  other  segments.  Segment  twelve,  with  a  slightly  bifurcate 
spine  on  the  dorsal  line,  the  size  of  the  lateral  ones  of  the  preceding 
segment ;  anothejr  in  range  with  the  stigmata,  the  size  of  the  sub- 
stigmatal ones,  and  having  a  small  branch  posteriorly ;  a  small  inter- 
mediate one  ranging  with  the  lateral  line;  another  of  the  same 
size  ranging  with  the  substigmatal  line;  and  a  ventral  one  similar 
to  and  ranging  with  the  ventral  spines  of  segments  ten  and  eleven, 
making  nine  spines  on  this  segment,  nearly  ranging  transversely. 
Anal  shield  triangular,  margined  externally  with  eight  black  spinules, 
of  which  the  six  anterior  ones  are  short,  the  two  terminal  ones  green 


134         TWENTY-SIXTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 

at  base,  larger  and  pointing  backward.  Stigmata  black.  Legs  tip- 
ped with  black,  the  anterior  pair  with  a  transversely  subelliptical 
black  spot  on  the  base  posteriorly,  the  second  pair  with  a  dot  simi- 
larly placed. 

The  larva  feeds  on  sugar  maple  (Acer  saccharinum).  It  has  been 
taken  for  several  consecutive  years  at  Schoharie,  frequently,  on  a 
fence  beneath  a  row  of  maples,  during  the  latter  part  of  July. 

Some  examples  of  the  larvae  entered  the  ground  for  pupation  on 
the  9th  of  August. 

Tolype  velleda  (Stoll). 

Larva  at  maturity,  two  and  three-fourth  inches  long,  four-tenths  of 
an  inch  broad,  exclusive  of  lateral  fringes.  Head  small  and  flat,  and 
nearly  concealed  beneath  the  two  projecting  tufts  of  the  first  seg- 
ments. Body  of  a  bluish-gray  color  above,  with  numerous  faint 
paler  longitudinal  linings;  on  the  third  segment,  superiorly,  a  black 
band,  which  is  more  conspicuous  when  the  caterpillar  is  in  motion ; 
ventrally  pale  red.  On  each  segment  above  are  two  warts,  with 
short  black  hairs,  of  which  the  two  on  the  third  segment,  anterior  to 
the  band,  are  more  elevated.  Some  short,  black  and  gray  hairs, 
scarcely  visible  without  a  lens,  are  sprinkled  over  the  body  more 
abundantly  at  the  extremities  and  on  the  sides.  The  lateral  tufts,  pro- 
ceeding from  warts  nearly  one-tenth  of  an  inch  long,  are  composed 
of  light  gray  and  a  few  black  hairs  of  unequal  lengths,  the  longest 
measuring  one-fourth  of  an  inch,  and  some  ending  in  a  fan-shaped  tip. 

When  in  repose,  both  extremities  of  the  larva  are  closely  appressed 
to  the  surface  on  which  it  rests. 

The  larva  was  taken  July  23,  1861,  feeding  on  elm.  On  its  body 
were  several  parasitic  eggs,  white,  acutely  oval,  and  flat  beneath, 
which  were  carefully  removed  with  the  point  of  a  knife-blade.  It 
did  not  eat  after  its  capture,  but  remained  nearly  motionless,  with 
but  two  or  three  changes  of  place,  until  the  26th,  when  it  spun  its 
cocoon,  an  inch  and  a  half  long  and  Very  flat,  against  the  side  of  the 
box  in  which  it  was  secured. 

The  imago,  a  female,  was  disclosed  thirty-five  days  thereafter,  on 
August  30th. 

Another  larva,  found  (in  1871)  feeding  on  the  leaves  of  a  young 
apple-tree,  made  its  cocoon  on  the  10th  of  July.  The  imago  emerged 
August  14th,  giving  it  a  pupation  of  the  same  length  as  the  preced- 
ing one. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  135 


IV.   DESCRIPTIONS  OF  THE  LARV.E  OF  SOME  NOCTDIDJB. 


Acronycta  Americana  Harris  MS. 

September  1st,  found  at  Center,  Albany  county,  N".  Y.,  resting  on 
the  upper  side  of  an  oak  leaf,  a  caterpillar  of  this  species,  differing 
in  some  particulars  from  the  description  given  in  the  Entomological 
Correspondence  of  T.  W.  Harris,  p.  313. 

Head  of  larva  dark  brown,  almost  black.  Body  black,  of  a  silky 
luster.  On  the  dorsum,  a  series  of  thirteen  subelliptical  raised  spots, 
their  transverse  length  nearly  equaling  the  diameter  of  the  body,  of 
a  pale  yellow  color,  orange  at  the  ends,  with  a  black  depressed  line 
dividing  them  on  segments  four  to  nine  and  eleven  ;  these  spots, 
with  the  exception  of  those  on  segments  two,  three,  ten  and  twelve, 
have  black  spatulate  bristles  springing  from  a  mamilliform  base  in 
the  lateral  orange  portion  of  the  spot ;  those  of  the  first  segment  pro- 
ject over  the  head  and  are  six  in  number  (three  on  each  side),  of 
which  the  two  anterior  ones  are  .13  in.  long,  and  the  four  posterior  .28 
in.  long ;  on  the  abdominal  segments  they  are  two  in  number,  .13 
in.  long;  those  on  the  eleventh  segment  measure  .16  of  an  inch, 
and  are  directed  posteriorly  nearly  in  line  with  the  body  ;  those  on 
the  terminal  segment  are  but  .06  in.  long,  and  consist  merely  of 
a  slender  stipe,  seeming  as  if  the  spatulate  tip  had  been  broken  off. 
These  dorsal  spots  have  also  two  short  bristles  anterior  to  the  spatu- 
late ones,  arid  two  additional  ones  on  the  spots  not  furnished  with 
the  spatulate  bristles.  Above  the  legs  and  prolegs  a  row  of  convex 
shining  black  crescents,  giving  out  a  few  hairs  ;  beneath,  behind  and 
above  each  stigma  is  an  elevated  glossy  black  spot,  each  with  one  or 
more  short  black  hairs. 

Length  of  the  larva  when  at  rest,  from  1.15  in.  to  1.25  in. 

The  larva  above  described  did  not  produce  its  moth,  nor  am  I  able 
to  obtain  any  information  of  it  from  any  of  my  correspondents  with 
whom  I  have  communicated  in  relation  to  it.  Mr.  F.  G.  Sanborn, 
from  whom  was  obtained  the  example  figured  by  Packard,*  informs 
me  that  the  larva  has  been  familiar  to  him  for  some  years,  but  that 

*  Guide  to  the  Study  of  Insects,  p.  305,  f.  236. 


136         TWENTY- SIXTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 

he  has  not  been  able  to  rear  it  to  the  imago.  Mr.  L.  Trouvelot 
writes  me  that  he  had  taken  the  larva  several  times,  but  had  never 
been  able  to  raise  the  imago.  On  one  occasion  he  had  found  it  in 
August,  fully  developed,  on  a  willow  bush  growing  on  a  stream,  in 
the  White  Mountains.  Mr.  Packard  states  (loc.  cit.)  that  it  "is 
figured  in  the  Harris  Correspondence  as  Acronycta  acrisf  var. 
Americana,"  but  I  do  not  find  any  reference  to  it  in  the  Corres- 
pondence as  acris.  As  the  imago  was  bred  by  Harris  (he  states 
that  it  appeared  June  28th),  it  may  possibly  be  identified  in  the 
Harris  collection.*  It  may,  therefore,  be  presumed  to  have  been 
correctly  referred  generically,  for  although  the  larva  differs  remark- 
ably from  all  other  known  American  forms  of  Acronycta,  yet  we 
may  recall  the  great  diversity  existing  among  the  European  Acro- 
onyctas  in  their  forms  and  especially  in  their  garniture,  perhaps 
exceeding  that  in  any  other  genus.  Some  of  these  are  described 
as  having  a  few  short,  isolated,  fine  hairs;  some  have  quite  long 
soft,  silky  hairs  covering  the  entire  surface;  in  others  the  body  is 
adorned  with  long  diverging  pencils,  and  others  present  short,  stiff, 
brush-like  tufts.  Guenee  says  of  ligustri  and  brumosa,  "on  ne 
compte  plus  qu'un  seul  poil,  et  ce  poil  est  chez  I'alni,  renfle  a 
Pextremite  en  maniere  de  rame  ou  de  massue."  The  hair  mentioned 
in  the  last  species  is  probably  very  similar  to  those  which  character- 
ize the  Americana  Harr.  MS.,  which  I  have  designated  as  bristles, 
although  (from  memory)  they  are  flattened  and  lack  rigidity. 

This  species  should  not  be  confounded  with  Apatela  Americana 
of  Harris,  which  is  Acronycta  hastulifera  (Sm.-Abb.)  Guen.,  an 
entirely  different  insect. 

*  I  have  since  received  a  communication  from  Mr.  Sanborn,  in  which  he  writes 
me  as  follows : 

"  I  visited  Boston  yesterday,  and  hunted  up  the  species  of  Acronycta  about  which 
you  inquire.  It  is  in  the  Harris  cabinet,  together  with  its  puparium,  numbered  287 
(new  No).  I  cannot  describe  it  from  memory  sufficiently  well  to  enable  you,  in  all 
probability,  to  identify  it ;  but  if  you  take  an  A.  occidentalis  Grote,  and  suffuse  very 
darkly  the  inner  third  of  the  fore-wings,  and  deepen  the  tints  of  the  costal  spots, 
you  will  have  a  fair  idea  of  it.  It  is  totally  unlike  the  Americana.  It  reminds 
one  also  of  the  figure  of  Microccdia  mnnula  Grote,  in  the  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil. ,  vol. 
II,  pi.  9  [now  Acronycta  mnnula  Grote  ;  Bui.  Buf.  Soc.  Nat.  Sci.,  I,  p.  78]." 

The  above  comparisons  of  Mr.  Sanborn  should  give  a  good  idea  of  the  imago,  but 
I  am  unable  to  refer  it  to  any  species  with  which  I  am  acquainted.  Now  that  the 
preservation  of  the  Harris  specimen  of  the  bred  imago  is  known,  we  shall  be  able  to 
ascertain  what  it  is,  although  not  in  season,  I  regret,  for  the  present  publication. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  137 

The  larva  has  also  been  taken  at  Schoharie,  N".  Y.,  September  9th, 
feeding  on  hickory,  and  by  Mr.  Meske,  at  Sharon  Springs,  N.  Y., 
feeding  on  beech  (Fayus  ferruginea). 

Acronycta  morula  Gr.-R6b. 

The  larva  of  this  species  was  taken  at  Schoharie,  N.  Y.,  Septem- 
ber 26th,  at  rest,^  on  some  threads  spun  over  a  scar  on  the  trunk 
of  a  young  apple  tree,  in  which  position,  from  its  colors  and  mark- 
ings, it  could  scarcely  be  distinguished  from  the  bark.  Length 
(mature)  one  inch  and  a  half.  Head  black  on  the  sides  and  top,  and 
whitish  in  front,  appressed  to  the  stem  when  at  rest.  Body  light 
brown,  with  a  pale  brown  median  line  between  two  dark  brown 
stripes  which,  on  the  middle  of  each  segment,  curve  outwardly  around 
a  wart;  on  the  fourth,  seventh  and  eleventh  segments  these  warts 
are  larger  and  are  bordered  without  with  black ;  the  lateral  rows  of 
tubercles  are  pale  brown,  with  white  hairs  radiating  from  them ;  the 
hairs  of  the  two  lower  rows  are  long,  as  are  those  which  project  over 
the  head ;  the  dorsal  hairs,  especially  those  on  the  warts,  are  short, 
appearing  as  if  closely  trimmed;  above,  and  running  backward  from 
each  stigma,  is  a  dark  brown  dash ;  whitish  dots,  each  bearing  a  hair, 
are  sprinkled  over  the  body.  Legs  black  ;  prolegs  greenish. 

The  habit  of  the  caterpillar  seems  to  be  to  rest  on  the  bark  during 
the  day,  after  the  manner  of  the  Catocalas,  feeding  only  at  night. 

It  spun  a  thin  cocoon,  on  the  20th  of  September,  in  an  angle  of  a 
box  beneath  some  pieces  of  bark.  The  imago  emerged  June  7th, 
(1861). 

Ceramica  picta  (Harris). 

Head  small,  rounded,  pale  red.  Body  conspicuously  marked  with 
three  broad  black  stripes ;  the  dorsal  one  is  velvety  black,  with  mar- 
ginal indentations,  two  of  which,  near  the  posterior  portion  of  each 
segment,  are  larger  than  the  others;  within  the  stripe,  on  the  crown 
of  the  segment,  are  small,  white,  transversely  oval  spots,  arranged  in 
a  square  of  four,  or  with  one  or  two  obsolete  ;  between  this  stripe  and 
the  lateral  one  is  a  narrow  stripe  of  gamboge-yellow.  The  lateral 
stripe  is  broad,  with  numerous  transverse  white  markings,  appearing 
blue  by  contrast  with  the  black,  breaking  it  into  lines  resembling 
IVNW,  etc. ;  a  regularity  is  traceable  in  these  characters,  for  exam- 
ple, the  stigmata  of  the  central  segments  are  situated  in  a  semi-oval 
black  spot  in  the  base  of  a  V  character,  followed  by  another  V  and 


138          TWENTY-SIXTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 

preceded  by  an  inverted  one  (A).  On  each  side  of  the  above  stripe 
is  a  narrow  gamboge-yellow  one,  of  which  the  superior  has  a  setiferous 
black  spot  within  it  near  the  hinder  part  of  the  segments,  and  the 
inferior  one  a  corresponding  spot  but  smaller,  and  a  few  others  in  its 
lower  margin.  Beneath  this,  a  white  stripe  mottled  with  black  spots 
and  lines,  among  which  is  a  black  spot  beneath  a  broad  V  over  each 
proleg,  and  another  nearly  as  large  over  the  base  of  the  anterior  leg 
of  the  V.  Legs  and  ventral  region  tawny-red.  Length  at  maturity 
two  inehes. 

Entered  the  ground  October  12th  (1859)  for  pupation.  In  1857 
the  larvae  were  found  abundantly,  feeding  on  turnip.  About  thirty 
were  collected  for  rearing,  but  although  they  were  carefully  supplied 
with  fresh  leaves,  they  all  died  in  their  larval  stage.  In  1868  (Sep- 
tember 19th)  they  occurred  very  abundantly  at  Schoharie,  in  a  field 
of  cut  buckwheat,  from  which  hundreds  could  have  been  easily  col- 
lected. They  were  also  found  resting  on  willows  and  on  various 
shrubs  bordering  the  field. 

The  larva  in  confinement  has  been  observed  to  eat  with  great 
rapidity  and  to  rest  frequently  from  feeding.  It  increases  rapidly 
in  size.  Its  peculiar  markings  and  bright  contrasting  colors  make  it 
one  of  our  most  beautiful  caterpillars. 

Cucullia  convexipennis  Gr.-Eob. 

Larva  feeding  on  the  leaves  of  the  golden  rod  (Solidago  Canaden- 
sis\  nearly  full-grown,  measuring  one  inch  and  a  half  in  length ; 
ground  color  of  the  body  shining  black;  on  the  first  segment,  a 
small  black  hump,  in  which  are  four  short  white  marks  and  two 
white  dots  and  a  conspicuous  oblong  red  mark ;  on  the  eleventh  seg- 
ment a  larger  black  hurnp,  and  between  the  two  a  brick-red  dorsal 
stripe ;  from  the  hump,  extending  over  the  anal  segment,  black, 
inclosing  one  red  and  eight  small  white  spots.  On  the  sides  a  broad 
yellow  stripe,  shading  into  white  on  its  borders,  and  broken  trans- 
versely by  black  lines  into  markings  like  the  Roman  letters  NMIVW. 
Within  the  lower  portion  of  this  stripe  are  the  stigmata,  each  resting 
on  a  black  character  running  upward  into  a  point  and  bearing  at  its 
apex  a  short  black  hair;  a  few  other  short  hairs  may  be  seen  with  a 
glass  at  several  points  on  the  body.  Below  the  yellow  band,  on  the 
substigmatal  fold,  is  a  narrow  red  stripe,  of  a  darker  shade  than  the 
dorsal  one ;  above  the  yellow  band  are  four  delicate  blue  lateral  lines, 
of  which  the  lower  one  is  not  continuous.  The  ventral  region  is 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  139 

yellow,    divided  in    stripes   by  black  lines   and   markings;  whitish 
medially.     Legs  black. 

The  caterpillar  is  a  very  active  feeder,  eating  at  first  the  leaves, 
and  subsequently,  when  nearly  mature,  the  blossoms.  It  enters  the 
ground  for  pupation,  where  it  constructs  an  earth  cocoon,  the  grains 
of  which  are  spun  together  with  silk,  similar  to  that  of  C.  intermedia.* 
The  imago  escapes  from  its  cocoon  through  a  round  opening  made  at 
one  end.  It  is  very  alert  in  the  breeding  cage,  rendering  it  difficult 
to  pin  it  without  the  aid  of  chloroform.  It  has  been  captured  by 
Mr.  Meske,  at  Sharon  Springs,  N.  Y.,  on  the  21st  of  July. 

Several  of  the  larvse  were  collected  at  Schoharie,  in  1857,  nearly 
mature,  in  the  early  part  of  October  ;  taken  also  September  8th,  1859 ; 
and  also  September  1st,  nearly  full  grown,  feeding  on  the  blossoms 
of  Solidago  Canadensis,  and  in  1873,  on  the  same  food-plant,  in 
Albany. 

Cucullia  asteroides  Gueme. 

Head  subrotund,  flattened  in  front,  green  (shade  of  leaf  of  food- 
plant),  with  paler  green  reticulations ;  clypeus  bordered  with  green- 
ish-white, and  a  lateral  curved  spot  of  the  same  color  in  which  are 
the  five  ocelli ;  labrum  and  palpi  pale  green  ;  a  few  short  white  hairs. 

Body  subcylindrical,  tapering  moderately  at  the  extremities, 
smooth,  shining,  with  minute  white  hairs  visible  with  a  lens  in  the 
usual  locations;  conspicuously  striped  in  green  and  yellow,  as  fol- 
lows :  ground  color  green ;  a  broad  dorsal  stripe  of  bright  yellow 
extending  from  the  head  to  the  anus,  and  a  somewhat  narrower  sub- 
stigmatal  one  of  duller  yellow,  approaching  orange,  margined  beneath 
with  white ;  on  the  sides  are  five  green  stripes  defined  by  six  black 
lines,  of  which  the  stigmatal  line  is  interrupted  at  and  near  the 
incisures,  and  so  inflated  upon  the  stigmata  as  sometimes  to  coalesce 
with  the  corresponding  portions  of  the  suprastigmatal  black  line  ;  of 
the  five  green  stripes,  the  second  and  fourth  are  of  a  yellow-green 
shade,  the  first  (subdorsal)  of  a  deep  green,  and  the  third  and  fifth 
of  a  paler  hue.  Ventral  region  with  a  median  line  of  greenish-white, 
having  two  yellow-green  lines  on  each  side. 

Legs  andprolegs  green,  the  terminal  pair  long  and  extending  back- 
ward. Stigmata  white,  acutely  elliptical,  having  their  inferior  half 
lying  within  the  yellow  substigmatal  stripe. 

*  Twenty-third  Report  on  the  N.  T.  State  Cabinet,  1873,  p.  214. 


140         TWENTY-SIXTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 

Length  of  larva  at  maturity  two  inches ;  diameter  .22  of  an  inch. 
Taken  at  Albany,  September  1st,  feeding  on  Solidago. 

Another  larva,  taken  on  the  same  food -plant,  September  24th,  was, 
in  all  probability,  the  same  species,  although  presenting  a  marked 
difference  in  appearance  from  the  one  above  described.  The  two 
superior  lateral  stripes  were  in  this  nearly  black,  especially  on  the 
abdominal  segments,  apparently  resulting  from  the  thickening  of  the 
bordering  lines  and  the  extension  of  the  interior  ones  over  most  of 
the  green  ground. 

The  larva,  when  captured,  was  found  to  have  attached  to  its  sur- 
face a  black  oval  parasitic  egg-shell.  It  fed  sparingly  for  several 
days,  when  it  died,  and  was  transferred  to  alcohol  and  placed  in  the 
State  Museum  collections. 

Catocala sp? 

Larva  taken  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  resting  on  the  trunk  of  horse 
chestnut,  June  6th.  Length  2.25  inches,  diameter  on  eighth  seg- 
ment .35  in.,  elongated,  attenuated  at  the  extremities,  quite  flat 
beneath  when  resting  on  a  plane  surface,  bearing  dorsally  near  the 
posterior  margin  of  the  eighth  segment  a  moderately  elevated  broad 
wart  directed  backward,  and  having  the  posterior  margin  of  the 
eleventh  segment  slightly  raised  and  projecting  backward  in  a  hood- 
like  form ;  the  following  demi-segment  has  also  its  margin  simi- 
larly projecting,  but  in  a  less  degree.  Head  .15  of  an  inch  in 
diameter,  subquadrangular,  flattened,  slightly  bilobed,  gray  with 
lighter  mottlings,  surrounded  laterally  with  a  black  band,  which  passes 
over  the  vertex  and  anterior  to  the  eyes ;  the  anterior  portion  of  each 
lobe  paler,  projecting,  bearing  each  two  black  points  giving  out  a 
short  black  hair ;  a  similar  point  on  the  cheek  behind  the  band,  and 
four  microscopic  ones  on  the  paler  bordering  of  the  clypeus ;  clypeus 
depressed,  nearly  half  the  length  of  the  head,  slightly  rounded  at  the 
apex,  with  a  brown  medial  line,  and  (under  a  magnifier)  six  papillae 
bearing  each  a  short  white  hair ;  in  front  of  the  eyes  two  larger  black 
papillae  with  white  hairs,  and  also  some  smaller  ones  behind  the  eyes  ; 
on  each  side  of  the  apex  of  the  clypeus  is  a  conspicuous  transversely 
elongated  black  spot.  The  collar  bears  superiorly  a  double  row  of 
four  pale  papillae  with  black  hairs. 

Body  with  a  few  short  white  hairs  laterally  and  a  line  of  fleshy 
filaments  ranging  with  the  legs.  At  rest,  the  second  and  third  seg- 
ments are  closely  wrinkled,  while  segments  four  to  ten  are  wrinkled 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  141 

only  on  their  posterior  half.  Ground  color  pale  gra}r,  with  brown 
markings.  Vascular  line  composed  of  brown  dots.  Subdorsal  line 
brown,  with  its  margins  darker  brown,  the  darker  shade  of  which,  on 
the  posterior  wrinkles  of  the  segments,  presents  a  maculate  appear- 
ance. Laterally  are  irregular  linings  of  brown  dots,  interrupted  on 
the  fourth  segment,  giving  to  that  ring  a  whitish  appearance  by  con- 
trast. Trapezoidal  spots  (of  Guenee)  inconspicuous  but  discernible 
with  a  magnifier.  Stigmata  moderately  oval,  annulated  with  brown. 
Legs  long,  white,  striped  with  pale  brown,  bearing  a  few  white  hairs. 
Frolegs  long,  gray;  those  of  the  eighth  and  ninth  segments  with  a 
fuscous  longitudinal  line,  and  with  a  black  line  on  the  crown  of  each 
planta.  Anal  shield  with  a  transverse  row  of  four  setiferous  papillae 
anteriorly,  and  four  on  its  posterior  curve,  margined  below  with 
black.  Ventral  region  conspicuously  marked  with  a  subelliptical 
black  spot  of  about  one-half  the  diameter  of  the  body,  on  the  posterior 
portion  of  each  segment. 

The  larva  was  apparently  full  grown  when  captured.  It  refused 
the  food  which  was  offered  it,  not  even  tasting  of  the  leaves,  and  died 
without  undergoing  transformation. 

As  so  small  a  number  of  the  larvae  of  our  numerous  species  of 
Catocalas  have  been  described,  the  above  description  is  presented  in 
the  hope  that  it  may  be  identified  by  some  collector. 


142         TWENTY-SIXTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 


V.   NOTES  ON  SOME  NEW  YORK  BOMBYCIM. 


In  this  and  the  folio  wing  paper  several  notes  are  given  which  were 
made  a  number  of  years  ago,  a  few  of  which  are  accompanied  with 
their  dates.  It  is  with  hesitancy  that  some  of  these  notes,  descriptive  of 
larvae,  are  presented.  They  are  not  offered  as  descriptions,  being  too 
incomplete  to  serve  as  such,  but  simply  as  contributions  toward  a 
knowledge  of  the  natural  history  of  our  Lepidoptera,  of  which  we 
possess,  as  yet,  so  little  information,  that  the  most  simple  fact  observed 
in  relation  to  them  can  hardly  fail  of  being  of  sufficient  value  to  entitle 
it  to  record  and  publication.  Even  if  anticipated,  its  independent 
observation  gives  it  confirmatory  value,  with  perhaps  the  additional 
value  of  its  occurrence  under  different  conditions  of  locality,  season, 
food-plant,  etc. 

Callimorpha  Lecontii  Boisd. 

Larva  feeding  on  spearmint  (Mentha  mridis).  Length  at  maturity 
one  inch  ;  tuberculated,  bearing  fascicles  of  stiff  hairs ;  dark  brown, 
with  yellow  spots.  It  made  a  cocoon  just  beneath  the  surface  of  the 
ground  July  1st,  from  which  the  moth  emerged  July  24th. 

A  number  of  the  moths  were  captured  July  28th,  beside  a  small 
stream,  in  a  ravine  where  spearmint  was  growing  abundantly. 

An  interesting  militaris  variety  of  this  moth,  a  female,  taken 
August  8th,  lacks  entirely  the  brown  dorsal  stripe  on  the  abdomen. 
The  thoracic  mesial  stripe  is  inconspicuous,  and  the  brown  costal  and 
internal  margins  and  the  two  cross  lines  of  the  primaries  is  limited 
to  lines  not  exceeding  one-twentieth  of  an  inch  in  width ;  the  spot 
resting  on  the  median  nervules  is  large. 

In  two  other  examples,  a  male  and  female,  in  lieu  of  the  abdominal 
dorsal  stripe  is  a  series  of  brown  spots  resting  on  the  anterior  margin 
of  the  segment  and  extending  three-fourths  of  its  length,  narrowing 
posteriorly  ;  the  spots  narrower  and  less  conspicuous  in  the  $  .  On 
the  secondaries,  near  their  outer  margin,  are  four  brown  spots  in  the 
$  (three  in  the  <$ )  of  which  the  largest  is  transversely  elongated, 
rests  on  the  first  median  nervule  (vein  2)  and  extends  nearly  to  the 
median  fold,  in  length  equaling  the  space  between  the  fold  and  vein 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  143 

2  ;  on  each  side  of  the  submedian,  nearer  the  margin  than  the  pre- 
ceding spot,  is  a  very  small  and  obscure  one  (in  the  $  the  one  before 
the  nerve  is  absent)  ;  resting  on  the  discal  nervure  (vein  5),  and 
wholly  within  cell  5,  is  a  small  spot,  slightly  larger  than  the  two  last 
mentioned.  The  brown  primaries  have  eight  white  spots,  surrounded 
with  brown,  except  the  apical  one  and  that  at  the  internal  angle,  in 
which  the  white  is  continued  on  the  costa  and  over  the  fringe ;  the 
two  spots  on  the  outer  margin  above  the  larger  one  at  the  internal 
angle,  are  quite  small. 

Arctia  Arge  (Drury). 

Larva  found  in  the  road,  on  a  warm  and  sunny  day  on  the  25th  of 
February. 

Color  dark  brown,  head  and  prolegs  black,  legs  tawny.  Body 
with  three  flesh-colored  stripes,  one  dorsal  and  two  lateral ;  substig- 
matal  fold  colored  as  the  stripes ;  the  hairs,  proceeding  from  tuber- 
cles, are  long,  brown  dorsally  and  tawny  laterally;  on  the  segments 
anteriorly  is  a  small  tubercle  on  each  side  of  and  near  to  the  dorsal 
stripe,  and  a  larger  one  on  the  posterior  of  the  segment  near  the  late- 
ral stripe 

The  caterpillar  fed  sparingly,  for  a  few  days,  on  a  cactus  leaf,  and 
commenced  the  spinning  of  a  slight  cocoon  on  the  1st  of  March, 
within  which  it  transformed  to  a  pupa  on  March  4th. 

The  moth  emerged  on  the  23d,  after  a  pupation  of  nineteen  days. 

Spilosoma  virginica  (Fabr.). 

Head  black.  Body  tawny-red,  darker  on  the  four  anterior  seg- 
ments ;  a  lateral  row  of  broken,  irregular  black  spots ;  a  pale  red  line 
below  the  stigmata ;  from  the  tubercles  long  hairs  proceed  (the 
longest  of  which  measure  three-fourths  of  an  inch)  which  are  black 
on  the  first  and  second  segment  and  on  the  sides  of  the  two  follow- 
ing, and  red  over  the  central  and  posterior  portion  of  the  body. 
Stigmata  white.  Exterior  basal  portion  of  legs  black,  the  remainder 
red. 

In  another  example,  the  hairs  were  yellow,  the  dorsal  ones 
approaching  to  red ;  the  body  yellow,  darker  superiorly  above  the 
lateral  maculated  stripe ;  incisures  superiorly,  dusky.  Head  red. 
(Schoharie,  1859.) 

An  interesting  sexual  characteristic  observable  in  the  male  of  this 
species  and  in  S.  acrea,  but  not  in  S.  latipennis,  is  the  process  given 
off  by  the  subcostal  nervure  for  the  support  of  the  frenulum,  clothed 


144         TWENTY-SIXTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 

with  Hack  scales,  and  connected  with  a  broader  black  spot  resting  on 
the  costa. 

Spilosoma  latipennis  Stretch. 

This  species  is  described  and  figured  by  Mr.  Stretch,*  "  from  one 
imperfect  broken  $  (wanting  the  body)  received  from  Mr.  James 
Angus,  of  West  Farms,  N.  Y.,  without  any  definite  locality  attached 
to  the  specimen." 

Its  description  (loc.  cit.)  is  as  follows :  "  ?  ,  white.  Head,  thorax 
and  patagia  white.  Eyes  black.  Palpi  brownish,  white  beneath. 
Legs  white,  with  the  coxce  and  femora  of  the  anterior  pair  bright  pink 
inwardly ;  tibiae  and  tarsi  of  the  same  pair  black  inwardly,  white 
outwardly.  All  the  wings  are  pure  silky-white,  immaculate.  The 
costa  of  the  primaries  is  decidedly  convex  from  the  base  to  the  apex. 
Expanse  of  wings,  ?  ,  1.75  in. ;  length  of  body,  0.70  inch." 

In  the  collection  of  Mr.  O.  Meske  is  a  $  and  ?  of  this  rare  species, 
captured  at  Center,  N".  Y.,  June  19th,  1872.  They  show  the  follow- 
ing features  in  addition  to  those  above  mentioned :  The  antennae  are 
white  above,  black  beneath,  and  with  black  pectinations  of  about  the 
same  length  as  in  S.  virgmica.  Compared  with  that  species,  the 
wings  are  thinner  scaled  ;  the  thoracic  hairs  are  longer  and  finer, 
readily  floated  in  every  direction  by  the  breath,  hiding  the  patagia; 
abdomen  of  the  $  not  carinated. 

The  femora  in  these  are  not  "  bright  pink,"  but  of  a  peculiar  bright 
red  shade,  between  an  orange  and  a  vermilion  ;  the  coxae  of  the  $  of 
a  paler  red,  and  of  the  $  of  a  yellowish-red  with  brown  hairs  superi- 
orly beneath  the  head.  Palpi  of  the  $ ,  white  inwardly  and  black 
outwardly  ;  the  $  has  only  a  few  fuscous  hairs  outwardly.  Expanse 
of  wings  of  the  $  1.75  in. ;  of  the  ?  1.80  in.  Length  of  the  body  of 
the  $  .65  inch ;  of  the  ?  .60  inch. 

Mr.  Grote  informs  me  that  a  specimen  of  this  species  is  in  the  col- 
lection of  the  Buifalo  Society  of  Natural  Sciences,  which  was  captured 
in  the  vicinity  of  Buffalo. 

EuchaBtes  Oregonensis  Stretch. 

In  the  collection  of  Mr.  O.  Meske,  of  Albany,  is  an  example  of  this 
species,  a  male,  taken  on  the  wing  at  Center,  near  Albany,  on  the 
13th  of  June;  another  example,  also  a  male,  was  taken  by  him  in  the 
same  locality  May  25,  1869,  and  is  now  in  the  cabinet  of  Mr.  C.  Y. 

*  Illus.  Zyg.-Bomb.  N.  Amer.,  I,  p.  133,  pi.  6,  f.  5. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  145 

Riley.  I  have  critically  compared  the  former  with  the  description* 
of  the  type,*  and  find  it  to  agree  in  every  particular,  even  to  dimen- 
sions, so  that  there  can  be  no  doubt  of  their  identity. 

Mr.  Stretch  remarks  :  "  For  the  type  of  this  species  I  am  indebted 
to  the  kindness  of  Lord  Walsingham;  who  captured  the  single  speci- 
men above  referred  to  in  Oregon,  during  his  recent  trip  to  the 
Pacific  coast.  In  form  it  approaches  nearest  to  E.  egle,  from  which 
it  differs  not  merely  in  the  color  of  the  wings,  but  also  by  the  slen- 
derer abdomen  and  the  bright  yellow  head.  Were  it  not  for  these 
latter  differences,  it  might  be  considered  an  albino  of  E.  egle,  though 
the  typical  form  of  that  species  is  yet  unknown  from  the  Pacific 
coast." 

I  fully  concur  with  Mr.  Stretch  in  his  recognition  of  this  form,  as 
distinct  from  E.  egle.  In  addition  to  other  important  differences,  in 
both  of  these  eastern  examples,  the  long,  slender,  cylindrical  abdomen 
is  in  marked  contrast  with  the  short  (from  A  in.  to  .5  in.),  thick  and 
conical  form  observed  in  the  male  of  E.  egle. 

Of  the  albino  form  of  E.  egle,  referred  to  by  Dr.  Packard  f  and 
Mr.  Riley,  f  and  accepted  by  Mr.  Stretch  upon  the  testimony  of 
"  eastern  entomologists,"  I  have  no  knowledge.  I  believe  that  all 
such  examples  of  ua  white  variety,"  will,  on  critical  examination, 
resolve  themselves  into  E.  eollaris  (Fitch),  or  E.  Oregonensis. 

In  consideration  of  this  new  habitat  of  Oregonensis,  the  name 
selected  for  it  proves  to  be  an  unfortunate  one;  it  also  presents  an 
argument  against  the  derivation  of  specific  names  of  insects  from  the 
locality  of  their  first  observation,  especially  while  so  small  a  portion 
of  our  continent  has  been  thoroughly  explored, §  our  knowledge  of 
geographical  distribution  so  very  limited,  and  the  necessary  compari- 
son of  our  fauna  with  that  of  Europe  not  yet  made.|| 

*2ttu8.  Zyg.-Bomb.  N.  Amer.,  1872-3, 1,  p.  187,  pi.  8,  fig.  7  3. 

f  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  1864,  III,  p.  108. 

\  Third  Rep.  Ins.  Mo.,  1871,  p.  133. 

§  In  a  recent  paper  on  the  Phalsenidae  of  California,  in  which  thirty-three  new 
species  are  described,  ten  of  the  number  bear  the  name  of  Calif  or  niaria.  or  Califor- 
niata.  It  is  hardly  possible  that  all  of  these  species  will  prove  to  be  peculiar  to  that 
State  or  even  to  the  Pacific  slope,  for  more  extended  observations  are  continually 
showing  us  the  identity  of  many  of  the  species  of  the  Pacific  coast  with  those  of  the 
Atlantic  States. 

I  The  species  described  not  long  since  as  Depressaria  Ontariella  from  Canadian 
examples,  proves  not  only  to  be  a  common  species  in  the  State  of  New  York,  but 
identical  with  the  Tinea  lieradeana  of  Europe,  described  by  De  Geer  more  than  a 
century  ago. 

10 


1 46          TWENTY-SIXTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 

r  I  shall  be  conferring  a  favor  upon  such  entomologists  as  may  not 
have  seen  thfe  admirable  work  of  Mr.  Stretch,  *  above  referred  to, 
in  commending  it  to  their  notice.  Its  design  is  "  to  furnish  good 
colored  illustrations  of  all  the  species  of  Zygsenidae  and  Bombycidae 
found  in  North  America,  north  of  the  Mexican  boundary,  with 
accompanying  letter-press,  in  which  it  is  intended  to  embrace  every- 
thing of  interest  in  relation  to  each  species,  which  may  have  appeared 
in  print,  with  such  additional  information  as  may  be  secured  by  the 
author  from  original  sources." 

The  work  is  in  course  of  publication,  appearing  in  parts,  of  which 
about  one-third  of  the  contemplated  number  are  now  before  the  public, 
as  will  be  seen  from  the  transcript  of  its  title-page  herewith  given. 
Yolume  I  contains  242  pages  octavo  of  letter-press,  and  ten  plates, 
numbering  167  figures.  Depicting,  as  they  do,  the  two  families  in 
which  are  comprised  the  most  beautiful  forms,  the  greatest  variety  of 
pattern,  the  most  artistic  effects,  and  the  richest  coloring  of  our  entire 
insect  fauna,  the  plates  are  particularly  attractive.  The  coloring,  so 
far  as  we  have  the  means  of  comparison,  is  very  good,  for  the  tempta- 
tion to  exaggeration,  for  the  sake  of  effect,  is  not  found  in  the  mate- 
rial under  representation. 

The  number  of  new  species  contained  in  this  volume  (twenty-six), 
the  large  number  which  are  for  the  first  time  figured,  and  the  very 
great  convenience  of  a  compilation,  in  a  single  work,  of  all  that  is  at 
the  present  known  of  these  interesting  families,  will  render  it  indis- 
pensable to  all  who  are  engaged  in  the  study  of  our  American  moths. 

Enchaetes  collaris  (Fitch). 

A  single  example  of  this  species  has  been  taken  by  me  at  Center, 
]S".  Y.,  and  is  now  in  my  collection,  but  without  the  date  of  its  cap- 
ture. It  is  a  $  ,  having  an  expanse  of  wings  of  1.62  in. ;  length  of 
body  AS  in.  It  has  also  been  received  by  Mr.  Meske  from  Mr.  E.  L. 
Graef,  of  Brooklyn,  L.  I.,  labelled  as  Spilosoma  ful/vicosta,  and 
reported  as  abundant  in  the  neighborhood  of  Brooklyn. 

This  is  undoubtedly  the  species  which  has  been,  by  some,  regarded 
as  an  albino  form  of  E.  egle.  Mr.  Stretch  states  f  that  "  specimens, 
differing  in  nothing  but  somewhat  inferior  size  [compared  with  the 
example  described  and  figured  by  him],  were  forwarded  from  Penn- 

*  Illustrations  of  the  Zygmnidce  and  Bombycidm  of  North  America,  by  RICHARD  H. 
STRETCH,  Vol.  I,  Part  1  to  9.     [San  Francisco,  Cal.]    July,  1872,  to  Dec.,  1873. 
f  Illus.  Zyg.-Bomb.  N.  Amer.,  I,  p.  188,  pi.  8,  f.  5, 


A' . Y  7 '()  MOL  0  GICA  L    CONTRIB  UTIONS.  147 

sylvania  by  H.  Strecker,  Esq.,  in  response  to  a  request  for  the  white 
variety  of  E.  egle" 

According  to  Dr.  Packard,  *  "  From  the  same  brood  of  larvae  Mr. 
Shurtleff  has  raised  both  the  typical  form  [of  E.  egle]  and  a  white 
variety,  which  agrees  well  with  Dr.  Fitch's  description  of  Ilyphantria, 
ooUa/ris" 

If  it  were  shown,  as  it  is  not,  that  the  variety  raised  by  Mr.  Shurt- 
leff was  identical  with  the  H.  collaris  of  Fitch,  still  it  would  fail  to 
prove  specific  identity  of  the  two  forms  ;  before  this  could  be  established 
it  would  remain  to  be  shown  that  the  "  brood  of  larvae,"  from  which 
they  were  obtained,  was  the  product  of  a  single  deposition  of  eggs. 
In  the  event,  which  may  be  presumed  frequently  to  occur,  of  two 
broods  of  congeneric  larvae  feeding  simultaneously  on  the  same  plant, 
the  two  might  very  easily  become  intermingled,  and  the  liability  to 
mingle  would  be  increased  in  species  closely  resembling  one  another. 
Two  such  instances  of  association  of  larvae  of  different  species,  which 
would  seem  to  be  explicable  only  through  mistaken  recognition  of  one 
another,  have  come  under  my  observation,  as  follows : 

In  September,  of  1869,  I  collected  from  a  poplar  (Populus  tremu- 
loides)  at  Bath,  N.  Y.,  two  folded  leaves  filled  with  Ichthyura  larvae, 
to  the  number,  probably,  of  sixty.  From  these  I  obtained,  the  fol- 
lowing spring,  nearly  that  number  of  Ichthyura  inclusa  Hlibn., 
together  with  a  single  example  of  Ichthyura  vau  (Fitch),  a  species 
which  I  had  not  previously  met  with,  but  which  Dr.  Fitch  represents 
as  being  more  frequently  taken  in  his  vicinity  than  either  albosigma 
or  Americana  [inclusa'].  It  is  quite  different  from  inclusa,  and  the 
two  have  not,  I  believe,  been  suspected  of  being  the  same. 

In  the  other  parallel  instance,  a  group  of  perhaps  fifty  full  grown 
larvae  of  Clisiocampa  sylvatica  Harr.,  was  observed  at  rest  on  the 
trunk  of  a  maple  tree  in  the  door-yard  of  my  residence  at  Schoharie, 
and  scattered  among  them  were  several  of  the  larvae  of  C.  Americana 
Harr.  At  this  time,  numbers  of  this  latter  species  were  traveling 
about  on  fences,  walks  and  buildings,  preparatory  to  their  pupation. 
From  a  company  like  either  of  the  above,  of  forms  with  which  we 
were  not  familiar,  distinct  species  might  be  presented  to  us,  with  a 
claim  for  specific  identity  resting  on  the  plausible  ground  of  having 
been  reared  "  from  the  same  brood  of  larvae." 

I  learn  from  Mr.  C.  Y.  Riley,  that  he  has  recently  been  breeding 
E.  collaris  from  the  larva,  and  that  he  finds  it  to  be  very  distinct 

*  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Pliil,  1864,  III,  p.  130. 


148          TWENTY- SIXTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 

from  E.  egle.     His  observations  on  the  species  will  be  given  in  his 
forthcoming  (sixth)  Annual  Report. 

Halisidota  caryae  (Harris). 

The  cocoons  of  this  moth  were  found  at  Schoharie,  N".  Y.,  during 
the  fall  of  1856.  in  large  numbers,  attached  to  the  under-surfaces  of 
stones,  which  had  been  thrown  together  in  a  pile  extending  for  sev- 
eral rods  along  the  borders  of  a  wood.  A  thousand  could  easily  have 
been  secured  in  a  few  minutes  of  time.  From  one  stone  twenty-three 
cocoons  were  taken,  from  an  area  of  about  five  by  eight  inches,  of 
which  fifteen  were  clustered  in  a  space  of  fifteen  square  inches. 

The  cocoons  were  kept  in  a  warmed  room.  An  ichneumon  emerged 
December  2d,  and  the  first  imago  December  15th.  A  few  only  of 
the  cocoons  were  ichneumonized. 

Although  the  larva  of  this  species  is  not  rare,  the  moth  is  seldom 
taken  by  the  collector.  The  exposed  habitat  of  the  cocoon,  beneath 
stones,  usually  ensures  its  destruction  during  the  winter  months  from 
some  of  the  many  predaceous  enemies  which  resort  to  it  for  food. 
Numbers  of  ,the  cocoons  are  met  with  in  the  spring,  in  localities 
where  the  larvae  abound,  with  an  opening  through  the  sides,  and  the 
debris  of  the  pupa  within.  One  that  has  survived  the  perils  of  its 
hybernation  beneath  a  stone  or  piece  of  wood  is  of  very  rare  occur- 
rence. 

Orgyia  leucostigma  (Sm.-Abb.). 

A  female  imago  of  this  species  had  emerged,  August  4th,  within  its 
breeding  cage  standing  in  a  large  apartment  about  ten  feet  from  an 
open  door.  At  dusk  (half-past  seven  o'clock)  males  commenced  to 
fly  in  the  room,  and  precipitate  themselves  against  the  gauze  front 
of  the  cage,  moving  in  every  direction  over  its  surface  with  legs, 
wings  and  antennae  in  rapid  motion,  in  a  persistent  effort  to  force  an 
entrance  in  the  cage.  Several  attempted  to  enter  through  the  small 
crevice  left  by  the  imperfectly  fitting  door  at  the  rear  of  the  cage. 
Three  or  four  moths  were  often  on  the  gauze  at  the  same  time,  whence 
they  could  be  plucked  with  the  thumb  and  finger.  During  the  hour 
that  this  exhibition  continued,  forty  moths  were  taken  and  pinned, 
•from  at  least  a  hundred  that  entered  the  room. 

The  larvae  had  been  more  abundant  than  usual  during  the  season 
(of  1861,>t  Schoharie). 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  149 

Empretia  stimulea  Clem. 

On  the  30th  of  August,  two  of  the  larvae  were  received  from  Peeks- 
kill,  N.  Y.,  where  they  were  taken  feeding  on  Indian  corn.  Septem- 
ber 1st,  one  of  the  larvae  spun  up  in  its  cocoon  beneath  a  leaf. 

The  cocoon  is  oval  in  form,  of  a  reddish-brown  color,  of  a  parch- 
ment-like texture,  and  measures  .32  in.  by  .5  in.  The  imago  was  not 
obtained. 

My  efforts  to  rear  the  Cochlidiinae  have  been  attended  with  nearly 
as  many  failures  as  with  the  Ptilodontinae.  Mr.  Meske  has  been  quite 
successful  in  rearing  these  and  many  species  usually  regarded  as  quite 
difficult  to  mature,  by  the  aid  of  a  uniform  supply  of  moisture  during 
the  period  of  pupation.  The  pupae  are  placed  on  the  surface  of  the 
ground,  half  filling  a  box,  and  covered  with  an  inch  or  two  of  light 
moss.  On  the  moss  are  laid  strips  of  bibulous  paper  (ordinary  blot- 
ting-paper is  suitable),  which,  being  dipped  daily  in  water,  supply 
the  requisite  quantity  of  moisture  to  keep  the  moss  and  ground  in  a 
moderately  damp  state,  during  the  winter  months,  in  a  cool  apart- 
ment. Later  in  the  spring,  with  an  increased  evaporation,  a  second 
dipping  of  the  paper  during  the  day  is  required. 


Phobetron  pithecium  (S 

A  larva  taken  at  Bath,  near  Albany,  feeding  on  hazel  (Corylus 
Americana).  On  September  16th,  it  spun  its  cocoon  fastened  to  a 
twig  on  which  it  had  been  feeding,  inserted  in  some  damp  sand,  on 
the  surface  of  which  the  cocoon  rested.  The  cocoon  is  of  an  elliptical 
form,  slightly-flattened  on  the  sides,  and  measures  three-tenths  of  an 
inch  by  four-tenths.  Its  exterior  was  wholly  covered  with  grains  of 
sand,  and  in  its  upper  portion  were  interwoven  some  of  the  peculiar 
curved  lateral  appendages  which  impart  so  singular  an  aspect  .to  the 
larva.  A  good  representation  of  the  larva  may  be  found  in  the 
American  Entomologist,  vol.  II,  p.  25. 

Another  larva  was  brought  to  me  on  September  9th,  feeding  on 
pear  leaves.  It  made  its  cocoon  between  two  leaves  September  12th. 

The  larva  is  recorded  as  feeding  also  on  apple,  plum,  cherry,  wild 
cherry,  Siberian  crab,  white  and  red  oak. 

Litliacodes  fasciola  (Iler.-Sch.}  Pack. 

Eight  of  the  larvae  were  taken  during  the  early  part  of  September, 
feeding  on  the  leaves  of  a  young  plum-tree,  three  feet  in  height. 


150         TWENTY- SIXTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 

They  were  of  a  uniform  green  color,  and  without  hairs  or  spines. 
Their  small,  oval,  brown  cocoons  were  spun  between  leaves. 

A  male  and  a  female  imago  emerged  on  the  llth  of  May.  They 
were  found  hanging  from  the  top  of  the  box  inclosing  them,  with 
the  body  curved  upward  toward  the  head,  so  that  the  tip  was  directed 
perpendicularly  to  the  surface  on  which  they  rested.  This  peculiar 
posture,  frequently  observed  also  in  Asopiafaririalis,  did  not  appear 
to  be  owing  to  the  inverted  position  on  the  box  cover,  for,  on  turning 
it  carefully  over  in  different  directions  without  alarming  the  moth, 
no  change  of  posture  occurred. 

The  imago  has  been  taken  at  Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  on  July  3d, 
attracted  by  lights. 

Nadata  gibfoosa  (Sm.-Abb.). 

Larva  found  on  the  ground  ;  feeds  on  maple.  Length  at  maturity 
1.75  in. ;  diameter  .35  in. 

Head  large,  flattened  in  front,  a  shade  of  green  darker  than 
FIG.  s.  the  body,  ocelli  black ;  mandibles 

yellow,  with  black  on  their  inner 
edge.  Body  grass-green  yentrally 
'~'  and  laterally,  and  greenish-white 
dorsally  ;  with  paler  granulations ;  smooth,  segments  rounded,  and 
incisnres  deep ;  laterally  a  line  of  transversely  elongate  whitish  spots. 
Anal  shield  rounded  and  yellow  bordered.  The  larva  is  represented 
in  Fig.  8. 

Its  pupation  commenced  September  20th,  beneath  a  leaf  fastened  by 
some  threads  to  the  ground.  The  imago  emerged  June  1st.  It  is 
quite  rare  in  this  vicinity. 

The  following  note  probably  refers  to  another  example  of  the  same 
species : 

Caterpillar  taken  on  a  fence  under  a  row  of  maples,  October  20th ; 
length  one  inch.  Head  apple-green,  with  yellow  mandibles.  Body 
yellow-green,  with  a  yellow  stripe  on  the  side,  and  transverse  inter- 
rupted markings  of  the  same  color.  Anal  plate  apple-green,  semi- 
elliptical,  with  yellow  dots  and  border.  Legs  apple-green. 

The  head  of  the  larva  was  abnormally  large,  perhaps  from  having 
recently  molted,  or  possibly  from  parasitic  attack.  The  season  was 
too  far  advanced  to  permit  of  its  being  supplied  with  proper  food, 
and  it  did  not  mature. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  151 

Notodonta—         -? 

Found,  September  19,  1868,  at  Schoharie,  feeding  on  willow,  a 
remarkable  looking  larva,  a  figure  of  which  is  annexed.  (Fig.  9.) 
The  first  horn-like  projection  is  on  the  third  segment,  the  second  and 
longest  on  the  fourth  segment,  the  large  bifid  hump  on  the  eighth 
segment,  and  a  terminal  one  on  the  eleventh  Fl°-  9- 

segment.  The  markings  of  the  larva  are  ex- 
ceedingly delicate  in  whitish  and  various  shades 
of  brown,  finely  reticulated.  The  long  flexible 
horn  of  the  fourth  segment  is  capable  of  considerable  motion,  and  is 
sometimes  directed  backward.  The  terminal  segments  are  at  times 
carried  in  an  elevated  position.  When  at  rest,  Flo  10 

the  central  segments  are  contracted  as  repre- 
sented in  the  figure,  and  its  head  and  anterior 
segments  are  turned  sideways.  When  extended 
in  feeding  it  presents  the  appearance  shown  in 
outline  in  Fig.  10. 

I  have  met  with  the  larva  on  this  occasion  only.  Without  taking 
a  description  of  it,  I  forwarded  it  to  Prof.  Glover,  of  the  Agricultural 
Department  at  Washington,  for  figuring  and  description,  and  was 
informed  by  him  that  he  had  seen  a  single  example  of  it,  and  had 
already  given  a  representation  of  it  in  one  of  his  plates.  The  imago 
was  unknown  to  him. 

Edema  albifrons  (Sm.-Abb.). 

Late  in  November,  twelve  naked  pupae  of  this  species  were  found 
lying  in  a  cluster  on  some  leaves  beneath  a  stone.  Kept  in  a  warm 
room,  the  moths  emerged  between  January  9th  and  February  llth, 
all  during  the  night  time. 

The  larva  is  described  in  the  Harris  Correspondence,  p.  304. 

Centra  borealis  (Boisd.}. 

Mature  larva  feeding  on  willow,  September  llth,  represented  in 
Fig.  11.  Head  small,  red.  Body  apple-green,  red  dorsally  from  the 
fourth  segment  backward,  reaching  FIG 

nearly  halfway  down   the  side  on 
the  sixth  segment,  and  after  a  con- 
traction expanding  to  the  stigmata 
on   segment   seven,   and   thence   contracting    posteriorly ;    the   red 
margined  below  with  yellow.     Anal  extremity  forked,  and  extensible 


152         TWENTY-SIXTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 

at  pleasure  in  two  long  slender  tail-like  projections,  annulated  with 
red  and  green,  and  at  their  greatest  extension  disclosing  a  white  ring. 

Some  young  larvae,  collected  August  22d  on  willow,  apparently 
prior  to  their  first  molting,  were  found  quite  delicate  to  rear. 
Although  furnished  with  fresh  leaves  twice  a  day,  only  one  was 
matured  by  inclosing  in  its  box  the  end  of  a  twig  of  a  growing  plant. 
The  larva  is  of  slow  growth,  requiring  about  six  weeks  for  it  to 
mature. 

The  larva  makes  a  flattened  cocoon,  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long, 
and  quite  firm  in  its  texture,  from  the  quantity  of  sawdust-like  bits 
which  it  gnaws  from  the  wood  upon  which  its  cocoon  is  placed  and 
weaves  together  with  its  thread,  excavating  the  wood,  in  some  instan- 
ces, to  the  depth  of  a  tenth  of  an  inch.  Composed  almost  wholly  of 
the  gnawed  material,  and  but  slightly  elevated  above  the  surface,  it  is 
very  liable  to  escape  observation. 

When  engaged  in  the  construction  of  its  cocoon,  the  larva  is  very 
active,  moving  its  head  with  remarkable  rapidity.  A  cocoon  was 
made  August  22d,  and  two  others  September  1st. 

Within  a  warmed  room  the  imago  has  emerged  April  1st  and 
April  7th. 

Telea  Polyphemus  (Linn.). 

A  female  which  mated  June  18th-19th,  deposited  three  hundred 
and  fifteen  eggs  on  the  19th.  Of  these,  two  hundred  and  seventy- 
eight  produced  their  larvae  June  29th ;  fifteen  died  in  the  act  of 
emerging  from  the  shell ;  seventeen  containing  larvae  died  within  the 
shell,  not  fully  developed,  and  five  were  probably  unfertilized. 

The  eggs  are  round  as  seen  from  above,  quite  flattened  on  the 
upper  and  lower  surfaces,  white,  with  an  intermediate  brown  band  .04 
in.  broad,  on  which  at  two  opposite  sides  is  a  small  elongated  white 
spot,  and  sometimes,  between  the  two,  an  obscure  whitish  line. 

From  another  bred  example  of  the  moth,  two  hundred  and  thirty- 
three  eggs  were  deposited,  and  twelve  additional  were  found  within 
the  abdomen,  making  two  hundred  and  forty-five  in  all.  The  moth 
was  somewhat  dwarfed  from  its  artificial  feeding. 

Actias  Luna  (Linn.). 

As  an  illustration  of  the  occasional  extraordinary  abundance,  for  a 
single  season,  of  some  of  our  usually  rare  insects,  the  following  state- 
ment, made  to  me  by  Mr.  Otto  Meske,  is  worthy  of  record : 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  153 

At  about  the  commencement  of  his  entomological  studies,  in  1864 
or  1865,  and  not  long  after  his  arrival  in  this  country,  a  fine  specimen 
of  the  above  moth  was  brought  to  him  by  a  friend  who  had  captured 
it  at  Sharon  Springs,  N.  Y.,  where  any  desired  number  of  the  same, 
it  was  stated,  could  be  collected.  Charmed  with  the  beauty  of  the 
ufair  empress  of  the  night,"  now  for  the  first  time  seen  by  him,  and 
desirous  of  procuring  other  examples  for  himself  and  for  his  European 
friends,  as  soon  thereafter  as  his  engagements  permitted,  he  hastened  to 
Sharon  Springs.  The  day  following  his  arrival  there,  he  visited  the 
hickory  groves  in  the  vicinity  where  the  moth  was  represented  as 
occurring.  The  season  had  too  far  advanced,  by  several  weeks, 
(August)  for  the  moth ;  but  on  almost  every  tree,  pendant,  fruit-like, 
from  the  lower  branches,  on  leaves  drawn  downward  by  their  heavy 
burden,  were  found  one  or  more  of  the  caterpillars — in  their  matured 
garb  of  transparent  green  enameled  in  dots  of  silver  and  pearl,  so 
beautiful  to  the  lepidopterist,  and  not  unattractive  to  the  unscientific 
eye.  Sixty-four  of  the  larvae — the  utmost  capacity  of  his  collecting 
case — were  carried  to  his  hotel,  as  a  portion  of  the  trophies  of  the 
morning  ramble. 

Cocoons  were  obtained  from  the  entire  number;  for  a  readines  to 
spin  themselves  up  at  any  time,  after  their  fourth  molting,  under  the 
slightest  provocation  of  a  temporary  withdrawal  or  an  inferior  supply 
of  food,  is  a  characteristic  of  the  species  (as  has  also  been  observed  by 
European  entomologists  of  Aglia  tau] ;  from  this  habit  undoubtedly 
results  the  frequency  with  which  crippled  specimens  of  the  moth  are 
met  with  when  artificially  reared. 

The  following  spring  when  the  moths  emerged,  while  they  were 
hanging  in  profusion  from  curtains  and  from  the  walls  about  him, 
Mr.  Meske  proposed  to  Dr.  Speyer,  of  Germany,  with  whom  he  was 
in  correspondence,  to  send  to  him  such  a  number  of  the  cocoons  as 
would  serve  to  test  the  practicability  of  the  acclimatization  of  the 
species  in  Germany  ;  not  doubting  but  that  the  ensuing  season  would 
be  equally  prolific  with  the  preceding.  Dr.  Speyer  was  delighted  in 
the  prospect  of  so  beautiful  an  addition  to  the  insect  fauna  of  Europe, 
and  expressed  himself  as  impatient  to  undertake  the  experiment. 
From  that  period  to  the  present,  although  Mr.  Meske  has  passed 
each  intervening  summer  at  Sharon,  and  brought  from  that  superior 
collecting  ground  most  valuable  entomological  contributions,  not 
over  a  half  dozen  of  the  cocoons  have  been  sent  to  Germany,  toward 
the  fulfillment  of  his  promise ;  and  in  a  letter  lately  received  from 


154         TWENTY- SIXTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 

Dr.  Speyer,  after  an  enumeration  of  scores  of  our  American  Lepidop- 
tera,  of  which  he  needs  no  more  examples  either  for  his  cabinet  or 
for  study,  he  reminds  Mr.  Meske  that  his  cabinet  is  still  deficient  in 
a  perfect  female  Luna. 

Hemileuca  Maia  (Drury). 

A  crippled  imago  emerged  July  8th,  1872,  being  the  first  from  a 
small  number  of  larvae  carried  to  pupation  the  previous  year.  The 
usual  white  band  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  primaries  was  inter- 
rupted in  the  middle;  beneath  it  was  continuous  and  broader  than 
above.  Upon  opening  its  abdomen,  one  hundred  and  fifty-two  eggs 
were  obtained  therefrom,  of  a  uniform  reddish-brown  color. 

On  the  17th  of  July  a  second  one  (a  male)  emerged.  September 
7th,  a  third  was  observed  just  as  it  escaped  from  its  puparium.  It  not 
being  convenient  to  entrust  it  to  the  care  of  any  one,  and  desirous  of 
securing  it  in  a  perfect  condition,  I  removed  it,  with  the  utmost  care, 
to  a  small  box,  which  I  carried  in  my  hand  to  the  railroad  train  for 
which  I  was  on  the  point  of  leaving.  While  in  the  cars,  the  box  was 
held  in  position  to  subject  it  to  as  little  motion  as  possible.  When 
examined  in  the  evening,  after  a  three  hours'  ride,  the  moth  was 
found  with  its  wings  dried  but  entirely  unexpanded,  and  with  its 
abdomen  retaining  the  elongate  form  and  sutural  extension  with 
which  it  emerged  from  the  puparium.  The  motion  of  the  cars  had 
caused  an  entire  arrest  of  its  last  stage  of  development. 

I  am  informed  by  Dr.  Hagen  that  this  species  was  quite  common, 
in  1872,  at  Detroit,  Mich.,  and  in  Maine,  where  the  caterpillar  was 
observed  feeding  on  Spiraea  salicifolia,  as  noticed  by  Prof.  S.  Smith, 
at  Norway,  Me.,  in  1865.  In  Massachusetts  it  was  not  rare  in  its 
occurrence. 

Gastropacha  Americana  Harris. 

Larva  feeding  on  birch  (Betula  lento),  August  18th,  nearly  mature, 
measuring  two  inches  in  length. 

Body  slate-gray,  mottled  with  black,  beneath  flattened  and  green- 
ish ;  on  the  sides,  beneath  the  stigmata,  a  series  of  tufts  of  reddish 
hairs,  three-sixteenths  of  an  inch  long ;  on  the  incisure  of  the  second 
and  third  segments,  a  scarlet  band  superiorly,  divided  by  a  black  line 
and  black  at  the  ends,  only  observed  when  the  larva  is  extended  or 
in  motion ;  on  the  first  segment,  two  small  tubercles  on  each  side, 
and  one  on  each  side  of  the  following  segments ;  from  the  tubercles 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  155 

are  given  out  tufts  of  gray  hairs  mingled  with  white  ones  which  are 
clavate  at  the  tip  ;  the  lateral  fringe  with  numerous  gray  clavate  hairs. 

Legs  black ;  prolegs  ash-color,  with  a  black  spot  between  each  pair. 

The  caterpillar  made  its  slight  cocoon  between  two  leaves,  envelop- 
ing it  in  a  wool -like  substance.  Another  example,  occurring  on 
maple,  spun  up  between  some  leaves  on  September  12th. 

It  is  quite  liable  to  parasitic  attack.  A  pupa  which  did  not  develop, 
was  opened,  and  found  to  contain  the  puparia  of  nine  Tachinse. 

Clisiocampa  Americana  (Fair.). 

Some  larvae  of  this  species  which  made  their  cocoons  on  the  6th  of 
June,  completed  their  transformation  and  appeared  as  moths  on 
July  6th. 

Young  larvae  have  been  observed,  just  disclosed  from  the  egg-belt 
on  the  18th  of  April. 

(ZYGJENIDJE.) 
Ctenucha  virginica  (Charp.). 

Larva  taken  on  grass,  upon  which  it  may  be  presumed  to  feed,  as 
it  has  also  been  found  thereon  by  Dr.  Packard,  in  Maine.  Head 
large,  shining  black.  Body  reddish-brown  dorsally,  darker  shaded 
on  the  incisures,  black  laterally,  with  two  light  cream-colored  stripes 
on  each  side;  its  short,  brush-like  fascicles  of  hairs  proceeding  from 
tubercles  and  nearly  covering  the  body,  are  black  on  the  back,  and 
dusky  and  black  intermingled  on  the  extremities  and  sides  ;  inter- 
mediate ones  (?)  ochre-yellow. 

An  imago  was  obtained  June  4th  from  a  cocoon  found  a  few  days 
previously,  attached  to  the  leaves  of  a  cedar  seedling,  about  two 
inches  above  the  ground. 

The  cocoon  is  oval,  .75  in.  in  length,  composed  of  the  hairs  of  the 
caterpillar,  which  are  gray  and  black,  and  about  one-fourth  of  an  inch 
long,  and,  under  a  lens,  show  distinct  feathering.  Through  the  hairs 
could  be  seen  the  inclosed  dark  brown  pupa. 

The  moth  has  frequently  been  observed  in  a  grove  of  pines  and 
cedars  at  Schoharie,  in  1859.  It  is  not  readily  alarmed  when  at  rest, 
and  its  flight  is  slow  and  steady,  permitting  its  easy  capture.  It 
was  unusually  abundant  in  1861,  at  the  same  locality,  being  fre- 
quently seen  about  dwellings  and  in  gardens.  On  the  23d  of  June 
numbers  were  observed  in  a  ravine,  beside  a  brook  bordered  with 
deciduous  trees. 


156          TWENTY-SIXTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 


Scepsis  fulvicollis 

Two  males  and  two  females  of  this  usually  rare  species  were  col- 
lected at  Bethlehem,  Albany  county,  on  September  14th,  1870,  rest- 
ing on  or  flying  about  the  blossoms  of  Solidago  at  mid-day. 

This  accords  with  an  observation  of  Doubleday  :  *  "  I  took  it  in 
September,  in  Illinois,  on  flowers,  especially  on  the  different  species 
of  Solidago,  flying  by  day."  He  also  adds,  "  I  took  it  in  Florida  by 
night  ;  for  they  used  to  fly  to  my  lamp.  I  do  not  remember  to  have 
taken  one  by  day  there." 

I  have  only  taken  the  species  (and  its  allies)  by  day,  and  I  know  of 
no  other  instance  of  its  capture  at  lights. 

A  perfectly  fresh  specimen  was  taken  at  Schoharie  (the  only 
instance,  during  several  years,  that  it  came  under  my  notice  there), 
resting  on  a  window  pane  within  a  room  which  it  had  entered 
through  an  open  door. 

I  have  previously  noticed  the  attractiveness  of  the  Solidago  to 
Lycomorpha  pholus  (Drnry),f  six  individuals  having  been  observed 
by  me  regaling  themselves  on  the  blossoms  of  a  single  plant,  while  a 
hundred  or  more  could  have  been  collected  at  the  time  from  the  same 
locality  (a  hill-side  at  Schoharie,  August  16,  1859).  Melsheimer  states 
that  the  larva  of  this  species  is  found  on  the  lichens  growing  on  the 
trunks  of  hickory  trees.  ^*\ 

*  Entomological  Correspondence  of  T.  W.  Harris,  1869,  p.  122. 

f  Twenty-third  Ann.  Rep.  on  the  N.  T.  St.  Cab.  N.  H.,  1873,  p.  193. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  157 


VI.  NOTES  ON  SOME  NEW  YORK  NOCTUID.fi,  ETC. 


Diphtera  deridens  Guenee. 

Larva  resembling  an  Arctia  in  form,  somewhat  narrowed  ante- 
riorly and  broadest  toward  the  posterior  segments,  as  represented  in 
Fig.  12.  Head  white,  with  black  markings  as  seen  at  a.  Body 
white,  segments  rounded,  smooth,  FIG.  12. 

but  from  the  points  where  in  an 
Arctia  the  tubercles  are  located, 
soft  white  hairs,  one-fourth  of  an 
inch  long,  radiate,  as  fine  as  the 
finest  silk  spun  by  caterpillars,  which  curve  at  their  tips  and  inter- 
lace, entirely  enveloping  the  body.  Length  at  maturity,  1.25  in. ; 
diameter  at  broadest  portion,  .25  in. 

On  September  4th,  it  made  an  oval  cocoon,  of  uniform  texture 
throughout,  of  fine  silk. 

On  the  10th,  it  had  undergone  its  pupal  change;  the  dark-brown 
pupa  could  be  distinctly  seen  through  the  delicate  cocoon. 

The  imago  was  disclosed  May  25th  (1862). 

Acronycta  Americana  Harris  MS. 

Since  the  printing  of  the  notes  on  this  species,  on  page  135  of 
this  Report,  I  have  been  permitted  to  see  colored  figures  of  the  larva 
and  imago  of  Acronycta  alni  Linn.  The  larva,  in  its  ground  color, 
dorsal  series  of  yellow7  spots,  shape  and  comparative  length  of  bristles 
etc.,  represents  our  larva  so  well,  that,  at  the  first  glance,  it  might  be 
taken  for  an  accurate  representation  of  it.  It  has  the  four  long  and 
two  short  bristles  on  the  first  segment,  with  none  on  the  following" 
two  segments,  as  in  ours.  The  single  bristle  shown  in  the  figure  on 
segments  ten  and  eleven  and  the  three  on  segment  twelve,  are  pro- 
bably inaccuracies  of  delineation  through  carelessness  of  the  artist, 
as  evidently  are  the  placing  of  a  bristle  on  each  of  the  incisures  of 
the  sixth  segment,  and  the  location  of  several  of  the  bristles  else- 
where than  in  the  lateral  portions  of  the  spots.  The  spots  are  shown 
as  being  marked  with  a  number  of  irregular  black  lines,  like  Chaldaic 
letters,  unlike  the  single,  transverse,  impressed  line  in  our  larva.  In 


158          TWENTY- SIXTH  REP  OUT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 

the  accompanying  text  the  larva  is  said  to  be  rare,  and  to  feed  on 
oak,  willow  and  wild  plum. 

The  imago  is  represented  of  the  size  and  shape  of  wings  of  A.  psi 
figured  beside  it  (with  which  our  A.  occidentalis  Grote  was  for  a 
long  time  confounded),  the  discal  spots  are  more  deeply  marked,  and 
the  inner  third  of  the  primaries  is  brown,  conforming  in  these  parti- 
culars to  the  features  indicated  by  Mr.  Sanborn,  as  noticed  in  the 
Harris  specimen.  Other  marked  features  are,  the  brown  of  the 
internal  margin  continued  as  a  median  band  across  the  wings,  sepa- 
rating the  discal  spots,  and  a  distinctly  defined  brown  border  on  the 
white  secondaries. 

A.,  alni  is  figured  in  Wood's  Catalogue  of  the  Lepidoptera  of  Great 
Britain,  pi.  14,  fig.  314;  and  following  it,  as  fig.  315,  is  A.  psi. 

From  the  above,  I  think  it  highly  probable  that  our  species  will 
prove  to  be  identical  with  A.  alni  of  Europe;  if  not  the  same,  it  is 
certainly  very  closely  allied  to  it. 

The  figure  of  Aerony  eta  funeralis  Gr.-Rob.  (Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Pliil., 
vi,  pi.  3,  f.  8),  resembles  very  closely  that  of  A.  alni  above  referred 
to,  differing  mainly  in  the  diffused  border  of  its  inferiors,  their  fringe 
cut  with  black  instead  of  simply  dotted,  and  in  the  absence  of  the 
submarginal  black  streak  of  the  superiors  behind  the  cell.  Mr,  Grote 
informs  me  that  he  has  seen  A.  alni,  and  that  A.  funeralis  and  also 
A.  connecta  Gr.  (Bull.  Buff.  Soc.  Nat.  Sci.*  I,  p.  79)  resemble  it.* 

Acronycta  hastulifera  (Sm.-Abb.\ 

Larva  feeding  on  horse-chestnut ;  two  inches  long,  covered  with 
gray  or  light  red  hairs.  Body  cream-color,  with  two  dark  interrupted 
stripes  on  each  side,  and  two  on  the  back.  Head,  feet,  anal  seg- 

*To  the  kindness  of  Mr.  Sanborn  I  am  again  indebted  for  a  second  visit  made  by 
him  to  the  Boston  Soc.  of  Nat.  Hist.,  in  compliance  with  my  request  for  a  critical 
comparison  of  the  Harris  specimen  of  "  A.  Americana "  with  the  description  and 
figure  of  A.  funeralis  Gr.-Rob.,  and  for  information  just  received  from  him,  that  the 
two  are,  without  doubt,  the  same  species. 

Now  that  both  the  larval  and  perfect  stages  of  A.  funeralis  are  described  and 
figured,  a  satisfactory  comparison  may  be  made  with  A.  alni,  to  determine  the  ques- 
tion of  their  identity  which  has  arisen  from  the  marked  resemblance  in  the  repre- 
sentations of  their  unique  larvae. 

The  habitat  of  A.  funeralis  is  evidently  quite  an  extended  one.  The  larva  has 
been  taken  by  Mr.  C.  V.  Riley,  at  Portland,  Me.,  on  elm  ( Ulmus  Americana),  and  by 
Prof.  Bessey,  as  Mr.  Riley  informs  me,  at  Ames,  Iowa.  Mr.  Grote's  type  is  from 
Ohio. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  159 

ment,  eleventh  segment  superiorly,  and  under  side  of  body,  black. 
Two  dorsal  pencils  of  black  hairs  one-third  of  an  inch  long,  on  the 
fourth  segment,  two  on  the  sixth  segment,  and  one  on  the  eleventh; 
the  pencils  have  a  black  spot  at  their  base. 

Another  larva  feeding  on  the  linden  (Tilici  Americana)  had  the 
bod^y  pale  green,  with  yellowish  hairs  dorsally  and  white  laterally. 

When  confined  in  a  box,  the  larva  spins  a  firm  cocoon  in  one  of 
the  angles,  in  which  it  interweaves  bits  of  the  material  bitten  from 
the  space  inclosed  by  the  cocoon. 

Harris  describes  the  cocoon  (Apatela  Americana,  in  Insects  of 
New  England,  second  edition,  p.  338)  as  having  "the  half-oval  web 
of  silk,  intermixed  with  the  hairs  of  its  body."  'Of  six  cocoons  con- 
structed by  larvse  collected  by  me,  only  one  contained  intermixed 
hairs. 

The  female  moth  has  the  upper  surface  of  the  wings  darker,  and 
the  under  surface  less  shining  than  in  the  other  sex. 

Acronycta  oblinata  (Sm.-Abb.). 

Larva  feeding  on  the  blossoms  of  smart-weed  (Polygonumpunctatum 
Elliot),  September  15th.  Length  one  inch  and  one-fourth.  Velvety 
black,  with  a  tawny  red  substigmatal  stripe.  Segments  with  tuber- 
cles, from  which  clusters  of  short  hairs  radiate,  which  are  red  on  the 
upper  part  of  the  first  four  and  last  two  segments,  and  white  on  the 
intermediate  ones;  from  the  tubercles  on  the  terminal  segment,  long 
hairs  proceed.  Stigmata  white. 

Spun  a  cocoon  between  some  leaves  which  it  drew  together. 

« 
Agrotis  tricosa  nov.  sp. 

I  have  for  some  time  had  set  apart  in  my  collection,  three  distinct 
forms  of  "  Agrotis  subgothica  Haworth."  Now  that  Mr.  Grote,  in 
correction  of  some  former  determinations,  has  recently  pointed  out, 
beyond  question,  the  true  Agrotis  subgothica,  and  shown  it  to  be 
the  species  redescribed  by  Guenee  as  A.  jaculifera,  and  has  also 
described  as  A.  herilis  a  second  form  which  Guenee  had  regarded 
as  a  variety  of  the  former  (var.  B,  not  A),  it  only  remains  in  order 
to  clear  up  the  confusion  so  long  existing  among  these  forms,  to 
indicate  the  third  species,  whioh  is  easily  to  be  distinguished  from 
the  other  two. 

A.  tricosa  is  between  subgothica  and  herilis,  approaching  nearer 
to  the  former  in  its  antennal  pectinations,  the  general  coloring  of  its 


160         TWENTY-  SIXTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 

primaries,  the  pale  subcostal  nervure  with  brown  linings,  and  in  the 
form,  color  and  marking  of  its  orbicular.  In  size  and  in  the  dark 
coloring  of  its  secondaries  it  is  nearer  to  herilis. 

It  is  readily  distinguished  from  subgothica  by  its  smoky-brown 
secondaries,  broadly  dark  outwardly  and  paling  gradually  inwardly, 
in  marked  contrast  with  the  distinctly  brown-bordered  white  wings 
of  that  species,  especially  in  the  $  .  It  has  not  the  red  reniform  of 
subgothica. 

Its  most  prominent  differential  features,  compared  with  A.  herilis, 
are  the  following:  While  the  antennal  structure  is  the  same  in  the 
three  species,  in  this  the  pectinations  are  stronger  than  in  herilis. 
Both  the  subcostal  and  median  nervures  are  pale  gray,  bordered  with 
brown  lines.  The  orbicular  is  concolorous  with  these  nervures,  more 
broadly  open  above,  almost  or  completely  uniting  superiorly  with 
the  reniform,  and  with  an  interior  brown  line  forming  nearly  a  tri- 
angle, in  continuation  of  the  two  lines  bordering  the  subcostal;  in 
herilis  the  orbicular  is  less  open,  approaching  a  U,  and  in  some 
instances  contracted  above  into  a  suborbicular  form,  and  separated 
by  some  space  from  the  reniform.  It  also  differs  from  herilis  in  the 
acute  extension  of  the  internal  tooth  of  the  anterior  median  line,  con- 
necting with  or  nearly  approaching  the  posterior  median  ;  in  the 
interspaceal  forked  black  rays  behind  the  cell  and  between  the  median 
nervules;  in  the  greater  distance  of  the  posterior  median  line  from 
the  reniform  ;  in  its  less  distinctly  marked  posterior  median  line  (in 
herilis  usually  continuous  and  composed  of  interspaceal  crescents);  in 
its  paler  subterminal  region  ;  in  its  better  defined  subtertninal  line 
preceded  by  sagittate  spots  ;  in  the  distinct  marginal  black  crescents 
interspaceally  ;  in  its  paler  costal  region  and  general  dark  brown 
shade  of  the  wing,  instead  of  blackish  ;  in  its  paler  tegulae,  and  collar 
less  prominently  marked  with  a  transverse  black  line. 


Material  under  examination  in  the  above  comparisons  ;  A. 
gothica,  17  $  's,  12  $  's  ;  A.  tricosa,  9  $  's,  5  ?  's  ;  A.  herilis,  14  $  's, 

5  ?  's. 

Measurements  of  the  expanse  of  wings  of  the  three  species  give 
the  following  results  : 

Average.  Min.  Max. 

A.  subgothica  ......     10  spec.    1.55  in.     1.37  in.     1.62  in. 

A.  tricosa  .........       9     "       1.70  1.61  1.81 

A.  herilis  .  14     «       1.60  1.37  1.69 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  161 

A.  tricosa  appears  to  be  as  abundant  as  it  allies  in  this  portion  of 
the  State,  appearing  contemporaneously  with  them.  We  have  no 
knowledge  of  its  occurrence,  or  of  herilis,  in  England,  where  proba- 
bly subgothica  was  alone  introduced  from  this  country.  Dr.  Boisdu- 
val  reports  A.jaculifera  (sulgolhica  ?}  among  California  collections. 

The  following  is  the  synonymy  of  the  above  species : 

Agrotis  subgothica  Ilaworth.    Lepidop.  Britan.,  1810,  Part  — . 

A.  subgothica  Stephens.    Illus.  Brit.  Ent.,  1829.     Haust.  II,  p.  25,  pi.  22,  f.  3. 

A.  subgothica  Wood.     Illus.  Cat.  Lep.  Ins.  Gr.  Brit.,  1833-8,  p.  36,  pi.  9,  f.  149. 

A.  jaculifera  Guenee.     Spec.  Gen.  Lep.,  1852,  V.  p.  262,  pi.  5,  f.  4. 

A.  subgothica  Fitch.     lst-2d  Rep.  Ins.  N.  Y.,  1856,  p.  314,  pi.  3,  f.  1. 

A.  jaculifera  Kiley.    1st  Rep.  Ins.  Mo.,  1869,  p.  82,  pi.  1,  f.  11. 

A.  subgothica  Grote :  in  Bui.  Buf.  Soc.  Nat.  Sci.,  1873,  I,  p.  99. 

Agrotis  tricosa  nov.  sp. 

A.    jaculifera  var.  A.     Guenee  Spec.  Gen.  Lep.,  1852,  V.  p.  262. 

A.    subgothica  Riley.     1st  Rep.  Ins.  Mo.,  1869,  pp.  81-2,  f.  29  b  (not  a). 

A.    subgolhica  Packard.     Guide  Stud.  Ins.,  1869,  p.  306,  f.  238  (right  hand  fig.). 

Agrotis  herilis  Grote. 

A.    jaculifera  var.  B.    Guenee.  Spec.  Gen.  Lep.,  1852,  V,  p.  262. 
A.    herilis  Grote :  in  Bui.  Buf.  Soc.  Nat.  Sci. ,  1873,  I.  p.  99. 

Hadena  lignicolor  (Guen.)  Grote. 

A  larva  of  this  species  was  found  lying  in  a  cell  beneath  a  stone, 
on  the  18th  of  May.  It  changed  to  a  pupa  during  the  night.  The 
imago  emerged  June  29th. 

A  number  of  examples  of  the  moth  have  been  taken  by  me,  but  I 
have  never  known  it  to  occur  abundantly. 

Hadena  adjuncta  (Boisd.)  Grote. 

Caterpillar  feeding  on  blossoms  of  golden  rod  (Solidago  Canadensis). 
Length  one  inch  and  one-fourth.  Body  pale  apple-green  ;  a  narrow 
vascular  stripe  bordered  by  darker  green  lines;  on  each  segment 
superiorly,  a  semicircular  dark -green  line,  concave  anteriorly  ;  fourth, 
fifth  and  eleventh  segments,  marked  with  olive-green,  the  last  seg- 
ment elevated  in  a  hump;  a  pale  green  stigmatal  line,  giving  off 
diagonally  a  line  to  the  back  of  each  proleg. 

Buried  in  the  ground  for  pupation,  and  made  a  cell  just  beneath 
the  surface.  Imago  emerged  April  2d.  When  disturbed,  drops  upon 
its  back  and  lies  motionless  for  several  minutes.  Schoharie,  1857. 

Cucullia  florea  Guen. 

Through  the  kindness  of  Mr.  A.  K.  Grote,  of  Buffalo,  I  have  had 
the  privilege  of  examining  a  Cucullia,  which  he  regards  as  the  above 
11 


162          TWENTY-SIXTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 

species.  It  is,  unfortunately,  in  quite  poor  condition,  having  lost 
many  of  its  scales,  its  fringes  and  its  wings  somewhat  injured,  etc. 
The  single  example  from  which  Guenee's  description  was  drawn,  was 
also  "  assez  mauvaise,"  and  his  diagnosis  consequently  is  quite  brief 
and  incomplete.  To  add  to  the  perplexity,  Guenee  gives  us  a  figure 
(Noctuelites^  II,  pi.  7,  f.  9)  so  entirely  at  variance  with  his  descrip- 
tion, in  coloring,  markings  and  size,  that  it  can  only  serve  to  mislead. 
The  description  (1.  c.,  p.  134)  is  as  follows :  Primaries  of  the  form 
of  the  preceding  [postera,  asteroides  and  asteris],  of  a  uniform,  deep 
bluish  ash-gray,  without  a  light  or  ferruginous  shade,  with  the  costa 
and  the  internal  border  blackish.  The  two  median  spots  very 
vague,  but  distinguishable,  surrounded  and  filled  with  blackish  spots 
(groupes).  Tooth  of  the  internal  border  single,  concolored,  followed 
by  an  internal  shade,  surmounted  itself  by  a  straight  blackish  line. 
Extrabasilar  line  slightly  visible,  with  rounded  angles.  Secondaries 
a  little  nacreous,  with  border  broadly  blackish,  and  with  nervures 
deeper.  40  mm. 

While  the  example  before  me  does  not  wholly  conform  to  the 
above  description,  the  differences  are  such  as  may  result  from  the 
imperfect  condition  of  the  specimen.  It  may,  therefore,  without 
much  risk  of  error,  be  accepted  as  the  florea  of  Guenee,  now  for  the 
first  time,  it  is  believed,  recognized  in  this  country.  The  following 
are  some  of  its  features  : 

The  primaries  are  bluish-gray,  giving  a  very  decided  blue  reflec- 
tion when  viewed  obliquely.  The  costal  margin  seems  as  if  it  may 
have  been  suffused  with  blackish.  The  internal  margin  is  blackish 
above  a  slender  black  line  running  from  the  basilar  curve  of  the  wing, 
to  the  outer  margin.  A  black  line,  interrupted  at  the  nervules,  rests 
on  the  outer  margin.  There  were  apparently  white  and  black  sub- 
marginal  streaks  in  the  interspaces.  The  condition  of  the  wings  does 
not  permit  the  tracing  of  the  discal  spots.  The  white  mark  (tooth) 
at  the  internal  angle  is  crescentiform,  preceded  and  followed  by 
blackish,  with  the  two  black  lines  outwardly  as  above  mentioned  by 
Guenee,  and  as  shown  in  his  figure. 

The  secondaries  are  somewhat  hyaline,  tinged  with  brown,  and 
with  a  lustrous  brown  border,  quite  narrowed  toward  the  internal 
angle,  and  at  the  apex  occupying  nearly  one-fourth  of  the  wing. 
The  veins  are  clothed  with  dark  scales. 

The  tegulse  are  gray,  with  a  few  intermingled  black  scales. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  168 

Wings  beneath,  a  lustrous  smoky-brown.  The  tuft  supporting  the 
frenulum  is  rust-red.  There  are  no  cellular  lunules,  and  the  mar- 
ginal band  of  the  secondaries  is  obsolete. 

Expanse  of  wings  1.85  in. ;  length  of  body,  .75  in.  In  the  figure 
of  Guenee,  the  alaric  expanse  is  represented  .28  in.  in  excess  of  that 
given  in  the  description  (40mm.). 

This  species  seems  to  be  the  most  rare"  of  our  Cucullias,  the  above 
example  being  the  only  one  of  which  I  have  knowledge.  C.  poster  a 
appears  to  be  nearly  as  rare.  A  single  pair  is  in  the  collection  of 
Mr.  Meske,  and,  from  their  photographs,  Mr.  Strecker  has  identified 
an  example  in  his  possession,  taken  at  Falls  of  Schuylkill,  Philadel- 
phia, Pa. 

?Chariclea  exprimens  (Walker). 

Caterpillar  feeding  on  rose  leaves ;  length  one  inch  and  one-eighth, 
head  red,  body  green  with  yellow  lateral  stripes,  along  which  a  num- 
ber of  black  spots  are  sprinkled.  On  the  first  segment,  dorsally,  are 
four  black  spots,  on  the  second  are  two,  and  on  the  terminal  (?)  seg- 
ment are  four  ;  these  are  of  a  larger  size  than  the  remaining  ones,  of 
which  there  are  four  on  each  of  the  other  segments,  forming  a  trape- 
zoid  in  which  the  two  anterior  are  considerably  nearer  the  mesial 
line  than  the  two  posterior. 

Taken  August  4th,  1859,  at  Schoharie,  and  on  the  7th  August 
changed  to  an  imperfect  pupa,  which  did  not  develop. 

It  is  believed  to  be  identical  with  other  larvae  from  which  C. 
exprimens  has  been  reared. 

Chamyris  cerintha  (Treits.). 

Frojn  a  cocoon  made  in  an  angle  of  a  box,  the  moth  emerged  May 
12th.  When  disturbed,  it  runs  rapidly  about  the  box,  without  taking 
wing.  Upon  suddenly  opening  the  box,  it  has,  in  several  instances, 
been  observed  to  drop  upon  its  back  and  lie  in  that  position,  with 
folded  limbs,  for  several  minutes,  counterfeiting  death. 

It  has  been  captured  in  the  vicinity  of  Albany,  and  by  Mr.  Meske 
at  Sharon  Springs. 

Plusia  balluca  (Hiibn.). 

A  moth  of  the  above  species  emerged  from  a  cocoon  July  6th 
(1861),  which  was  taken  about  the  20th  of  June  from  a  hop  vine. 
The  cocoon  was  attached  to  the  under  side  of  a  leaf,  arid  through  its 


164          TWENTY-SIXTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 

thin  and  loose  threads,  like  a  spider's  web,  the  white  pupa  could 
plainly  be  seen,  with  some  black  marks  on  its  back.  After  the  escape 
of  the  imago,  the  puparium  was  of  a  light  horn  color,  with  small 
black  spots  surrounding  the  stigmata  and  with  black  lines  on  the 
incisures  of  the  four  anterior  dorsal  segments,  and  with  two  black 
spots  at  the  base  of  each  wing-cover.  The  tongue-case  projected 
above  an  eighth  of  an  inch,  over  three  of  the  abdominal  segments. 
Anal  spine  short  and  straight. 

This  beautiful  moth  has  been  frequently  taken  at  Schoharie,  in 
some  seasons  not  having  been  at  all  rare. 

Plusia  seroides  Grote. 

A  moth  of  this  species  emerged  from  cocoon  July  8th  (1861).  The 
larva  was  taken  while  sweeping  some  low  plants  of  violets,  etc.  No 
description  was  made.  It  was  of  a  delicate  apple-green  color,  with- 
out hairs,  with  rather  deep  incisures.  It  is  believed  to  have  had 
some  yellow  markings  upon  it. 

Scoliopteryx  libatrix  (Linn.). 

The  moth  emerged  August  3d,  from  a  cocoon  which  had  been 
found  lightly  spun  within  a  willow  leaf.  There  are  probably  two 
annual  broods  of  this  species,  as  I  have  taken  it  in  the  early  part  of 
May. 

I  learn  from  Dr.  Speyer  that  the  brief  description  which  I  have 
given  of  the  larva  in  the  23<$  Report  on  the  State  Cabinet,  p.  695, 
corresponds  with  the  European  form,  and  that  they  agree,  also,  in 
their  habit  of  pupation. 

Catocala  parta  Guen. 

Larva  found  on  the  willow  July  7th.  It  spun  some  leaves  together, 
and  twenty-two  days  thereafter  the  moth  appeared. 


Mesographe  stramentalis  Htibn. 

Larva  measuring  from  seven  to  eight-tenths  of  an  jnch  in  length. 
Head  small,  glossy  black.  Body  spindle-shaped,  slate-colored  dor- 
sally,  dull  green  ventrally ;  on  the  dorsum  are  two  rows  of  small 
white  dots;  just  above  the  stigmata  a  broad  yellow  stripe,  and 
whitish  markings  below  the  stigmata ;  collar  glossy  black ;  several 
rows  of  black  tubercles  having  on  two  sides  of  most  of  them  a  white 
dot,  and  in  each  tubercle  a  short  black  hair. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  165 

The  larvae  occur  abundantly  on  leaves  of  the  horse-radish,  at  Scho- 
harie,  during  the  latter  part  of  October  and  first  of  November,  living 
on  the  under  surface,  and  consuming  nearly  the  entire  portion  of  the 
leaves  except  the  principal  ribs.  When  taken  in  the  hand  and  held 
loosely,  they  usually  succeed  by  their  rapid  contortions  in  dropping  to 
the  ground,  and  by  their  quick  movements  in  finding  a  hiding  place. 

I  have  not  obtained  the  imago  from  the  above  larva,  but  presume 
that  it  is  correctly  referred  in  the  Harris  Correspondence,  page  322, 
to  Pionea  eunusalis  Walker,  which,  according  to  Zeller,*  is  but  one 
of  the  forms  of  the  very  variable  Pionea  stramentalis  (Hiibn.)  Guen. 

Zeller  also  claims  that  the  genus  Mesographe  of  Hiibner  was  so  well 
defined,  that  there  was  no  propriety  in  the  erection  of  the  new  genus 
Pionea  from  it  by  Guenee,  and  that  consequently  stramentalis 
should  continue  to  be  known  as  a  Mesographe. 

The  moth  appears  to  be  as  variable  in  this  country  as  it  is  said  to 
be  in  Europe. 

If  T  of  The        Tr 

^UNJVEESITY 

Nematocampa  fllamentaria  Guenee. 

Larva  found  suspended  by  its  thread  from  a  maple  tree  (Acer  sac- 
charinum)  on  the  1st  of  July.  It  was  placed  in  a  box  with  some  leaves 
to  feed  upon,  and  on  the  4th  it  inclosed  itself  for  its  transformation, 
within  three  small  pieces  of  a  leaf  which  it  had  cut  from  the  edge, 
and  spun  together  with  a  few  silken  threads.  The  imago  emerged 
on  the  14th,  after  a  pupation  of  ten  days. 

The  larva  is  described  in  the  Harris  Entomological  Correspond- 
ence, page  322,  and  a  figure  of  the  larva  in  the  peculiar  attitude 
which  it  assumes  in  repose,  is  given  on  plate  3,  fig.  5. 

Ennomos  magnaria  Guenee. 

Larvae  feeding  on  lilac  (Syringa  vulgaris).  Slight  cocoons  were 
spun  between  leaves  August  29,  and  the  moths  appeared  September 
14th. 

In  the  Harris  Entomological  Correspondence,  page  320,  the  larva 
is  recorded  as  feeding,  in  the  months  of  August  and  September,  on 

*  Beitr'dge  zur  Renntness  der  nordamerik  Nachlfalter,  1872,  p.  75, 


166          TWENTY-SIXTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 

Amphidasys  cognataria  Guenee. 

Larva  a  looper,  with  ten  feet ;  two  inches  in  length.  Head  forked, 
light  red.  Body  with  two  brown  tubercles  on  the  first  segment; 
laterally,  on  the  eighth  segment,  two  transversely-elongate  brown 
warts;  on  the  eleventh  segment,  two  small  red  warts  on  a  brown 
patch ;  two  white  dots  near  the  anterior  portion  of  each  segment 
dorsally,  and  two  similar  ones  below  the  stigmata  of  the  eleventh 
segment. 

The  larva  feeds  on  maple.  Entered  the  ground  for  pupation  August 
llth  (1859).  The  imago  emerged  the  latter  part  of  May. 

Abraxas  ribearia  Fitch. 

Larvae  taken  on  currant  bushes,  buried  in  the  ground  for  pupation 
July  4th.  The  first  imagines  appeared  ten  days  thereafter. 


Note  on  the  Season  of  1858. 

Pyrameis  Atalanta  (Linn.)  has  been  rare,  last  year  quite  abundant. 
Pyrameis  cardui  not  observed,  but  abundant  last  year.  Pieris  olera- 
ceo,  (Harris)  has  abounded  for  two  years,  but,  previous  to  that  time, 
I  had  been  able  to  collect  but  a  single  example.  Papilio  Turnus 
has  been  unusually  numerous ;  early  in  the  season  it  was  as  frequent 
as  Colias  Philodice,  while  two  years  previous  not  one  specimen  was 
observed  throughout  the  entire  season.  Not  one  Grapta  interroga- 
tionis  has  been  seen,  and  a  very  few  of  Grapta  comma  or  G.  Progne. 
Not  a  single  specimen  of  Catocala  has  been  collected,  while  the  pre- 
vious year  several  species  were  obtained. 

Note  on  the  Season  of  1859. 

A  very  unfavorable  season  for  collections,  in  marked  contrast  with 
the  abundance  of  insect  life  the  preceding  year.  Some  of  the  most 
common  Lepidoptera  have  not  appeared  at  all,  and  others  have  only 
occasionally  been  seen.  The  following  is  a  statement  of  the  com- 
parative abundance  or  absence  of  some  of  our  Diurnals  : 

Abundant.  Few.  None. 

Colias  Philodice  . . .   Papilio  Turnus Papilio  Troilus. 

Papilio  Asterias Pieris  protodice. 

Pieris  oleracea. ....   Danais  Plexippus Argynnis  Myrina. 

Argynnis  Aphrodite. . .  Argynnis  Cybele. 

Argynnis  Bellona Grapta  in t'rogationis. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS. 


167 


Abundant.  Few.  None. 

Satyrns  Alope  . . .   Grapta  comma Grapta  J-album. 

Grapta  Progne Limenitis  misippus. 

Satyrus  Nephele.   Melitsea  tharos Limenitis  Arthernis. 

Vanessa  Milbertii Limenitis  Ursula. 

Vanessa  Antiopa Pyrameis  huntera. 

Pyrameis  Atalanta Pyrameis  cardui. 

Lycsena  comyntas Eudaums  Tityrus. 

Chrysophanus  Americana. 

But  one  Catocala  was  observed  during  the  season.  Very  few 
Noctuidffl  were  attracted  by  light  on  windows  at  night,  except  of  the 
species  of  Agrotis  subgothica,,  which  occurred  in  great  abundance. 


168          TWENTY-SIXTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 


VII.  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  NEW  SPECIES  OF  €UCULLIA. 


Cucullia  Speyeri  nov.  sp. 

Palpi  gray  beneath,  brown  above.  Front,  with  three  transverse 
rows  of  projecting  scales,  gray  at  tips  and  black  at  base.  Collar 
edged  below  with  a  sharply  defined  black  line,  pale  gray  in  front, 
with  a  paler  band  just  before  its  middle,  bordered  with  lines  of  brown 
of  which  the  posterior  is  the  broader ;  when  elevated,  the  apex  and 
hinder  part  show  brown  hairs.  Thoracic  hairs  brown.  Tegulse 
light  gray,  paler  than  the  primaries,  with  a  few  scattered  black  scales 
near  their  superior  margin  as  in  C.  asteroides  Guenee.  Abdomen 
Fl°- 13-  acutely  pointed  in  the  male  (Fig.  13), 

with  long  terminal  hairs,  and  in  the 
female  (Fig.  14)  ending  with  a  long 
flattened  tuft ;  whitish  shading  into 
gray  terminally,  more  inclined  to 
gray  in  the  female,  and  in  this  sex 
interspersed  with  brown  scales  be 
neath ;  four  brown  dorsal  tufts  of  about  the  size  of  those  of  C.  inter- 
media Speyer ;  on  the  sides  of  the  terminal  segment  of  the  female  is 
a  small  spot  of  dull  ochrey-yellow  hairs,  and  a  few  projected  from 
the  incisure  beneath.  Tibiae  concolorous  with  the  tegulse.  with  a 
"slender  black  line  superiorly. 

Primaries  straight  on  costal  margin,  rounding  to  the  apex  as  in 
the  European  luoifuga  W.-V^.,  and  more  curved  than  in  intermedia  ; 
posterior  margin  slightly  dentate,  regularly  sloping  to  the  internal 
angle  ;  interior  margin  nearly  straight;  breadth  about  equal  to  inter- 
media, exceeding  asteroides ;  narrower  and  more  acuminate  in  the 
male  than  in  the  female,  as  in  all  species  of  this  genus;  of  a  pale 

gray  color,  somewhat  darker  on 
the  costal  and  internal  margin  and 
with  a  silvery  reflection  interme- 
diately. Demi-line  indicated  by  a 
short,  very  oblique  black  streak 
resting  on  the  costa,  bordered  be- 
hind with  white  and  a  black  dot 
nearer  the  base,  above  the  subcostal  riervure.  Median  transverse 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  169 

lines  black,  relieved  in  front  by  pale  gray,  better  defined  and  more 
acutely  dentate  than  in  intermedia  •  the  anterior  line  five-toothed, 
obscurely  geminate,  the  interior  line  more  distinctly  defined  above 
the  inferior  portions  of  the  subcellular  teeth,  the  two  subdorsal  teeth 
obscure,  the  cellular  tooth  slightly  overlapping  the  orbicular  spot, 
the  medial  one  bisected  by  the  slender  black  basilar  line,  and  the 
internal  one  quite  acute ;  the  posterior  transverse  line  traceable  only 
below  the  cell,  except  as  obscurel}7  continued  in  a  whitish  zigzag 
shade  across  the  nervules,  and  marked  in  its  inception  by  a  short, 
oblique,  black  line,  followed  by  a  white  dot  resting  on  the  costa  just 
beyond  the  bifurcation  of  veins  6  and  7.  Reniform  spot  indi- 
cated only  in  its  lower  portion  by  a  black  line  proceeding  (in  the 
female)  from  near  the  origin  of  the  first  median -nervule  (vein  2), 
curving  over  veins  3  and  4  near  their  bifurcation,  and  termi- 
nating in  the  black  streak  in  cell  No.  4.  Orbicular  spot  visible  in  its 
lower  portion  as  a  short,  slightly  curved  black  line  above  the  median 
nervure,  at  the  point  of  projection  of  vein  2,  its  outline  doubtfully 
traceable  with  a  lens,  contracted  from  its  normal  quadrate  form,  as 
seen  in  C.  poster u  Guen.,*  to  that  of  a  figure  8,  being  almost  bisected 

*In  C.postera(a  $  and  ?  example),  the  "orbicular"  spot  is  quadrate,  resting  above 
and  below  on  the  subcostal  and  median  nervures,  angularly  concave  interiorly  and 
less  angularly  convex  posteriorly;  the  interior  and  posterior  margins  are  black> 
interrupted  just  above  their  middle,  appearing  as  four  short  lines;  interior  of  the 
spot  gray,  with  two  elongate  quadrangular  markings,  of  which  one  is  above  and  the 
other  below  the  cellular  fold.  In  this  species  the  "  orbicular  "  is  better  defined  than 
in  any  other  of  the  species  under  my  observation. 

In  asteroides  (three  $  's  and  three  $  's),  in  the  strongest  marked  male,  the  spot  is 
not  defined  in  outline,  but  is  represented  by  three  black  dots  beneath  the  subcostal 
and  three  above  the  median  nervure ;  four  additional  black  dots,  in  range  with  these, 
pertaining  to  the  reniform  (making  two  rows  of  five  ipots  each),  give  to  the  discal 
region  the  punctuated  appearance  observed  in  the  European  species  next  noticed. 
In  other  examples,  the  middle  one  of  the. three  lower  spots  is  wanting,  and  in  others 
the  middle  of  the  upper  ones  also  ;  this  more  frequently  in  the  female. 

In  C.  absynthii  Linn. ,  of  Europe  (one  $  ),  the  orbicular  assumes  a  very  interesting 
form,  from  which,  together  with  corresponding  characters  in  the  reniform,  it  has 
received  the  name  of  punctigera  (Berl.  Mag.,  Ill,  100),  and  la  pointilUe  by  Engramelle. 
It  is  composed  of  six  black  subquadrate  spots,  of  which  three  lie  in  a  row  beneath 
the  subcostal  and  three  above  the  median  nervure,  the  middle  spot  in  each  row  sur- 
rounded with  white  scales  which  sometimes  extend  over  a  part  or  all  of  one  or  both 
of  the  contiguous  spots. 

In  asteris  W.-V.  (three  $  's,  two  ?  's),  the  female  has  the  spot  four-punctated  and 
of  the  normal  form,  with  traces  of  the  interior  transverse  lines.  In  the  male,  the 
marginal  lines  form  the  four  oblique  sides  of  a  hexagon,  with  a  trace  of  the  superior 
transverse  interior  line  only. 


170  TWENTY-SIXTS  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 

by  the  extended  acute  cellular  tooth  of  the  anterior  median  line, 
which  in  this  species  surpasses  the  same  tooth  in  intermedia  and  its 
allies,  and  nearly  equals  that  of  chamomillce.  Nerves  and  nervules 
clothed  with  black  scales,  and  faintly  relieved  by  white  ones;  the 
latter  bordered  with  white  scales  as  they  approach  the  margin,  which 
are  continued  on  the  fringe,  extending  nearly  one-half  across  it.  In 
the  interspace  (cell  4),  below  the  disco-central  nervure  (vein  5),  a 
black  line  running  from  the  outer  margin  of  the  reniform,  half-way 
to  the  margin,  whence  its  continuation  may  be  traced,  with  a  lens, 
beneath  the  interspaceal  white  streak;  in  cells  5  and  6  are  indis- 
tinct black  streaks  beneath  the  white  streaks,  not  reaching  the  mar- 
gin ;  in  cell  No.  3,  a  short  black  streak  extending  from  outer  third  of 
interspaceal  streak  to  the  margin;  in  cell  No.  2  a  corresponding 
black  streak  but  shorter  and  broader ;  in  cell  No.  1  b,  a  black  line, 
having  a  white  streak  before  and  behind  it,  extends  from  the  mar- 
ginal termination  of  vein  2,  obliquely  to  the  median  fold,  increas- 
ing in  breadth  before  reaching  it,  where  it  runs  into  a  black  line 
resting  on  the  fold,  which  is  broadest  at  «the  point  of  contact  and 
loses  itself  just  before  reaching  the  posterior  median  band  ;  this  oblique 
line  is  more  prominent  that  in  intermedia,  lucifuga  and  umbra-tica, 
but  less  conspicuous  than  inpostera,  asteroides  and  asterisk  Terminal 
margin  with  an  obsolete  black  line,  interrupted  by  the  nervules. 

In  lucifuga  W.-V.  (one  $  ,  one  $ ),  an  arc  of  the  superior  and  another  of  the  infe- 
rior portions  of  the  margin  are  visible,  leaving  the  outline  of  the  spot  not  defined. 

In  intermedia  (four  $  's  and  four  2  's),  close  scrutiny  with  a  lens  reveals,  in  the 
more  perfect  specimens,  a  faint,  fine,  curved,  black  line  above  the  median  nervure, 
representing  the  inferior  margin  of  the  spot. 

In  umbralica  Linn,  (two  $  's  and  four  ?  's),  two  dots,  of  which  the  outer  one  is 
sometimes  elongated,  mark  the  lower  corners  of  the  spot,  risible  in  all  the  speci- 
mens. In  the  most  distinctly  marked  female,  two  oblique  lines  below  the  subcostal, 
running  the  one  outwardly  and  the  other  inwardly,  indicate  the  superior  portion  of 
the  spot. 

In  cfiamomillcB  W.-V.  (one  $  and  one  ? ),  the  spot  is  reduced  to  two  black  dots, 
one  at  each  end  of  a  pale  elongate  spot  beneath  the  subcostal. 

In  convexipennis  Gr.-Rob.  (one  $  and  two  $'s),  the  spot  is  obsolete,  having  its 
position  indicated  only  by  two  black  dots  beneath  the  subcostal  ;  a  third  dot,  and 
occasionally  a  fourth  outside  of  these,  pertain  to  the  reniform. 

In  lichnitides  Ramb.,  lichnitis  of  Guenee  (two  $  's),  are  two  black  dots  above  the 
median,  and  over  these  a  semi-elliptical  pale  spot  bordered  with  brown,  deeper  a^ 
the  ends,  lying  between  the  subcostal  and  the  cellular  fold. 

In  scroptmlariaW.-'V.  (three  $  's),  the  same  features  appear  as  in  lichnitides,  but 
not  quite  so  well  defined. 

*  The  engraver  has  omitted  these  interspaceal  black  streaks  from  the  figures,  and 
failed  to  represent  correctly  the  associated  white  ones. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  171 

Fringe  squamose,  long,  equal  in  length  to  the  space  between  veins 
2  and  3  on  the  margin ;  basal  third  brown,  and  a  narrow  brown 
line  through  its  middle ;  outer  scales  clavate,  and,  under  a  lens, 
white,  centered  with  pale  brown. 

Secondaries  abruptly  rounding  into  the  apex,  which  is  slightly 
acute,  less  so  than  in  asteroides ;  outer  margin  convex,  excavate 
between  the  subdorsal  and  median  nervules  and  prominently  angu- 
late  on  the  submedian  ;  in  the  male,  white,  hyaline,  with  a  lustrous 
brown  border,  shading  paler  from  the  margin  inwardly,  broadest 
apically  where  it  occupies  one-sixth  of  the  length  of  the  wing,  nar- 
rowing regularly  to  the  internal  angle,  and  terminating  between  the 
submedian  and  internal  nervures.  The  subdorsal  and  median  nerves 
and  nervules  with  brown  scales,  which  almost  cover  the  nervules, 
especially  in  the  subterminal  region ;  the  submedian  with  a  marginal 
spot  of  a  few  brown  scales.  Fringe  white,  with  a  few  pale  brown 
scales  on  the  superior  half  of  the  wing.  In  the  female,  wing  whitish 
(smoky-white)  basally  and  slightly  hyaline ;  border  a  lustrous  brown,  * 
of  not  quite  so  dark  a  shade  as  in  asteroides,  broader  than  in  that 
species,  about  equal  to  intermedia,  occupying  nearly  one-third  of  the 
wing  apically,  its  inner  margin  tolerably  well  defined,  and  is  con- 
tinued indistinctly  along  the  internal  nervure  nearly  to  the  base  : 
costal  region  also  shaded  with  brown  above  the  s.  c.  nervure  and 
extending  into  the  cell  in  the  basilar  region.  The  submedian  and 
its  branches  more  heavily  clothed  with  brown  scales  than  in  the  <3  . 
Fringe  white,  traversed  with  brown  in  its  superior  half. 

Beneath,  primaries  lustrous  pale  brown,  the  costa  gray  basally, 
the  $  with  ochreous  hairs  supporting  the  frenulum.  Secondaries 
without  the  discal  spot,  which  is  also  lacking  in  asteroides,  evident 
in  asteris  and  conspicuous  in  umbratica,  lucifuga  and  intermedia ; 
white  in  the  $  with  brown  scales  in  the  costal  and  apical  region  and 
a  few  on  the  terminal  margin  ;  the  terminal  and  subterminal  regions 
give  a  creamy  reflection  in  a  certain  light.  In  the  ?  ,  more  nume- 
rous brown  scales  costally,  and  with  a  lustrous  brown  border  nearly 
as  broad  and  as  prominent  as  on  the  upper  surface,  traversed  by  the 
paler  nervules. 

Expanse  of  wings  of  <$  ,  1.98  in. ;  of  ?  ,  2.07  in.  Length  of  body, 
including  anal  tuft  of  $> ,  1  in. ;  of  ?  ,  .95  in. 

I  take  pleasure  in  naming  this  species  after  Dr.  Speyer,  in  recog- 
nitibn  of  the  study  that  he  has  bestowed  on  the  perplexing  species  of 


172          TWENTY-SIXTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 

the  genus,  as  shown  in  two  excellent  articles  on  some  closely  allied 
and  for  a  long  time  confused  European  species,  published  in  the 
Stettiner  Ent.  Zeit.,  in  1858  and  1859;  also  in  his  valuable  paper 
published  in  the  same  journal  in  1870,  and  a  translation  given  in  the 
23d  Ann.  Report  on  the  N.  Y.  State  Cabinet,  but  for  which  paper 
our  intermedia  might  yet  have  been  regarded  identical  with  the  quite 
dissimilar  umbratica  of  Europe. 

The  detection  of  this  interesting  species  is  due  to  the  indefatigable 
zeal  in  collecting,  of  Mr.  Otto  Meske,  of  Albany,  and  to  his  ready 
perception  of  new  Lepidopterous  forms  or  features.  A  pair,  in  per- 
fect condition,  are  in  his  cabinet,  from  which  the  above  description 
is  drawn,  and,  as  they  are  the  only  examples  which  have  come  under 
my  observation,  it  is  probably  quite  rare.  The  female  was  taken  by 
him,  at  Albany,  on  the  6th  of  June ;  the  male  was  found  at  Sharon 
Springs,  IS".  Y.,  on  the  15th  of  August,  at  rest  upon  a  fence,  and  was 
recognized,  before  being  pinned,  as  differing  from  intermedia. 

The  description  has  been  carefully  drawn  and  extended,  perhaps,  to 
an  unusual  degree  of  minuteness,  for  the  reason  that  the  genus  pre- 
sents us  with  species  which  can  only  be  separated  from  one  another, 
in  the  imago  state  by  very  careful  discrimination,  and  requiring  for 
their  identification,  a  faithful  delineation  of  inconspicuous  features. 
M.  Guenee,  in  his  Species  General  des  Lepidopteres,  remarks,  that  in 
Cucullia  "it  frequently  occurs  that  caterpillars  the  most  different,  it 
might  almost  be  said,  the  most  opposite,  produce  moths  so  very  near, 
that  it  is  only  by  great  care  that  they  can  be  distinguished."  In 
remarking  on  C.  lucifuga  Roesel,  he  says :  "The  lucifuya  of  Treits- 
chke  appears  to  me  a  lactucce ;  that  of  Duponchel  is  a  chamomillce  ; 
that  of  Borkhausen  seems  an  umbratica,  as  also  those  of  Stephens 
and  Esper."  The  greatest  confusion  has  existed  in  regard  to  C.  blat- 
tarice,  for,  according  to  Guenee,  the  canince  of  Rambur  and  the  thap- 
siphaga  of  Duponchel  are  identical  with  the  true  blattarice  of  Esper ; 
the  blattarice  of  Her.-Sch.  is  ihapsipliaga  Treitschke ;  the  blattarice 
of  Boisdtival  is  scrophularivora  Hambur  ;  the  blattarice  of  Duponchel 
\sprenanthis  Boisduval.  Thapsiphaga  figures  as  synonyms  of  three 
different  species.  Umbratica  Linn,  appears  as  lactucce  of  Fabricius  ?, 
Hiibner,  Treitschke,  Haworth  and  Stephens,  the  lucifuga  of  Esper 
and  Borkhausen,  and  the  taneceti  of  Stephens.  Lychnitis  Engramelle 
and  scrophularice  "W.-V.  so  strongly  resemble  one  another  that  seve- 
ral authors  have  believed  them  to  be  identical.  Esper  figures  both  as 
the  same  species,  but  according  to  Speyer,  there  can  be  no  doubt 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  173 

that  they  are  distinct,  he  having  reared  numbers  of  the  imagines  of 
both  species  from  larvas  presenting  constant  differential  features.  On 
the  authority  of  the  same  author,  the  females  of  lactucce  and  umbra- 
tica  are  with  difficulty  separable. 

The  genus  is  also  very  numerous  in  species.  Guenee  records  forty- 
four  European  species.  Up  to  the  present,  only  five*  American 
species  had  been  described,  but  in  all  probability  a  number  of  others 
will  hereafter  be  detected. 

Of  the  species  with  which  I  am  able  to  institute  a  comparison* 
Speyeri  stands  between  intermedia,  ludfuga  (nearer  to  the  latter  in 
the  gray  and  more  distinct  markings  of  the  primaries)  and  asteroides. 
The  female  bears  a  stronger  resemblance  to  lucifuga  than  does  the 
male.  In  the  white  color  and  hyalescence  of  its  secondaries,  its 
abdomen  and  brown  scales  of  the  tegulge,  it  approaches  asteroides^ 
but  lacks  the  angulated  white  line  near  the  internal  angle  character- 
izing that  species,  asteris,  postera,  florea,  convexipennis,  etc.  The 
resemblance  of  the  secondaries  to  those  of  asteroides  is  particularly 
marked,  only  that  in  the  latter  species  the  border  is  less  conspicuous. 

Having  been  informed  by  Mr.  Herman  Strecker,  of  Reading, 
Penn.,  that  he  had  in  his  cabinet  an  undetermined  Cucullia,  near  to 
intermedia,  I  submitted  to  him  a  photograph  of  the  above  species, 
requesting  its  critical  comparison  with  the  species  in  his  possession. 
As  these  pages  are  passing  through  the  press,  I  learn  from  him  that 
the  two  are  identical,  and  that  he  has  two  examples  of  it  which  were 
taken  at  Falls  of  Schuylkill,  Philadelphia.  It  had  also  been  taken, 
he  states,  near  Reading,  and  it  did  not  appear  to  be  more  rare  in 
that  vicinity  than  intermedia.^ 

*TheSe  are  asteroides  Guen.,  postera  Guen.,  florea  Guen.,  intermedia  Speyer,  and 
convexipennis  Gr.-Rob.  Chamomillce  W.-V.  is  credited  by  Walker  to  the  State  of 
New  York  and  Hudson's  Bay,  but  its  occurrence  in  this  country  has  not,  that  I  am 
aware,  been  confirmed.  A  species  described  as  C.  Yosemitce  by  Mr.  Grote,  has  sub- 
sequently been  stated  by  its  author  not  to  pertain  to  the  genus. 

Dr.  Boisduval,  in  his  Llpidopteres  de  la  Californie,  1869,  p.  89,  credits  the  European 
asteris  to  California,  erroneously  regarding  it  as  identical  with  asteroides,  stating  of 
it,  "  elevee  de  la  chtnille  par  M.  Lorquin  sur  le  Solidago  Canadensis.  M.  Guenee  en 
a  fait  une  espece  a  part  sous  le  nom  d"1  Asteroides."  The  two  species  differ  so  much 
in  their  features,  that  the  above  error  could  not  have  occurred  if  examples  had  been 
placed  side  by  side  for  comparison. 

f  Through  the  kindness  of  Mr.  Strecker,  I  am  in  the  receipt  of  one  of  the  above 
examples  (a  female),  whereby  I  am  able  to  verify  his  determination  of  the  species. 
It  conforms  to  the  typical  examples  as  above  described,  with  the  single  exception 
that  the  anal  tuft,  instead  of  being  flattened,  is  contracted  to  a  point  nearly  as  acute 
as  in  the  male,  although  not  so  long. 


174         TWENTY-SIXTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 

A  few  copies  of  these  papers  havo  been  accompanied  by  two  photo 
graphic  plates  containing  figures  of  all  the  species  noticed  in  this 
paper,  viz. :  Plate  I,  poster  a,  asteris,  asteroides,  Speyeri  and  inter- 
media, in  each  sex ;  Plate  II,  lueifuga  &  ,  absynthii  $  ,  chamomillce 
$  $ ,  umbratica  $  ? ,  convexipennis  $  ? ,  scrophularice  $  and 
lichnitides  $  . 

In  consideration  of  the  far  greater  accuracy  ensured  in  the  repre- 
sentation of  the  above  species  by  the  aid  of  photography  than  it  is 
possible  to  attain  by  any  other  method,  it  is  to  be  regretted  that  the 
expense  of  the  production  of  such  plates  prevents  their  presentation 
in  the  entire  issue  of  this  Report. 

Cucullia  serraticornis  nov.  sp. 

Antennae  biserrated  ;  the  serratures,  which  are  less  conspicuous  at 
the  base  and  tip,  as  seen  from  above,  consist  apparently  of  a  row  on 
each  side  beneath  of  conical  projections,  bearing  rows  of  curved 
whitish  cilia  on  their  lateral  margins  beneath,  which  increase  in  length 
from  the  base  to  the  apex.  Palpi  nearly  horizontal,  gray  with  brown 
scales,  third  joint  short  and  rounded.  Front  gray  with  some  black 
scales.  Collar  yellowish-brown  below  the  prominent  black  transverse 
line;  above  gray  with  the  usual  paler  line  bordered  with  darker 
scales,  and  still  darker  ones  on  the  upper  margin  of  the  collar. 
Tegulse  concolorous  with  the  wings.  Thorax  fuscous;  an  abdominal 
series  of  similar  colored  tufts  on  the  first  four  segments.  Abdomen 
gray,  paler  basally. 

Primaries  straight  costally  or  slightly  concave  from  the  folding 
over  of  the  marginal  nervure,  gently  curving  to  the  apex,  which  is 
obtuse;  outer  margin  entire,  sloping  moderately  to  the  inner  margin, 
which  is  long  and  nearly  straight.  Color  pale  ash-gray,  darker  on 
the  inner  margin.  Anterior  median  line  blackish,  teeth  acute,  pre- 
ceded by  a  white  shade,  beyond  which  some  blackish  lines  almost 
geminate  it.  Posterior  median  line  obsolete,  except  in  cell  1  5, 
where  it  is  bidentate ;  the  teeth  preceded  by  an  elongate-oval,  brown 
bordered  white  spot  on  the  submedian  fold,  extending  to  the  anterior 
median  line  ;  followed  by  a  white  angulated  line  (the  "  tooth  "  of  the 
internal  angle),  from  the  concavity  of  which  a  black  streak  (the  usual 
interspaceal  streak  of  the  internal  angle)  runs  obliquely  to  the  first 
median  nervule  (vein  2).  Costal  margin  over  the  place  of  the  orbi- 
cular, with  a  diffuse  brown  shade  and  two  oblique  brown  streaks  at 
the  inception  of  the  posterior  median .  Basilar  line  black,  fine ;  a  slen- 


ENTOMO L  <> GICA  L  CONTRIB  UTIONS.  175 

dor  black  line  on  the  internal  margin.  Reniform  indicated  by  a  row 
of  black  dots  anterior  to  the  discal  cross-vein  ;  orbicular  only  visible 
as  a  central  pale  shade  and  four  outer  brown  dots.  Nerves  and 
nervules  clothed  with  black  scales ;  on  the  interspaces  intermediately 
are  brown  scales,  with  a  white  streak  centrally,  beneath  which,  on 
the  subterminal  margin,  are  the  usual  black  streaks  in  all  the  inter- 
spaces, the  most  conspicuous  of  which  is  that  in  cell  4  (farther 
removed  from  the  margin  than  the  others).  Fringe  white,  cut  with 
brown  on  each  side  of  the  nervules,  opposite  the  interspaceal  lines  of 
brown  scales ;  these  brown  ciliary  scales  of  each  interspace  joined  by 
a  brown  marginal  line. 

Secondaries  acute,  excavated  opposite  the  cell,  slightly  dentate; 
white,  hyaline.  Nerves  and  nervules  heavily  marked  with  black 
scales,  especially  toward  the  margin  ;  no  distinct  marginal  border, 
but  in  place  thereof  the  extreme  margin  is  brown,  with  some  brown 
scales  extending  a  short  distance  therefrom,  and  farther  in  cells  1  b 
and  4 ;  some  brown  scales  on  the  costal  nervure  apically. 

Beneath,  primaries  pale  brown  with  an  aeneous  reflection  ;  a  con" 
spicuous  brown  spot  on  the  discal  cross-vein.  Secondaries,  wfth 
brown  scales  on  the  nerves  and  nervules  and  marginally  as  above, 
though  less  abundantly;  sprinkled  with  brown  scales  costally,  arid  in 
the  cell  above  the  fold  ;  cellular  fold  ana  discal  cross-vein  above  it 
broadly  covered  with  brown  scales,  diffuse  on  the  latter,  giving  a 
conspicuous  cellular  spot ;  these  features  seen  in  transparency  from 
above  * 

Described  from  two  $  's,  differing  materially  in  size ;  the  larger 
and  better  specimen,  from  which  the  features  are  mainly  drawn? 
measures  two  inches  expanse  of  wings,  length  of  body  .86  in. ;  the 
other  1.70  in.  expanse,  length  of  body  .72  in. 

In  addition  to  disparity  in  size,  the  two  examples  differ  somewhat 
in  shape  of  wings,  those  of  the  smaller  being  narrower  and  more 
acute,  to  the  degree  that  the  male  usually  varies  from  the  female  in 
the  several  species  of  this  genus  ;  yet  the  two  examples  are  undoubted 
males,  as  is  shown  by  their  frenulum  examination.  In  all  other  par- 
ticulars, so  far  as  they  are  traceable,  the  two  are  identical.  They  are 
unfortunately  in  poor  condition,  and  the  description  above  given 
may  require  correction. 

Habitat,  California.  From  Mr.  James  Behrens  (No.  5),  through 
Mr.  Grote. 


176          TWENTY-SIXTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSBVM. 

The  species  can  at  once  be  separated  from  all  other  described 
Cucullias,  by  its  serrated  antennae  (in  the  $ ),  it  being  the  only  spe- 
cies known  in  which  this  form  exists.  Conforming  in  other  respects 
to  the  typical  forms  of  the  genus,  the  simple  diiference  of  antennal 
structure  does  not  seem  to  warrant  its  separation,  but  simply  a  modi- 
fication of  the  generic  diagnosis  as  given  by  Guenee ;  "  to  antennae 
[usually]  cylindrical  and  entirely  smooth  in  both  sexes."  It  may  be 
recognized  by  the  double  interspaceal  brown  ciliary  cuttings,  the 
prominent  cellular  spot  and  the  brown  cellular  line  of  the  secondaries 
beneath,  extending  from  the  base  to  the  discal  cross-vein.  The  latter 
feature  will  probably  be  found  to  be  less  conspicuous  in  the  $  ;  it  is 
feebly  represented  in  one  $  example  of  C.  intermedia  in  my  posses- 
sion, and  still  more  indistinctly  in  a  &  of  G.  lucifuga. 

In  the  presence  of  the  "  tooth  "  of  the  internal  angle  of  the  prima- 
ries, the  hyalescence  of  the  secondaries  and  general  coloration,  the 
species  seems  allied  to  asteroides  and  florea.  I  regret  that  I  am 
unable  to  give  a  comparison  of  shape  of  wings,  owing  to  the  variation, 
as  above  stated,  in  the  examples  before  me. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  177 

VIII.    OBSERVATION  OF  SOME  NEW  YORK  RHOPALOCERA 
FOR  THE  YEAR  1871. 


A  calendar  of  the  occurrence  of  the  Rhopalocera,  upon  the  plan 
presented  in  the  Report  for  1870,  was  commenced  for  the  following 
year,  but  was  necessarily  suspended  early  in  the  month  of  July,  after 
the  following  records  had  been  made : 

Papilio  Turnus  Linn May  30  ;  June  1,  8, 16 ;  July  7. 

Papilio  Troilus  Linn  June  1,  8,  16. 

Papilio  Asterias  Drury May  19,  30;  June  1,  8,  13. 

Pieris  rapse   (Linn.). March  14;  May  2,  12,  16,  23, 

30 ;  June  1 ;  July  7. 

Colias  Pholodice  Godt May  2, 12, 16, 19,  23,  30 ;  June 

1,  8,  13,  16 ;  July  7. 

Danais  Plexippus  (Linn.) June  1 ;  July  7. 

Argynnis  Aphrodite  Fabr July  7. 

Argynnis  Cybele  Fabr June  13. 

Argynnis  Myrina  (Cram) June  8,  13,  16  ;  July  7. 

Phyciodes  tharos  (Drury)  Huln June  1,  8,  13,  16 ;  July  7. 

Phyciodes  Batesii  Reak June  8,  16. 

Charidryas  Nycteis  (Doubl)  Soudd. .   July  7. 

Melitsea  Phaeton  Fabr June  16 ;  July  7. 

Grapta  J-album  (Boisd.-Lec.) June  1. 

Vanessa  Antiopa  (Linn.) May  2,  12,  16,  19,  30 ;  July  7. 

Limenitis  misippus  (Fabr) June  1,  8,  13,  16 ;  July  7. 

Neonympha  Eurytus  (Fabr.) June  1,  8, 13,  16. 

Thecla  Irus  (Godt.) May   2,  12,   16,   19,   23,    30; 

June  8. 

Thecla  Augustus  Xirby May  2,  12,  16,  19. 

Thecla  Niphon  (Htibn.) May  2,  12,  16,  19. 

Thecla  Melinus  (ffubn) May  12. 

Thecla  Edwardsii  Sound July  7. 

Lycsena  violacea  Fdw May  12,  19. 

Lycsena  neglecta  Edw May  16,  19,  23,  30 ;  June  1, 

8,  16. 
12 


178          TWENTY- SIXTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 

Lycsena  comyntas  (Godt.) May  2, 12, 16, 19,  23,  30 ;  June 

1,8;  July  7. 

Lycaena  Scudderii  Edw May  30  ;  June  8,  16  ;  July  7. 

Chrysophanus  Americana  (Harr.)...  May  16,  19,  23,  30;  June  1, 

8,  13;  July  7. 

Thorybes  Pylades  Scudd.  .  .'. June  1,  8,  13,  16 ;  July  7. 

Epargyreus  Tityrus  (Fair.). ... May  30 ;  June  8,  16. 

Nisoniades  Juvenalis  (Fabr.) May  12, 16, 19,  23,  30  ;  June  8. 

ISTisoniades  Persius  Scudd May  12,  16,  19,  23,  30. 

Nisoniades  Lucilius  Lintn June  1. 

Nisoniades  Martialis  Scudd 'May  16, 19,  23, 30 ;  June  8, 16. 

Nisoniades  Ausonius  Lintn May  12. 

Nisoniades  Brizo   Boisd.-Lec May  2,  12,  19. 

Nison iades  Icelus  Lintn May  19,  23,  30 ;  June  8,  16. 

Ancyloxypha  Numitor  (Fdbr.)  Feld.   June  13. 

Amblyscirtes  vialis  (Edw.)  Scudd. . .  June  8,  16. 

Ocytes  metea  Scudd May  16,  19,  23,  30  ;  June  8. 

A.tYyiQr\QZ*b\Aor\(Boisd.-Lec.) Scudd.  May  30;  June  1,  8,  16,  13. 

Polites  Peckius  (Kirby)  Scudd June  1,  8,  13. 

Lirnochores  Mystic  (Edw.)  Scudd. . . .   June  8,  13,  16. 

Liraochores  bimacula  (Grote-Rob.) . . .  June  13. 

Limochores  Taumas  (Fair.) June  13,  16  ;  July  7. 

Limochores  Manataaqua  Scudd June  16  ;  July  7. 

Lerema  Hianna  Scudd May  23,  30 ;  June  8,  16. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  179 

• 

IX.  DATES  OF  COLLECTION  OF  SOME  NEW  YORK  HETEROOERA 
FOR  THE  YEAR  1872. 


SPHINGID^E. 

Sesia  gracilis  Gr.-Rob  ...............................  June     4. 

Thyrens  Abbotii  Swains  .......  .  .....................  June     6. 

Darapsa  Chcerilus   (Cram.}  ..................   June  19,  June  27. 

Deilephila  lineata  (Fabr.)  ............................  June   18. 

Deilephila  chainsenerii  Ilarr  ..........................  June  20. 

Philampelus  Pandorus  (Hiibn.)  ..............  ..........  June  27. 

Smerinthus  geminatus  Say  ...........................  June     8. 

Smerinthus  excsecatus  (Sm.-Abb.\  larva  ................  Oct.      5. 

Daremrna  undulosa  Walk  ............................  June     1. 

Sphinx  chersis   (Hubn.)  ..............................  June  27. 

Sphinx  drupiferaruin  Sm.-Abb  .........................  June  19. 

Sphinx  kalmise  Sm.-Abb.,  larva  on  ash  .................  Sept.  24. 

Sphinx  Gordius   Cram  ......................   May    29,  June  27. 

Agrius  eremitus  fliibn  ...............................  June  27. 

Agrius  eremitus,  larva  on  mint  ........................  Sept.  24. 

Ellema  Harrisii  Clem.,  larva  on  pine  ..........    Sept.     3,  Sept.  19. 


JEgeria  tipulitbrmis  (.Linn.)  .................    June  16,  June  23. 

ZYG^ENID^E. 

Scepsis  fulvicollis  Hiibn  ..............................    Sept.  24. 

Ctenucha  virginica  (Charp.)  ..........................    June  12. 

BOMBYCID^:. 

Euphanessa  inendica  (  Walk.)  ................    July      8-  July  21. 

Hypoprepia  miniata  (Kirby)  ..........................    July  28. 

Utetheisa  bella  Uilbti  ................................    Sept.  24. 

Arctia  arge  (Drury)  .................................   July  28. 

Spilosoma  virginica  (Fabr.)  ...................  May    30-  June  29. 

Orgyia  leueostigma  (fim.-Abb.)  ........................    J"ly  9. 

Parorgyia  parallela  Gr.-Rob.,  larva  on  pine  .............    Sept.  24. 


180         TWENTY-SIXTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 

Ichthyura  albosigma  (Fitch],  larva  on  poplar  ----   Sept.     5,  Sept.  19. 

Actias  Luna  (Linn.)  ........................   June     7,  June  12. 

Platysamia  Cecropia  (Linn.)  ..........................   July  2. 

Hyperchiria  lo  (Fabr.)  ...............................   June  12. 

Eacles  imperialis  (Drury),  larva  on  pine  ................   Sept.  8. 

Anisota  senatoria  (Ililbn.)  ............................   June  14. 

Anisota  stigma  (Sm.-Abb).,  larva  on  oak  ................   Sept.  24. 

Tolype  laricis  (Fitch)  ................................   Sept,  6. 


Acronycta  occidentalis  Grote  ................   May    25,  June   29. 

Acronycta  oblinita  (Sm.-Abb.),  larva  on  smart-weed  ......   Sept.     1. 

Leucania  pallens  (Linn.)  ....................   June     7,  June  17. 

Leucania  unipuncta  Haworth  ................   June     6,  Aug.   31. 

Microcoelia  diphteroides  Guen  ........................   June  25. 

Hydroecia  nictitans  (Linn.)  ..................   July    14,  July    28. 

Hydrcecia  lorea  Guen  ......................   June  24,  July    11. 

Hydroecia  sera  Gr.-Eob  .....................   July     5,  July    14. 

Hydroecia  immanis  Guen  .............................    Aug.  25. 

Nephelodes  violans  Guen  ............................    Sept.     6. 

Hadena  lignicolor  (Guen.)  Grote  .............   July     4,  July    11. 

Hadena  arctica  Boisd  ......................   June  27-  July    28. 

Hadena  dubitans  (  Walk.)  Grote  ..............   July     7,  Aug.  19. 

Hadena  devastator  (Brace)  Grote  .............   July     7-  Aug.   14. 

Apamea  iaspis  Guen  ................................   July      ?. 

Apamea  finitima  Grote  ...........  ...................    June  17. 

Celsena  herbimacula  Guen  ...................   June  17-  July    21. 

Agrotis  suffusa  W.-V  ......................   June  17,  July    26. 

Agrotis  venerabilis   Walk  ..................   Sept.  15,  Sept.  24. 

Agrotis  subgothica  Haworth  ................   July    21,  July    30. 

Agrotis  herilis  Grote  ................................   Aug.  14. 

ISToctua  clandestina  Hovrr  .............   July  4,  July    14,  Sept.  23. 

ISToctua  bicarnea  Guen  ...............................   July    14. 

JS~octua  augur  Fair  ........................   July     4,  July    13. 

Xanthia  circillaris  Naturf,  ...........................    Sept.    19. 

Taeniocampa  instabilis  (Roes.)  ................    April    4,  May      8. 

Aplecta  herbida  W.-V  ..................  .............   July      7. 

Hyppa  xylinoides  (Guen.)  ...................   Aug.  14,  Sept.  19. 

Mamestra  chenopodii  (Albin)  .........  .......   May    29,  Aug.   14. 

Xylina  cinerea  Eiley  .............     April  20,  Aug.     4,  Sept.  26. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  181 

Xylina  Betlmnei  Gr.-Rol) Sept.     5. 

Cucullia  intermedia  Speyer July    14. 

Cucullia  postera  Guen July    10. 

Cucullia  asteroides  Guen Aug.  12. 

Cucullia  asteroides,  larva  on  Solidago Sept.     7. 

Cucullia  convexipennis  Gr.-Rob.,  larva  on  Solidago Sept.     7. 

Chariclea  exprimens  (  Walk.) June  30. 

Heliothis  arrnigera  Hulm June  29. 

Melaporphyria  immortua  Grote June      1. 

Chamyris  cerintha  (Treits.) June  19. 

Erastria  nigritula  Guen June     4,  June   14. 

Erastria  carneola  Guen.  * June     4-  Sept.   23. 

Erastria  muscosula  Guen June  24,  July      8. 

Leptosia  concinnimacula  Guen.  f May    16-  May    29. 

Placodes  cinereola  Guen July    28. 

Plusia  precationis  Guen June  1,  July  13,  Aug.     8,  Sept.  22. 

Plusia  simplex  Guen . June     7,  Aug.   14. 

Plusia  serea  (Hiibn.) June  28,  Aug.   17,  Sept.  30. 

Plusia  seroides   Grote July     7,  July    14. 

Plusiodorita  compressipalpis  Guen.  .    July     19. 

Deva  purpurigera  Walk June  29. 

Anomis  xylina  Say Sept.   25. 

Amphipyra  tragopogonis  (Linn.) July    13. 

Amphipyra  pyramidoides  Guen Sept.  30. 

Catocala  ultronia  Htibn Aug.     4. 

Catocala  relicta  Walk Aug.  19. 

Catocala  concumbens  Doubl Sept.     5,  Sept.  11. 

Catocala  amatrix  Hubn Sept.     5,  Sept.  11. 

Catocala  cara  Guen Sept.     6,  Sept.  19. 

Catocala  piatrix   Grote Sept.     6,  Sept.  19. 

Catocala  desperata  Guen Sept.  11. 

Catocala  habilis  Grote Sept.  14,  Sept.  19. 

Catocala  retecta  Grote Sept.  19,  Sept.  24. 

Catocala  ilia  Cram July    15. 

Catocala  polygama  Guen July    13,  July    18. 

Catocala  cerogama  Guen July    30. 

*  This  species  appears  to  have  successive  broods  during  the  season,  as  it  was 
observed  on  June  4,  24  ;  July  17,  21,  28  ;  August  5,  19  ;  September  8, 19,  23. 

f  More  abundant  than  previously  observed,  having  been  captured  May  16,  21,  24, 
26  and  29. 


182         TWENTY-  SIXTH  &EPO&T  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 

Drasteria  ercchtea  (Cram.')  ....  ..............    Sept.     1,  Sept.  23. 

Euclidia  cuspidea  Huln  .............  May  21,  June  12,  Aug.     1. 

Poaphila  quadrifilaris  Hiibn  .........  May  29,  June     4,  June   19. 


Eutrapela  transversata  (Drury)  ............  .  .    July    24,  Aug.     3. 

Sicya  truncataria  Guen  ..............................    July    12. 

Angerona  crocataria  (Ftibr.)  ..........................    June  12. 

Hyperetis  alienaria  (Her.-Sch.)  ........................   June   12. 

Nematocampa  lilamentaria  Guen  .....................   June   25. 

Endropia  hypochraria  (Her.-Sch.)  ......................   June     6. 

Endropia  homuraria   Grote  ...........................    June   12. 

Endropia  serrata  Drury  .............................   June  25. 

Ellopia  iiscella-ria  Guen  .....................    Sept.  18,  Oct.       5. 

Caberodes  phasianaria  Guen  ..........................   July      3. 

Caberodes  rnajoraria  Guen  ....    .......................   July      3. 

Ennomos  magnaria  Guen  ............................    Sept.   28. 

Cleora  pulchraria  Minot  ....................   Sept.     6,  Sept.  24. 

Tephrosia  disconventa  Walk  .........................   June     6. 

Acidalia  emicleata  Guen  ....................   June  12,  July    20. 

Acidalia  sinuata  Pack  ...............................   July    16. 

Stegania  pnstularia  Guen  ............................   Aug.     8. 

Macaria  bisigriata  Walk  ..............................   June    12. 

Macaria  4-signata    Walk  .............................   July      4. 

Corycia  albata  Lef  ..................................    June     7. 

Corycia  semiclarata  Wall^.  —  Bapta  viatica  Harvey  .......  June     7. 

Fidonia  bicoloraria  Minot  ...................   May    25-  June  12. 

Fidonia  Faxonii  Minot  .....................   May    21-  June     7. 

Hsematopis  grataria  (Fair.)  *  ................   June     9-  Sept.   24. 

Aspilates  coloraria  (Fair.)  ..................   May    16,  June     4. 

Pliasiane  mellistrigata  Grote  ..........................   May    29. 

Lozogramma  defluaria    Walk  ................   May    14-  June      4. 

Abraxas  ribearia  Fitch  ...............................   July    15. 

Melanthia  nlbicillata  (Linn.)  ..........................    May    29. 

Melanthia  ruficillata   Guen  ..................   June   24,  July    21. 

Melanippe  gotliicata  Guen  ...........  ................   June  24. 

Corcmia  propngnata  W.-V  ..................   May    20,  Oct.    28. 

Coremia  ferrugata  All  ......................   July    30,  Aug.  14. 

Camptogramma  fluviata  Huln  f  ..............  July  28,  Aug.  1. 

*  Observed  June  9,  12;  July  4,  14;  August  19,  25  ;  September  1,  8,  24. 

•j-  Camptogramma  gemmata  Hiibn.,  is  the  ?  of  C.  fluviata,  as  has  been  recently 
ascertained  through  rearing  both  forms  from  a  single  oviposition.—  SPETER. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  183 

Cidaria  diversilineata  Hilbn July  3. 

Cidaria  gracilineata  Guen Aug.     1-  Sept.  8. 

Enpithecia  intcrrnpto-fasciata  Paek Sept.  25. 

(COLLECTED  PKIOR  TO  1872.) 

Boarmia  gnopharia  Gtien Schoharie July  30. 

Boarmia  intraria  Guen Center May  21. 

Boarmia  humaria  Guen Schoharie June  15. 

Boarmia  indicitaria   Walk Schoharie    July  !• 

Tephrosia  disconventa  Walk Center June  7. 

Tephrosia  spatiosaria  Walk Schoharie    June  5. 

Paraphia  subatomaria  Wood Bethlehem    June  17. 

Aplodes  latiaria  Pack* Schoharie    June  5. 

Aplodes  approximaria  Pack Center June  9. 

Cabera  intent'aria   Walk Schoharie    June  21. 

Cabera  erythemaria  Guen Bethlehem  .......  June  25. 

Halia  subcessaria  Walk Schoharie   July  26. 

Corycia  semiclarata    Walk Center May  21. 

Eumacaria  brunneata  Pack Center May  25. 

Caripeta  divisata  Walk Schoharie    July  26. 

Larentia  perlineata  Pack Schoharie    May  3. 

Eupithecia  interrupto-fasciata  Pack. .   Schoharie April  29. 

Eupithecia  vernata  Pack Albany   May  25. 

Cidaria  rigidata    Walk Schoharie    May  14. 

Fidonia  truncataria  Walk Center May  23. 

DELTOIDS. 

Chytolita  morbidalis  (Guen.)  Grote June  12. 

Zanclognatha  Isevigata  Grote July      9-  July  23. 

Philometra  longilabris  Grote Aug.  24. 

Phalaenostola  larentioides  Grote Aug.  1. 

Rivula  propinqualis  Guen June  19. 

Helia  phsealis  Guen Aug.  18. 

Epizeuxis  litnralis  Grote July  3. 

Epizeuxis  strictilinealis  Grote July  25. 

Epizeuxis  Americalis  (Guen.) Sept.  1. 

*This  species  was  erroneously  determined  in  the  23d  Ann.  Rep.  St.  Cab.  N.  H., 
p.  196,  line  23,  as  A.  mimosaria  Guen. 


184         TWENTY-SIXTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 

Pangrapta  decoralis  Hiibn.=Hypena  elegantalis  Fitch  .  .  .  June     4- 

Phalaenophana  rurigena  Grote  .................  ..  ......  May    22. 

Palthis  angulalis  Hubn  ..............................  June   24. 

Hypena  evanidalis  Rob  .............  June  28,  July      7,  Sept.     9. 

Bomolocha  abalienalis  (  Walk.)  .......................  .  June   18. 

Plathypena  scabra  (Fabr.)  Grote.  ............   Sept.     6-  Sept.  23. 

Meghypena  velifera  Grote  ............................  July    13. 

Macrhypena  deceptalis  (  Walk.)  Grote  ..................  July    26. 

Lomanaltes  Isetulus  Grote  ..............  .............  May    25. 

Tortricodes  bifidalis  Grote  .........                                     .  June  10. 

i 

PYEALID^J. 

Botis  terrealis  Treits  ...............................  June     1. 

Botis  plectilis  Gr.-Rob  ..................  .............  June     5. 

Botis  thesealis  Led  .................  July  10,  Aug.     1,  Sept.   24. 

Botis  marculenta  Gr.-R6b  ............................  July      6. 

Eurycreon  chortalis  Grote  ..............  .....   May    21,  June     4. 

Asopia  olinalis  (Guen.)  ..............................  July      9. 

Asopia  farinalis  (Linn.)  .....................   July      7,  July    28. 

Asopia  fimbrialis  W.-  V  ........................  1  .....  July      7. 

Cataclysta  opulentalis  Led  ............................  June  21. 

Nomophila  noctuella  Hiihn  ..................   Aug.  24,  Sept.   24. 

Scoparia  centuriella  W.-  V  ............................  June  23. 

TORTRICIDJS. 

Nolophana  malana  (Fitch)  ..........................  .  .  June  25. 

Nolophana  (Asisyra)  Zelleri  Grote  .....................  June     5. 


Cryptolechia  Schlageeri  Zeller  *  ----  .  .......  .  ..........   June  12. 

Depressaria  heracliana  De  Geer  ..............   Aug.  12,  Aug.  19. 

Crambus  chalybirostris  Zeller  ....................  .....   Aug.  26. 

Crambus  girardellus  Clem  ........................  ".  .  .  .   July  21. 

Crambus  laqueatellus  Clem  ...........................   June  24. 

Pterophorus  tenuidactylus  Fitch  ......................   June  30. 

Pterophorus  marginidactylus  Fitch  ....................   June  30. 

*  Seven  examples  of  this  beautiful  moth  were  collected  at  this  time.  As  it  sits  at 
rest  on  the  upper  surface  of  a  leaf,  its  peculiar  form  and  singular  combination  of 
colors  render  it  almost  undistinguishable  from  a  deposit  of  bird  excrement.  A  simu- 
lation so  nearly  perfect  cannot  fail  of  giving  it,  while  in  repose,  almost  entire 
immunity  from  its  enemies. 


ENTOMOL  OOICA  L  CONTRIB  UTIONS. 


185 


X.  DESCRIPTION  OF  A  CONVENIENT  INSECT  CASE. 


[From  the  Fifth  Annual  Report  on  the  Insects  of  Missouri,  1873.] 

For  beauty  and  security,  and  the  perfect  display  of  the  larger 
Lepidoptera,  I  have  seen  nothing  superior  to  a  box  used  by  Mr. 
Lintner,  of  Albany,  N.  Y.  It  is  a  frame  made  in  the  form  of  a  folio 
volume,  with  glass  set  in  for  sides,  and  bound  in  an  ordinary  book 
cover.  The  insects  are  pinned  on  pieces  of  cork,  fastened  to  the 
inside  of  one  of  the  glass  plates ;  and  the  boxes  may  be  set  on  end,  in 
library  shape,  like  ordinary  books.  For  the  benefit  of  those  who 
wish  to  make  small  collections  of  showy  insects,  I  give  Mr.  Lin  trier's 
method,  of  which  lie  has  been  kind  enough  to  furnish  me  the  follow- 
ing description  :  ** 

Figures  A,  B  and  0  repre- 
sent, in  section,  the  frame- work 
of  the  volume  ;  A  showing  tl 
ends,  B  the  front,  and  C  the 
back.  The  material  can  be 
prepared  in  long  strips  of  some 
soft  wood,  by  a  cabinet-maker 
(if  the  collector  has  the  neces- 
sary skill  and  leisure  for  fram- 
ing it),  at  a  cost  of  sixty  cents 
a  frame,  if  a  number  sufficient 
for  a  dozen  boxes  be  ordered. 
Or,  if  it  be  preferred  to  order 
them  made,  the  cost  should  not 
exceed  eigh  ty  cen  ts  each .  Be- 
fore being  placed  in  the  hands 
of  the  binder,  the  mitering 

should  be  carefully  examined,  2  ™ 

and  any  defect  in  fitting  remedied,  so  tl]at  the  glass,  when  placed  in 
position,  may  have  accurate  bearings  on  all  the  sides.     The  interior 

*  The  description  was  originally  intended  for  one  of  the  State  Museum  Reportg, 
but,  at  the  request  of  Mr.  Riley,  State  Entomologist  of  Missouri,  it  was  sent  to  him 
for  publication  in  his  Fifth  Report,  and  by  his  permission  it  is  here  republished. 


1-519 


186         TWENTY- SIXTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 

of  the  frame  is  covered  with  tin-foil,  made  as  smooth  as  possible  before 
application,  to  be  applied  with  thoroughly-boiled  flour  paste  (in  which 
a  small  proportion  of  arsenic  may  be  mixed),  and  rubbed  smoothly 
down  to  the  removal  of  the  blisters  which  are  apt  to  appear.  The 
tin-foil  can  be  purchased,  by  weight,  at  druggists,  and  the  sheets 
marked  off  and  cut  by  a  rule  in  strips  of  proper  width,  allowing  for 
a  trifle  of  overlapping  on  the  sides.  Its  cost  per  case  is  merely 
nominal. 

First  quality  single-thick  glass  for  sides  must  be  selected,  wholly 
free  from  rust,  air-bubbles,  veins  or  any  blemish.  Such  glass  can  be 
purchased  at  fifteen  cents  a  pane.  The  lower  glass,  after  thorough 
cleaning,  especially  of  its  inner  surface,  with  an  alkaline  wash,  and  a 
final  polishing  with  slightly  wetted,  blank  printing  paper,  is  to  be 
firmly  secured  in  its  place  by  a  proper  number  of  tin  points;  the 
upper  glass  is  but  temporarily  fastened.  The  binder  must  be  directed 
to  cover  the  exposed  sides  of  the  frame  with  "  combed  "  paper,  bring- 
ing it  over  the  border  of  the  permanent  lower  glass  and  beneath  the 
removable  upper  glass. 

The  covers  of  the  volume  are  of  heavy  binder's  board  (No.  18), 
neatly  lined  within  with  glazed  white  paper.  On  the  inside  of  one 
of  the  lids  may  be  Attached,  by  its  corners,  a  sheet  with  the  numbers 
and  names  of  the  species  contained  in  the  case,  or  these  may  be 
placed  on  the  pin  bearing  the  insect.  If  bound  in  best  quality  of 
imitation  morocco,  with  cloth  sides,  lettered  and  gilded  on  the  back, 
the  cost  (for  a  dozen  cases)  need  not  exceed  $1  each.  If  in  half  Tur- 
key-morocco, it  will  be  $1.50. 

The  lettering  and  ornamentation  of  the  back  will  vary  with  the 
taste  of  the  individual.  The  family  designations  may  be  permanently 
lettered,  or  they  may  be  pasted  on  the  back,  on  a  slip  of  paper  or 
gum-label,  as  are  the  generic  names,  thus  permitting  the  change  of 
the  contents  of  a  case  at  any  time,  if  desired. 

The  bits  of  cork  to  which  the  insects  are  to  be  pinned  are  cut  in 
quarter-inch  squares  from  sheet-cork  of  one-fourth  of  an  inch  in  thick- 
ness. If  the  trouble  be  taken  to  trim  off  the  corners,  giving  them  an 
octagonal  form,  their  appearance  will  be  materially  improved,  and 
much  less  care  would  be  required  in  adjusting  them  symmetrically 
on  the  glass. 

The  cement  usually  recommended  for  attaching  the  cork  to  the 
glass  is  composed  of  equal  parts  of  white  wax  and  resin.  My  expe- 
rience with  this  has  not  been  favorable,  for,  after  the  lapse  of  a  few 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.  187 

years,  I  have  invariably  been  subjected  to  the  serious  annoyance  of 
being  compelled  to  remove  the  entire  contents  of  the  case,  clean  the 
glass  and  replace  the  corks  with  new  cement.  From  some  cause, 
inexplicable  to  me,  a  gradual  separation  takes  place  of  the  cork  with 
its  cement  from  the  glass,  first  appearing  at  the  angles  of  the  cork, 
and  its  progress  indicated  by  an  increasing  number  of  iridescent 
rings  which  form  within  until  the  center  is  reached,  when,  if  not 
previously  detached,  the  insect  falls  with  the  cork,  usually  to  its 
injury  and  that  of  others  beneath  it. 

A  number  of  years  ago  I  happened  to  employ,  in  attaching  a  single 
piece  of  cork  in  one  of  my  cases,  a  cement  originally  made  for  other 
purposes,  consisting  of  six  parts  of  resin,  one  of  wax  and  one  of  Vene- 
tian red.  Several  years  thereafter,  my  attention  was  drawn  to  this 
piece,  by  finding  it  as  firmly  united  as  when  at  first  applied,  and  at 
the  present  time  (after  the  lapse  of  twelve  years)  it  is  without  the 
slightest  indication  of  separation.  Acting  upon  this  hint,  I  have  of 
late  used  this  cement  in  the  restoration  of  a  number  of  my  cases,  and 
with  the  most  satisfactory  results.  It  is  important  that  the  cement, 
when  used,  should  be  kept  heated  (by  a  spirit  lamp  or  gas  flame)  to 
as  high  a  degree  as  it  will  bear  without  burning.  An  amount 
sufficient  to  cover  the  bottom  of  the  flat  metal  vessel  containing  it 
to  the  depth  of  an  eighth  of  an  inch  will  suffice,  and  prevent  the  cork 
from  taking  up  more  than  its  requisite  quantity.  It  should  occasion- 
ally be  stirred  to  prevent  the  precipitation  of  its  heavier  portions. 
The  cork  may  be  conveniently  dipped  by  the  aid  of  a  needle  inserted 
in  a  handle,  when,  as  quickly  as  possible,  it  should  be  transferred  to 
the  glass,  for  the  degree  of  adhesion  seems  to  depend  upon  the  degree 
of  fluidity  of  the  cement.  From  some  experiments  made  by  me, 
after  the  corks  had  been  attached  as  above,  in  heating  the  entire 
glass  to  such  a  degree  as  thoroughly  to  melt  the  cement  until  it 
spreads  outward  from  beneath  the  weight  of  the  cork,  and  then  per- 
mitted to  cool — the  glass  meanwhile  held  horizontally  that  the  corks 
might  not  be  displaced — the  results  appear  to  indicate  that  the  above 
cement,  applied  in  this  manner  on  glass  properly  cleaned,  will  prove 
&  permanent  one  ;  it  is  scarcely  necessary  to  state  that  this  method  is 
not  available  where  the  glass  has  been  bound  as  above. 

Preparatory  to  corking  the  glass  for  the  specimens  assigned  to  it, 
the  spaces  required  for  them  are  to  be  ascertained  by  arranging  them 
in  order  on  a  cork  surface  or  soft-wood  board.  On  a  sheet  of  paper 
of  the  size  of  the  glass,  perpendicular  lines,  of  the  number  of  the  rows 


188         TWENTY-SIXTH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 

and  at  their  proper  distances,  are  to  be  drawn,  and  cross  lines  equal 
in  number  to  the  insects  contained  in  the  rows.  The  distances  of 
these  lines  will  be  uniform,  unless  smaller  specimens  are  to  occupy 
some  portion  of  the  case,  when  they  may  be  graduated  to  the  required 
proportion.  With  the  sheet  ruled  in  this  manner  and  placed  beneath 
the  glass,  the  points  where  the  corks  are  to  be  applied  are  indicated 
by  the  intersection  of  the  lines.  The  sheet,  marked  with  the  family 
of  the  insects  for  which  it  was  used,  and,  with  the  numbers  desig- 
nating its  divisions,  may  be  laid  aside  for  future  use  in  the  prepara- 
tion of  other  cases  for  which  it  may  be  suitable.  In  a  series  of 
unbound  cases  in  my  collection,  in  which  the  glasses  measure  11  x 
14J  inches,  I  have  used  for  my  Lepidoptera  and  laid  aside  the  follow- 
ing scales,  the  citation  of  which  will  also  serve  to  show  the  capacity 
of  the  cases  :  3  x  8,  Catocalas  ;  2  x  7  and  3x9,  Sphingidae ;  4  x  11  to 
4x14,  Bombycidse;  5x13  to  6  x  16,  Noctuidae ;  8x16  and  8x20, 
Lycaenidse  and  Tortricidae. 

The  unbound  cases  above  referred  to  are  inexpensive  frames,  made 
by  myself,  of  quarter-inch  white  wood  or  pine,  the  corners  mitred, 
glued  and  nailed  with  three-quarter  inch  brads,  lined  within  with 
white  paper  (better  with  tin-foil),  and  covered  without  with  stout 
manilla  paper.  The  glasses  are  cut  of  the  exact  size  of  the  frame, 
and,  when  placed  in  position  thereon,  are  appressed  closely  to  it  by 
laying  upon  them,  near  each  corner,  a  heavy  weight  (the  weights 
used  by  me  are  four-inch  granite  cubes,  weighing  nearly  seven  pounds 
each,  which  are  sufficient  to  overcome  the  curvature  of  the  glass) ;  strips 
of  an  enameled  green  paper  cut  to  the  width  of  one  inch,  are  pasted 
over  the  edges  of  the  glass,  extending  a  little  beyond  the  thickness 
of  the  frame,  and  brought  downward  over  the  sides  of  the  frame. 
On  its  front,  two  gum-labels,  indicating  the  insects  inclosed,  are  placed 
at  heights  respectively  of  seven  and  twelve  inches,  when,  if  all  has 
been  neatly  done,  the  cases  present  a  tasteful  appearance  upon  a 
shelf.  When  there  is  reason  to  believe  that  the  case  will  need  to  be 
opened  for  the  change  or  addition  of  specimens,  it  will  be  found  con- 
venient to  employ,  for  the  fastening  of  the  upper  left-hind  side  of  the 
upper  glass,  paper  lined  with  a  thin  muslin,  to  serve  as  a  hinge  when 
the  other  sides  have  been  cut. 

Should  it  become  desirable  to  bind  these  cases,  outside  frames  may 
be  constructed  after  the  plans  above  given,  with  the  omission  of  the 
inside  quarter-inch  (the  equivalent  of  these  frames),  in  which  these 
may  be  plaped  and  held  in  position  by  two  or  three  screws  inserted 
in  their  sides. 


INDEX 


ENTOMOLOGICAL   CONTRIBUTIONS. 


Abraxas  ribearia 166,  182 

Acidalia  enucleata 182 

sinuata 182 

Acronycta  acris  ? 136 

aim 136,  157,  158 

Americana 135,  157,  158 

brumosa 136 

connecta 158 

funeralis 158 

hastulifera 136,  158 

ligustri 136 

rnorula 137 

oblinita 159,  180 

occidentalis 136,  158,  180 

psi : 158 

vinnula 136 

Actias  Lima 126,  152,  180 

^Egeria  tipuliformis 179 

Aglia  tail 153 

Agrius  eremitus 179 

Agrotis  herilis 159,  161,  180 

jaculifera 159 

subgothica ...  159,  167,  180 

suffusa 180 

tricosa 159,  161 

venerabilis 180 

Alypia  octomaculata 119,  121,  122 

Amblyscirtes  vialis 178 

Amphidasys  cognataria 166 

Amphipyra  pyramidoides  . .    181 

tragopogonis 181 

Anc}'loxypha  Numitor 178 

Angerona  crocataria 182 

Anisota  senatoria 180 

stigma 180 


Anomis  xylina 181 

Apamea  finitima 180 

iaspis 180 

Apatela  Americana 136,  159 

Apatelodes  Angelica 130 

Aplecta  herbida 180 

Aplodes  approximaria 183 

latiaria 183 

mimosaria 183 

Arctia  arge 143,  179 

Argynnis  Aphrodite 166,  177 

Bellona 166 

Cybele 166,  177 

Myrina 166,  177 

Asopia  farinalis 150,  184 

fimbrialis 184 

olinalis  184 

Aspilates  coloraria 182 

Atrytone  Zabulon 178 

Bapta  viatica 182 

Boarmia  gnopharia 183 

humaria 183 

indicitaria 183 

intraria 183 

Bomolocna  abalienalis 184 

Botis  marculenta 184 

plectilis 184 

terrealis 184 

thesealis 184 

Cabera  erythemaria 183 

intentaria 183 

Caberodes  majoraria 182 

phasianaria 182 

Callimorpha  Lecontii 142 

militaris  var 142 


190 


INDEX  TO  ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS. 


Callosamia  Promethea 126 

Camptogramma  fluviata 182 

gemmata 182 

Caripeta  divisata 183 

Cataclysta  opulentalis 184 

Catocala  amatrix 181 

cara 181 

cerogama 181 

concumbens 181 

desperata 181 

habilis..., 181 

ilia 181 

parta 164 

piatrix] 181 

polygama 181 

relicta 181 

retecta 181 

ultronia  181 

Catocala sp 140 

Celsena  lierbimacula 180 

Ceramiea  picta 136 

Cerun  borealis 151 

Chamyris  cerintha 163,  181 

Cliariclea  ezprimcns 163,  181 

Charidryas  Nycteis 177 

Ckrysophanus  Americana 167,  178 

Cbytolita  morbidalis 183 

Cidaria  cliversilineata 183 

gracilineata 183 

rigidata 183 

Cleora  pulckraria 182 

Clisiocarapa  Americana 147,  155 

sylvatica 147 

Ccelodasys  unicornis 131 

Colias  Pbolodice 166,  177 

Coremia  ferrugata 182 

propugnata 182 

Corycia  albata 182 

semiclarata 182,  183 

Crambus  chalybirostris 184 

girardellus 184 

laqueatellus I 184 

Cryptolechia  Schlagseri 184 

Ctenucba  virginica 155,  179 

Cucullia  absyntbii 169,  174 

asteris 169,  173 

asteroides. .  139, 168, 169,  173,  181 

blattariae 172 

caninoB 172 

cbamomfflse 170,  173,  174 


Cucullia  convexipennis,  138,  170, 173,  181 

florea 161,  173,  176 

intermedia,  168,  170, 173,  176,  181 

lactucse 173 

licbnitides 170,  174 

lichnitis 170,  172 

lucifuga. . . .  168,  170, 172,  174,  176 
postera  ....  163, 169, 173,  174,  181 

prenanthis 172 

punctiyera 169 

scropbularise 170,  172,  174 

scrophularivora 172 

serraticornis 174 

Speyeri 168 

taneceti 172 

tbapsiphaga 172 

umbratica 170, 171,  172,  174 

Yosemitse 173 

Danais  Plexippus 166,  177 

Darapsa  Choerilus 179 

Daremma  undulosa 179 

Deilephila  chamaenerii 179 

lineata 179 

Depressaria  heracleana 145,  184 

Ontariella 145 

Deva  purpurigera 181 

Diphtera  deridens 157 

Drasteria  erechtea 182 

Dryocampa  rubicunda 133 

Eacles  imperialis 180 

Edema  albif rons 151 

Ellema  Harrisii 132,  179 

Ellopia  flscellaria 182 

Empretia  stimulea 149 

Eudropia  hornuraria 182 

hypochraria 182 

serrata  182 

Ennornos  magnaria 165,  182 

Epargyreus  Tityrus 178 

Epizeuxis  Americalis 183 

lituralis 183 

strictilinealis 183 

Erastria  carneola 181 

muscosula 181 

nigritula 181 

Euclisetes  collaris 146,  147 

egle 145,  146 

Oregonensis  . . . .  > 144 

Euclidia  cuspidea 182 

JSudamus  Tityrus 167 


INDEX  TO  ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS. 


191 


Budryas  grata 117, 120,  122,  123 

unio 117,  119,  123 

Eumacaria  brunneata 183 

Euphanessa  mendica  179 

Eupithecia  interrupto-fasciata 188 

vernata 183 

Eurycreon  chortalis 184 

Eutrapela  trans  versata 182 

Fidonia  bicoloraria 182 

Faxonii 182 

trimcataria 183 

Gastropacha  Americana 154 

Grapta  comma 166,  167 

interrogationis 166 

J-album 177 

Progne 166,  167 

Hadena  adjnncta 161 

arctica 180 

devastator 180 

dubitans 180 

lignicolor 161,  180 

Hsematopis  grataria 182 

Halia  subcessaria 183 

Halisidota  caryse 148 

Helia  phsealis 183 

Heliothis  armigera 181 

Hemilcnca  Maia 154 

Hydroecia  immanis 180 

lorea 180 

nictitans 180 

sera 180 

Hypena  eleyantalis 184 

Hypena  evanidalis 184 

Hyperchiria  lo 180 

Hyperetis  alienaria. 182 

Hypoprepia  miniata 179 

Hyppa  xylinoides 180 

Ichthyura  albosigma 147,  1JO 

inclusa 147 

vau   147 

Larentia  perlineata 183 

Leptosia  concinnimacula 181 

Lerema  Hianna 178 

Leucania  pallens 180 

unipuncta   180 

Limenitis  Arthcmis 167 

misippus 167,  177 

Ursula 167 

ochores  bimacula 178 

Manataaqua 178 


Limocliores  Mystic 178 

Taumas 178 

Lithacodes  fasciola 149 

Lomanaltes  lastulus 184 

Lozogramma  defluaria 182 

Lycsena  comyntas 167,  178 

neglecta 177 

Scudderii 178 

violacea 177 

Lycomorpha  pholus 156 

Macaria  bisignata 182 

4-signata 182 

Macrhypena  deceptalis  184 

Mamestra  cbenopodii 180 

Megbypena  velifera 184 

Melanippe  gothicata 182 

Melantbia  albicillata 182 

ruficillata 182 

Melaporphyria  immortua 181 

Melitaea  Phaeton 177 

tbaros 167 

Mesographe  stramentalis 164 

Microcoslia  dipbteroides 180 

mnnula 136 

Nadata  gibbosa 150 

Nematocampa  filamentaria 165,  182 

Neonympha  Eurytus 177 

Nephelodes  violans 180 

Nisoniades  Ausonius 178 

Brizo 178 

Icelus 178 

Juvenalis 178 

Lucilius 178 

Martialis 178 

Persius 178 

Noctua  augur 180 

bicarnea 180 

clandestina 180 

Nolopbana  (Asisyra)  Zelleri 184 

malana 184 

Nomophila  noctuella 184 

Notodonta ? 151 

Ocytes  Metea 178 

Orgyia  leucostigma 148,  179 

Paltbis  angulalis 184 

Pangrapta  decoralis 184 

Papilio  Asterias 166,  177 

Troilus 166,  177 

Turnus 166,  177 

Parapbia  subatomaria . 183 


192 


INDEX  TO  ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS. 


Parorgyia  parallela 129,  179 

Phalaenophana  rurigena 184 

Phalaenostola  larentioides 183 

Phasiane  inellistrigata 182 

Philampelus  Pandorus 179 

Philometra  longilabris 183 

Phobetron  pithecium 149 

Phyciodes  Batesii 177 

tharos 177 

Pieris  oleracea 166 

protodice 166 

rapae 177 

Pionea  eunusalis 165 

stramentalis 165 

Placodes  cinereola 181 

Plathypena  scabra 184 

Platycerura  f urcilla 131 

Platysamia  Cecropia. 125,  180 

Plusia  serea 181 

aeroides 164,  181 

balluca 163 

precationis 181 

simplex  181 

Plusiodonta  compressipalpis 181 

Poaphila  quadrifilaris 182 

Polites  Peckius 178 

Psychomorpha  epimenis 119,  121 

Pterophorus  marginidactylus 184 

tenuidactylus , 184 

Pyrameis  Atalanta 166,  167 

cardui 166,  167 

huntera 167 

Rivula  propinqualis. 183 

Satyrus  Alope 167 

Nephele 167 

Scepsis  f ulvicollis 156,  179 


Scoliopteryx  libatrix 164 

Scoparia  centuriella 184 

Sesia  gracilis 179 

Sicya  truncataria 182 

Smerinthus  excaecatus 179 

geminatus 179 

Sphinx  chersis 179 

drupiferarum 179 

Gordius 179 

kalmiae 179 

Spilosoma  acrea 143 

f  ulvicosta 146 

latipennis 143,  144 

virginica 143,  179 

Stegania  pustularia 182 

Taeniocampa  instabilis 180 

Telea  Polyphemus 152 

Tephrosia  disconventa 182,  183 

spatiosaria 183 

Tbecla  Augustus 177 

Edwardsii 177 

Irus 177 

Melinus 177 

Niphon 177 

Thorybes  Pylades 178 

Thyreus  Abbotii 179 

Tolype  laricis 180 

velleda 134 

Tortricodes  bifidalis 184 

Utetheisa  bella 179 

Vanessa  Antiopa 167,  177 

Milbertii 167 

Xanthia  circillaris 180 

Xylina  cinerea 180 

Bethunei   181 

Zanclognatha  laevigata 183 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS -NO.  IV. 

BY  J.   A.    LINTNER. 


I.  ON  MERMIS  ACDMINATA  RUDOLPHI. 

A  PARASITE  OF  THE  LARVA  OF  CARPOCAPSA  POMONELLA. 


In  April,  1875,  an  example  of  this  entozoan  was  received  at 
the  State  Museum  of  Natural  History,  from  the  Hon.  Joseph 
D.  Friend,  of  Middletown,  Orange  Co.,  N.  Y.,  with  the  re- 
quest for  information  in  relation  to  it.  Its  examination,  in 
connection  with  the  circumstances  under  which  it  was  found, 
proved  it  to  be  of  so  much  general  interest,  that  the  following 
reply  was  made  to  Mm,  through  the  columns  of  the  Albany 
Evening  Times,  of  April  12th : 

DEAR  SIR  :  The  ; '  new  apple-worm ' '  which  you  submitted 
to  us  a  few  days  since  as  having  been  found  in  a  few  instances 
in  Orange  county,  N.  Y.,  during  the  present  season,  coiled 
about  the  heart  of  the  apple,  bore  so  strong  a  resemblance  to 
the  Gordius,  or  " hair-worm"  as  it  is  ordinarily  called,  that 
on  its  presentation  by  you  I  unhesitatingly  (but  erroneously) 
referred  it  to  that  genus.  The  brief  notice  of  the  new  worm, 
which  has  appeared  in  some  of  our  journals,  has  excited  no 
little  apprehension,  lest  so  diminutive  a  creature,  the  diameter 
of  a  horse-hair,  five  inches  in  length,  and  of  the  color  of  the 
apple  pulp — might  be  introduced  in  its  living  state  unnoticed 
into  the  stomach,  and  continue  its  existence  as  an  internal 
parasite  within  some  of  the  organs  of  the  body. 

The  Gordius  is  not  an  uncommon  animal.  Under  its  popu- 
lar name  of  hair-worm  or  hair-snake  (either  appellation  being 


118         THIRTIETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.         [g] 

given  to  it,  as  the  particular  species  or  sex  noticed  approaches 
its  minimum  length  of  about  four  inches,  or  its  maximum 
length  of  twenty-six  inches),  it  has  probably  oome  under  the 
observation  of  most  persons  living  in  the  country.  They  are 
occasionally  met  with  in  turning  up  damp  soil,  where  little 
groups  of  several  individuals  are  sometimes  found  knotted 
together,  occupying  a  cell  in  the  ground.  More  frequently 
they  occur  in  standing  water  by  the  roadside  and  in  wagon 
ruts,  in  drinking  troughs,  in  old  wells,  and  in  small  pools  on 
the  banks  of  creeks  or  rivers.  In  color,  shape  and  size,  they 
bear  so  strong  a  resemblance  to  a  hair  from  the  mane  or  tail 
of  a  horse,  as  partially  to  excuse  the  very  general  superstition 
which  prevails  in  relation  to  them,  that  they  have  actually 
originated  from  such  hairs,  and  that  if  a  horse-hair  be  placed 
in  a  barrel  of  rain-water,  it  will  in  due  time  be  converted  into 
a  living  hair-snake.  Of  course,  the  more  intelligent  portion 
of  the  community  need  not  be  told  of  the  utter  impossibility 
of  such  a  transformation,  by  which  a  body  devoid  of  ani- 
mal life  can  become  a  living  being.  It  is  a  law  of  nature, 
without  exception,  that  all  animal  existence,  the  lowest  as 
well  as  the  highest,  commences  with  an  egg. 

The  Gordius  belongs  to  that  division  of  the  animal  kingdom 
known  as  the  Entozoa,  embracing  animals  which  pass  a  portion 
of  their  existence  at  least,  within  the  bodies  of  other  animals. 
Our  common  grasshoppers  are  frequently  infested  with  Gordii, 
and  I  once  was  so  fortunate  as  to  discover  an  individual  in  the 
act  of  emerging  from  the  head  of  a  grasshopper.  They  have 
also  been  found  in  crickets,  in  some  of  the  butterflies,  in  vari- 
ous species  of  beetles,  in  aquatic  larvae  of  insects  as  of  caddis- 
worms  and  May-flies,  in  the  honey-bee,  etc. 

Much  of  the  history  of  the  Gordius  remains  unknown.  Dr. 
Leidy  has  observed  the  operation  of  its  laying  its  eggs,  in  a 
long,  thread-like  string,  broken  asunder  in  several  places,  but 
aggregating  the  extraordinary  length  of  ninety-one  inches,  - 
more  than  ten  times  the  length  of  the  worm  extruding  it.  The 
entire  number  of  eggs  contained  in  this  oviposition  was,  by  a 
careful  calculation,  computed  at  nearly  seven  millions  (6,624,- 
800).  The  young  Gordius,  microscopic  in  size,  and  very  un- 
like its  parent  in  form,  has  been  observed,  and  its  entrance  fol- 
lowed into  the  body  of  water  larvae,  through  the  thin  integ- 
uments at  the  joints  of  the  legs.  Their  subsequent  develop- 
ment during  their  condition  of  internal  parasites  is  unwritten. 


[7J  ON  MERMIS  ACUMINATA.  119 

Upon  submitting  the  specimen  with  which  you  favored  us, 
to  microscopic  examination,  it  was  seen  to  differ  in  its  internal 
structure  and  in  its  more  pointed  extremities,  from  the  species 
of  the  genus  GORDIUS  above  referred  to.  As  these  forms  have 
been  so  little  studied  and  so  little  is  known  in  relation  to  them, 
it  was  deemed  proper  before  naming  it  for  you  in  accordance 
with  your  request,  to  submit  it  to  the  eminent  authority,  Dr. 
Leidy  of  Philadelphia,  who  has  given  special  study  to  the 
Entozoa.  Having  examined  it,  he  returns  the  following  very 
interesting  information  :  "  The  worm  is  a  species  of  MERMIS, 
a  parasite  of  the  larva  of  Carpocapsa  pomonella,  or  apple- 
worm  moth,  which  accounts  for  its  presence  in  the  apple  itself. 
A  similar  specimen  was  referred  to  me  a  short  time  since,  for 
an  account  of  which  see  the  next  or  forthcoming  number  of 
the  Proceedings  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  [Phila- 
delphia]." 

MERMIS  is  a  genus  closely  allied  to  GORDIUS.  .  Leidy  states 
that  he  has  frequently  seen  specimens  of  it,  which  he  calls 
"the  white  hair-worm,"  within  insects — in  one  instance  crawl- 
ing out  of  a  Carolina  grasshopper  which  was  struggling  in  a 
ditch.  Siebold  describes  Mermis  albicans  of  Europe  (two  to 
five  inches  long,  of  a  whitish  color)  as  parasitic  in  the  drones 
of  the  honey-bee. 

This  new  phase  of  parasitism  of  the  Mermis  upon  a  cater- 
pillar living  within  the  apple,  at  its  core,  and  often  in  its 
younger  stage  within  the  seeds,  is  so  remarkable  and  interest- 
ing an  announcement,  that  we  shall  anxiously  await  the 
promised  paper,  for  the  explanation  of  much  that  seems 
mysterious  to  us.  In  what  manner,  and  at  what  time,  does 
the  Merrnis  effect  its  entrance  in  the  body  of  the  Carpo- 
capsa apple- worm  ?  The  eggs  of  the  apple- moth  are  depos- 
ited on  the  blossom  end  of  the  apple,  where  the  skin  is  the 
thinnest,  at  various  periods  during  the  summer  months. 
Hatching  within  a  week,  the  young  caterpillar  passes  directly 
into  the  apple,  eating  its  channel  as  it  proceeds  toward  the 
core.  Here  it  remains  until  it  has  completed  its  growth,  when 
emerging  from  the  apple  it  crawls  down -the  branches,  or 
drops  itself  to  the  ground  by  its  thread,  to  seek  some  safe 
place  of  shelter  in  which  to  construct  its  cocoon.  At  this  time 
and  even  during  its  subsequent  hybernation  in  its  larval  form 
within  its  cocoon,  it  is  exposed  to  parasitic  attack ;  but  this 
cannot  be  the  period  of  the  entrance  of  the  Mermis,  for  its 


120         THIRTIETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.         [8] 

presence  within  the  apple  indicates  its  previous  existence  in 
the  worm.  It  could  not  have  taken  possession  of  the  worm 
while  the  apple  was  attached  to  the  tree,  for  its  structure 
would  not  admit  of  its  ascending  the  trunk  and  branches 
of  the  tree.  Should  a  wonderful  instinct  lead  it  to  seek  its 
prey  through  the  closely  packed  excremental  matter  filling 
the  worm-holes  of  the  "  wind-falls  "  lying  on  the  ground,  then 
the  worm  in  its  exit  from  the  fruit,  usually  very  soon  after 
the  apple  falls,  would  carry  its  guest  away  with  it,  instead  of 
leaving  it  behind  to  excite  our  wonder  and  perhaps  alarm 
several  months  thereafter.  Damp  cellars  would  seem  to  be 
an  appropriate  habitat  for  the  Mermis,  but  its  abode  within 
the  stored  apples  would  naturally  be  more  brief  in  this  case 
than  in  the  preceding,  the  latest  worms  at  this  time  having 
attained  or  being  near  their  maturity.  Without  the  labor  of 
penetrating  the  apple,  its  prey  could  much  more  conveniently 
be  found  in  -the  unchanged  larvae  hidden  often  in  immense 
numbers  between  the  boards  of  the  apple-bins  or  beneath  the 
barrel  hoops  within  a  cocoon  too  slight  to  offer  any  material 
resistance  to  the  entrance  of  so  thread-like  an  organism. 

The  interesting  inquiry  also  arises,  is  this  the  first  state  of 
parasitism  in  the  cycle  of  the  Mermis'  history,  or,  as  would 
seem  more  probable,  has  it  already  undergone  its  first  trans- 
formation from  its  ]arval  to  its  perfect  form  within  the  body 
of  some  other  animal,  totally  unlike  our  apple-worm  1  It  is 
to  be  hoped  that  Dr.  Leidy's  observations  have  enabled  him 
satisfactorily  to  solve  these  several  enigmas. 

As  an  aid  to  the  development  of  the  history  of  the  interest- 
ing animal,  it  will  be  of  service  if  as  full  statements  as  pos- 
sible be  obtained  of  the  conditions  under  which  it  has  occurred 
in  each  instance  in  Orange  county  the  present  season — the 
first  knowledge  we  have  of  its  presence  in  the  apple,  or  any 
other  fruit.  Was  it  found  invariably  in  worm-eaten  apples  ; 
and  if  so,  had  the  fruit  been  much  or  little  eaten  ?  Were  any 
remains  of  the  Carpocapsa-worm  noticed  as  associated  with  it  ? 
Were  any  living  apple-worms  seen  in  the  apples  eaten  during 
the  winter  ?  Where  and  in  what  manner  were  the  apples 
stored  in  which  the  Mermis  was  present  ?  Can  it  be  ascer- 
tained if  the  infested  apples  were  hand-picked  or  "  wind-falls  ? " 

Any  replies  to  the  above,  or  such  additional  information  as 
may  promise  to  be  of  service,  will  be  thankfully  received  at 
the  State  Museum. 


UNIVERSITY 


[9]  ON  MERMIS  ACUMINAT 

The  great  importance  of  a  knowledge  of  the  history  of  the 
internal  parasites,  and  the  interest  connected  with  them,  from 
the  fearful  results  following  the  introduction  of  some  of  the 
class  within  the  human  body,  as  for  example,  the  Trichina 
spiralis,  is  my  apology  for  replying  to  your-inquiries  at  some 
length.  The  detection  of  the  Mermis  in  the  apple,  in  a  few 
instances,  recently,  need  not,  we  think,  occasion  alarm.  It  is 
possible  that  in  eating  an  uncooked  apple  without  the  proper 
mastication,  a  living  Mermis  might  be  introduced  into  the 
stomach,  for  of  the  Gfordius  (a  closely  allied  genus  as  above 
stated)  Leidy  says,  "  It  is  perhaps  the  hardest  or  most  resist- 
ant to  the  feel  of  any  of  the  order,  and  it  is  tough  and  elastic. 
It  is  very  tenacious  of  life,  and  when  cut  into  several  pieces 
will  continue  to  live  and  move  for  some  time  afterward." 
But  should  it  escape  the  ordeal  of  the  teeth  and  pass  unin- 
jured into  the  stomach,  there  is  reason  to  believe  that  the 
action  of  the  gastric  juice  and  other  conditions  to  which  it 
would  be  there  subjected,  would  deprive  it  of  life  before  it 
could  pass  into  the  intestines  or  penetrate  the  integuments  of 
the  body. 

Subsequent  to  the  above  communication,  I  addressed  an- 
other to  Mr.  Friend,  asking  for  such  additional  information  as 
he  might  possess,  or  be  able  to  obtain  in  relation  to  the  inter- 
esting parasite.  In  reply  he  sent  me  a  letter  which  he  had 
received  from  Mr.  James  T.  King,  of  Middletown,  stating 
under  date  of  April  16,  1875,  as  follows  : 

I  regret  to  be  able  to  give  you  but  a  very  meagre  report  on 
the  apple-worm.  Two  or  three  years  have  passed  since  the 
party  who  gave  me  the  scanty  information  below,  found  the 
first  specimen  left  with  me. 

The  apple  in  which  it  was  found  was  a  fine  looking  fall 
pippin,  appeared  to  be  sound,  was  blown  from  the  tree  dur- 
ing a  violent  wind-storm  at  night,  and  picked  up  the  next  day. 

The  worm  was  coiled  up  in  the  fleshy  part  of  the  apple, 
about  midway  between  the  skin  and  the  core.  It  was 
white,  or  of  the  same  color  as  the  pulp,  and  when  uncoiled 
measured  seven  inches  in  length,  and  about  one-fiftieth  of  an 
inch  in  diameter.  It  remained  quite  active  for  several  hours, 
and  was  then  placed  in  alcohol. 

The  specimen  delivered  to  you  was  found  this  winter,  but 
the  person  who  discovered  it  and  brought  it  to  me  could  give 
me  no  definite  information  in  regard  to  it.  *  *  *  * 

Accompanying  the  above,  Mr.  Friend  also  writes  :  - 


122        THIRTIETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [10] 

I  send  you  herewith  a  letter  which  I  have  received  from 
Mr.  James  T.  King,  Druggist  and  Chemist  of  Middletown. 
Mr.  King  forgot  to  state  in  his  letter,  that  specimens  of  the 
worm  have  been  found  in  stewed  apples,  by  a  family  residing 
in  Middletown,  somewhat  broken  up,  but  in  no  other  way 
sensibly  affected  by  the  heat  to  which  they  had  been  subjected. 

Now,  that  public  attention  has  been  so  widely  drawn  to  this 
subject  by  the  publication,  in  so  many  of  the  newspapers  of 
the  State,  of  your-  recent  letter,  I  thmk  it  safe  to  predict  that 
during  the  coming  summer  and  autumn  much  more  satisfac- 
tory information  will  be  gathered  respecting  this  curious  and 
hitherto  unknown  parasite. 

The  above  prediction  was  not  verified,  arid  it  may  therefore  be 
inferred  that  the  parasite  is  not  increasing  rapidly,  and  that 
its  presence  in  fruit  cannot  be  expected  to  be  of  frequent 
occurrence. 

But  a  single  instance  of  its  detection  has  since  been  brought 
to  my  notice.  Prof.  J.  H.  Comstock,  of  the  Department  of 
Entomology,  in  Cornell  University,  has  informed  me  that  he 
has  in  his  possession  an  example  of  M.  acuminata,  taken  in 
January  29th,  of  the  present  year  [1876],  from  a  worm-eaten 
"  Seek-no- further."  The  apple  was  grown  in  the  vicinity  of 
Ithaca,  and  had  been  stored  in  a  bin  in  a  cellar.  The  fruit 
had  been  shaken  from  the  tree,  but  not  allowed,  it  is  believed, 
to  lie  upon  the  ground  for  any  length  of  time. 

Prof.  Comstock  proposes,,  during  the  coming  season,  to 
communicate  with  a  large  number  of  pomologists  with  a  view 
of  learning  of  the  distribution,  abundance,  and  such  additional 
facts  as  may  add  to  our  knowledge  of  this  interesting  creature. 

The  first  published  notice  of  the  detection  of  the  Mermis 
in  fruit  (unknown  to  me  at  the  time  of  my  communication  to 
Mr.  Friend),  appeared  in  the  Gardener's  Monthly,  for  May, 
1872,  a  periodical  published  in  New- York.  A  reference  to  this 
notice  is  made  in  Prof.  Riley's  Fifth  Report  on  the  Insects  of 
Missouri,  p.  49,  in  connection  with  descriptions  of  two  addi- 
tional parasites  (Hymenoptera)  of  the  apple-worm  (Carpocapsa 
pomonella  larva),  discovered  by  Prof.  Blley. 

Mr.  P.  H.  Foster,  of  Babylon,  N.  Y.,  communicates  to  the 
Gardener' s  Monthly,  as  follows : 

I  discovered  a  parasite  on  the  above  worm  [Carpocapsa 
pomonella']  in  the  year  1869.  I  sent  a  specimen  to  Mr.  B. 
D.  Walsh,  of  Illinois,  which  he  calls  a  species  of  hair-snake 
(Gordius).  I  also  found  one  last  summer  imbedded  in  the 
apple- worm  in  the  center  of  a  large  pear.  This  Gordius  is 


[11]  ON  MERMIS  ACUMINATA.  123 

white.  *  *  *  *  Prof.  Leidy,  of  Philadelphia  *  *  * 
describes  several,  and  mentions  one  which  he  calls  the  white 
hair-worm  (Mermis),  which  is  the  only  one  that  corresponds 
with  the  specimen  I  have  reference  to. 

Prof.  Riley  informs  me  that  subsequent  to  his  reference, 
above  cited,  he  had  obtained  two  specimens  of  Mermis  from 
Carpocapsa  larvse  found  in  fruit,  and  two  other  examples 
from  larvae  taken  from  beneath  bandages  placed  around  the 
trunks  of  apple  trees,  to  serve  as  a  place  of  retreat  for  the  larvae 
during  their  transformations,  from  which  they  could  be  taken 
and  destroyed.  He  had  also  taken  a  similar  specimen  from 
the  posterior  part  of  the  brain  of  an  owl. 

The  specimen  taken  by  Prof.  Riley  from  the  brain  of  the 
owl  may  be  presumed  to  be  the  same  or  closely  allied  to  those 
described  by  Prof.  Wyman,*  which  he  has  found  so  common, 
in  the  brain  of  the  snake-bird  or  water-turkey,  in  Florida  (in 
seventeen  out  of  nineteen  specimens  shot),  that  their  presence 
might  be  presumed  to  be  the  normal  condition  of  the  bird. 
Prof.  Wyman  finds  them  to  correspond  so  closely  to  the 
Eustrongylus  papillosus  of  Diesing,  that  he  thought  they 
might  prove  to  be  identical.  In  every  instance  they  were 
coiled  up  on  the  back  of  the  cerebellum,  in  numbers  varying 
from  two  to  eight.  Figures  of  them  are  given,  showing  the 
male  and  female,  their  position  on  the  cerebellum,  enlarged 
views  of  their  extremities,  and  the  development,  within  the 
oviduct,  of  the  egg  to  the  free  young  embryo.  Nothing  is 
known  of  their  transfer  from  the  oviduct,  through  some  other 
animal  probably,  to  the  brain  of  another  bird. 

In  a  subsequent  communication  to  the  American  Natural- 
ist (Vol.  VI,  p.  560),  Prof.  Wyman  presents  very  interesting 
additional  observations  upon  these  parasites,  and,  upon  the 
bird  in  which  they  have  their  habitat,  and  designates  them  as 
Filaria  anhingce. 

The  communication  of  Prof.  Leidy  to  the  Philadelphia 
Academy,  to  which  reference  has  been  made,  in  which  he 
describes  Mermis  acuminata,  is  reported  in  the  Proceedings 
of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Science,  of  •Philadelphia,  for 
February,  1875,  as  follows : 

Professor  Leidy  remarked  that  Mr.  Thomas  Meehan  had 
submitted  to  his  examination  some  worms  which  had  been 

*  Proceedings  of  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History,  October  7, 1868.    See,  also,  Ameri- 
can Naturalist,  vol.  Ill,  p.  41, 1870. 


124        THIRTIETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [12] 

found  in  an  apple.  They  consisted  of  one  entire  individual 
and  the  anterior  half  of  a  second,  and  apparently  pertain  to 
the  Mermis  acumiryata,  a  long  thread-worm  which  has  been 
discovered  infesting  the  larvae  of  many  insects.  Among 
others,  it  is  parasitic  in  the  larvse  of  the  fruit-moth  of  the 
apple,  which  readily  accounts  for  its  presence  in  the  fruit. 
Twenty-five  years  ago  (Proc.  1850,  p.  117)  he  had  described 
a  worm,  belonging  to  the  collection  of  the  Academy,  and 
labeled  as  having  been  obtained  from  a  child's  mouth, 
which  was  evidently  the  same  species.  It  having  been  in  a 
child's  mouth  is  probably  to  be  explained  by  supposing  that 
the  child  had  eaten  an  infected  apple. 

The  characters  of  the  present  specimens  of  the  worm,  both 
females,  are  as  follows :  Body  filiform,  pale  fuscous,  nar- 
rower anteriorly.  Head  conical,  truncate,  with  the  mouth  sim- 
ple and  unarmed.  Caudal  extremity  thicker  than  the  head, 
obtusely  rounded,  and  furnished  with  a  minute  spur-like  pro- 
cess. Length,  five  inches  eight  lines  ;  cephalic  end  at  mouth 
-iV  mm. ;  a  short  distance  below  \  mm. ;  middle  of  body  f  mm. ; 
near  caudal  end  \  mm. ;  mucro  ^  mm.  long,  -^  mm.  thick. 

We  transcribe  for  comparison  the  description  of  the  exam- 
ple obtained  from  a  child' s  mouth,  to  which  reference  is  made 
above,  together  with  the  accompanying  interesting  remarks, 
which  show  the  apprehension  entertained  by  Dr.  Leidy,  at 
that  time,  at  least,  of  serious  results  which  might  follow  the 
introduction  into  the  human  system  through  the  mouth,  of  the 

Mermis  and  allied  species  of  Entozoa. 

i 

Filaria  Jiominis  oris. — Body  white,  opaque,  linear,  thread- 
like ;  mouth  round,  simple,  posterior  extremity  obtuse,  fur- 
nished with  a  short,  curved,  epidermal  hooklet  -g^-  inch  in 
length,  by  ^nnr  inch  in  diameter  at  base.  Length,  five  inches 
seven  lines,  greatest  breadth  -^  inch ;  breadth  at  mouth  ^J-0- 
inch ;  at  posterior  extremity  -£$•  inch. 

Remarks. — The  description  is  taken  from  a  single  specimen 
preserved  in  alcohol,  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy,  labeled 
"  obtained  from  the  mouth  of  a  child." 

Is  it  a  young  individual,  or  perhaps  a  male  of  the  Filaria 
Mendinensis,  or  Guinea-worm  ?  The  latter,  as  is  well  known, 
infests  the  human  body,  often  growing  to  an  enormous  length, 
several  yards  or  more,  in  the  inter-tropics  of  Asia  and  Africa. 
It  is  frequently  brought  in  the  body  of  negro  slaves  from 
Africa  to  America,  where  no  entozoon  of  the  kind  has  ever 
been  noticed  to  be  parasitic  in  man,  as  an  indigenous  produc- 
tion. From  some  late  observations  on  the  course  of  life  of 
entozoa,  helminthologists  have  been  led  to  suspect  that  most 
and  probably  all  entozoa  pass  different  stages  of  their  exist- 
ence in  different  animals.  If  such  be  the  fact,  may  not  the 


[13]  ON  MERMIS  ACUMINATA.  125 

Filaria  Mendinensis  owe  its  introduction  into  the  human  body 
from  the  custom  which  prevails  in  those  countries  where  the 
worm  is  found,  of  using  insect  food.  Insects  are  well  known 
to  be  infested  with  Filariae,  probably  more  than  any  other 
class  of  animals.  In  Egypt,  Arabia,  etc.,  the  locust  is  eaten  ; 
in  Guinea,  etc.,  the  larger  coleoptera,  in  the  raw  state; and  in 
this  condition  Filarise  may  often  be  swallowed,  and  reach  a 
higher  development  of  their  existence  in  the  human  body. 

In  the  same  paper,  Dr.  Leidy  describes  two  additional  spe- 
cies of  similar  Entozoa,  —  the  one  (Filaria  canis  cordis)  as 
indicated  by  the  name  given  it,  taken  from  the  heart  of  a  dog. 
The  two  examples  were  white,  opaque,  linear,  nearly  uniform 
throughout,  posteriorly  subulate,  pointed  ;  mouth  simple, 
round.  Length  ten  to  ten  and  a  half  inches ;  greatest  breadth 
f  of  a  line,  anteriorly  £  of  a  line.  The  other  species  (Filaria 
boce  'coYistrictoris\  was  found  in  the  areolar  tissue,  in  an 
irregular  or  tortuous  position,  between  the  muscles  of  the  ribs 
and  the  integument  of  a  boa  constrictor.  This  was  a  more 
robust  form,  ten  inches  in  length  by  f  of  a  lime  broad,  of  a 
white  color  and  longitudinally  striated. 

Dr.  Leidy  has  also  recently  found*  the  common  house-fly 
(Musca  domestica,  it  may  be  presumed)  to  be  infested  with  a 
thread- worm,  of  about  a  line  in  length,  which  takes  up  its 
abode  in  the  proboscis  of  the  fly.  From  one  to  three  worms 
occurred  in  about  one  fly  in  five.  The  parasite  was  first  dis- 
covered in  the  house-fly  in  India,  by  Carter,  who  described  it 
as  Filaria  muscce,  and  suggested  that  it  might.be  the  source 
of  the  Guinea-worm  in  man. 

In  view  of  these  unwelcome  suggestions,  that  it  may  be  a 
necessary  section  of  the  life  history  of  several  of  these  entozoa 
that  they  should  be  introduced  into  the  human  body  through 
the  food  of  which  we  partake,  there  to  undergo  their  final  devel- 
opment, it  is  much  to  be  regretted  that  the  entire  history  of  all 
the  species  to  which  man  is  exposed  is  not  yet  known.  Much 
attention  has  been  paid  to  them,  but  their  study  has  proved 
a  difficult  one.  A  monograph  of  the  Hair-worms,  by  M. 
Villet,  has  recently  been  published,  of.  which  we  know  nothing 
beyond  .the  information  given  in  the  American  Naturalist  for 
December,  1874,  to  the  effect  that  it  was  then  being  published 
in  the  ''Archives  de  Zoologie  Experimentale."  The  author  had 
found  the  larvae  encysted  in  the  larvae  of  CHIKONOMUS  (be- 

*  American  Naturalist,  Vol.  IX,  p.  247.   1875. 


126        THIRTIETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [14] 

longing  to  the  Diptera  and  aquatic  in  their  habits),  and  after- 
ward, in  September,  in  the  mucous  lining  of  the  intestines  of 
fishes,  thereby,  in  .conjunction  with  the  previous  labors  of 
Grube,  Leidy,  and  Meissner,  clearing  up  their  metamorphoses. 
The  larvae  are  tadpole-shaped.  The  habits  of  GORDIUS  seemed 
quite  distinct  from  MERMIS  found  living  in  insects. 

Dr.  Speyer  communicates  to  me  the  information  that  the 
occurrence  of  the  Gordiacaea  in  the  body  of  insects  has  fre- 
quently been'  observed  in  Europe,  notices  of  which  may  be 
found  in  several  interesting  communications  from  Yon  Siebold, 
in  the  Stettiner  JEntomologische  Zeitung  for  the  years  1842, 
-43,  -48,  -50  and  -54.  The  species  which  infests  most  fre- 
quently the  Lepidoptera  is  Mermis  albicans.  They  are  found 
in  both  the  larvae  and  the  perfect  insects,  oftener  in  the  former. 
They  occur  in  the  larvae  which  feed  on  tall  trees,  as  well  as 
those  which  live  on  plants  and  low  shrubs.  Wet  seasons 
seem  to  be  more  productive  of  the  parasitism,  and  Dr.  Speyer 
recalls,  a  number  of  years  ago,  during  an  unusually  wet 
season,  his  having  met  with  several  of  such  instances.  From 
an  example  of  Hadena  adusta  he  had  a  Mermis  emerge, 
of  the  length  of  eight  and  a  half  inches,  and  another  from 
Hesperia  lineola  after  it  had  been  pinned.  Prof.  Von  Sie- 
bold suggests  that  a  heavy  dew  may  moisten  the  trunks 
of  trees  sufficiently  to  enable  the  Mermis  to  ascend  them. 

The  Mermis  parasite  (species  not  stated  by  Dr.  Speyer)  also 
infests  the  Carpocapsa  pomonella  larvae  in  Europe. 

These  pages  have  been  for  some  months  in  type.  In  the 
meantime,  Dr.  Packard's  Report  on  the  Rocky  Mountain  Lo- 
cust, in  Hayden's  Geolog.  and  Geograph.  Survey  of  Colorado, 
for  1875,  has  been  received.  In  it  vpp.  663-667)  he  gives  an 
account  of  the  several  species  of  GORDIUS  and  MERMIS  occur- 
ring in  the  United  States,  transcribing  from  the  paper  above 
cited  (see  full  title  below  *),  the  descriptions  of  the  Gordii  and 
also  the  history  of  Gordius  aquaticus  as  given  by  Villot,  car- 
rying it  beyond  its  encysted  state  in  the  intestines  of  fishes, 
to  its  free  and  aquatic  state  the  following  spring.  This  stage 
it  attains  by  boring  through  the  cyst  into  the  intestinal  cavity 
of  the  fish,  thence  passing  with  the  faeces  into  the  water,  where 
material  changes  take  place  before  it  assumes  the  active  stage. 
For  a  more  full  account  of  these  several  transformations,  see 
p.  665  loc.  cit. 

*Monographie  des  Dragonneux  (Genre  GORDIUS  Dujardin),  par  A.  Villot.    (Archives 
de  ZoClogie  experimental  et  generate,  tome  3,  No.  1,  2.    1874.    Paris.) 


[15]  THE  NEW  CARPET-BUG — ANTHRENUS  SCROPHULARI^E.  ]27 


II.  THE  NEW  CARPET-BUG -ANTHRENUS  SCROPHULARLE. 


During  the  summer  of  1874,  notices  appeared  in  various 
newspapers  of  the  ravages  of  a  carpet-bug,  quite  different  in  its 
appearance  and  in  the  character  of  its  depredations  from  the 
well-known  carpet-moth,  Tinea  tapetzella,  which  for  so  long  a 
time  had  been  the  only  known  insect  depredator  on  our  carpets. 

Its  liabitat  was  stated  to  be  beneath  the  borders  of  carpets 
where  nailed  to  the  floor,  eating  in  those  portions  numerous 
holes  of  an  inch  or^more  in  diameter.  Occasionally  it  located 
itself  in  the  crevices  left  by  the  joinings  of  the  floor,  following 
which,  entire  breadths  of  carpet  would  be  cut  across  as  by 
scissors.  In  several  instances  carpets  had  been  destroyed  - 
new  ones  as  readily  as  older  —  and  it  was  questioned  whether 
their  use  could  be  continued,  in  view  of  a  prospective  increase 
of  the  alarming  ravages. 

The  insect  was  new  to  every  one,  and  no  one  could  form  a 
rational  conjecture  as  to  what  order  of  the  Insecta  it  belonged. 
It  was  described  as  a  small  ovate  object,  about  one- eighth 
of  an  inch  in  length,  thickly  clothed  with  numerous  short 
bristle-like  hairs,  and  terminating  in  a  pencil  of  these,  form- 
ing a  tail.  It  was  exceedingly  active  in  its  motions,  and 
when  disturbed  in  its  concealment  would  glide  away  beneath 
the  base-boards  or  some  other  convenient  crevice  so  quickly 
as  in  most  instances  to  elude  capture  for  its  closer  inspection. 
They  were  found  only  during  the  summer  months. 

In  1876  it  was  reported  in  many  dwellings  in  Schenectady, 
and  in  the  month  of  July  examples  of  it,  for  the  first  time, 
came  under  my  observation,  taken,  upon  search  having  been 
instituted,  under  the  carpets  of  my  residence  at  Schenectady, 
where  its  presence  had  not  been  suspected.  It  was  evident,  on 
the  first  inspection,  that  it  was  the  larva  of  a  beetle,  and  in 
all  probability  a  member  of  the  very  destructive  family  of 
DERMESTLD^E,  which  comprises  several  of  our  most  injurious 
depredators  on  animal  substances. 

A  number  of  the  larvae  were  secured  and  fed  upon  pieces  of 
carpet  in  order  to  rear  them.  In  September  they  had  evi- 


]28        THIRTIETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [16] 

dently  matured,  and  had  assumed  their  quiescent  pupal  state 
within  the  skin  of  the  larva,  first  rent  by  a  split  along  the  back 
for  the  escape  of  the  perfect  insect.  At  this  stage  they  pre- 
sented characters  which  led  me  to  refer  them,  in  all  probability, 
to  the  genus  ANTHRENUS. 

In  October,  the  first  perfect  insect  emerged.  Being  entirely 
new  to  me,  they  were  sent  to  Dr.  LeConte,  the  distinguished 
coleopterist  of  Philadelphia,  for  determination.  He  returned 
answer  that  they  were  the  AntTirenus  scropTiularice  — a  species 
well  known  in  Europe  for  its  destructiveness,  but  now  for  the 
first  time  detected  in  this  country. 

Notice  of  the  discovery  was  communicated  by  me  to  the 
Albany  Institute  at  its  meeting  of  October  17th,  1876,  and  a 
report  of  the  same  published  in  the  Albany  Argus  of  October 
21st.  Owing  to  the  interest  attached  to  the  introduction  in  our 
country  of  -another  addition  to  the  already  formidable  list  of 
injurious  insects  of  European  origin,  the  paper,  or  extracts 
therefrom,  appeared  in  several  of  the  journals  of  this  and 
adjoining  States.  Through  the  publicity  given  it,  I  became 
informed  of  the  presence  of  the  insect  in  many  localities 
in  New  York  and  other  States.  Examples  of  a  beetle,  believed 
to  conform  to  the  brief  description  which  I  had  given  of  A. 
scropTiularice*  and  known  to  possess  the  like  habit  of  feeding 
upon  carpets,  were  sent  to  me  by  Mr.  A.  S.  Fuller  of  the  Rural 
New-  Yorker,  for  comparison.  The  species  had  been  in  his 
cabinet  for  some  time,  under  the  name  of  AntTirenus  lepidus 
Le  Conte,  having  received  the  first  examples  from  Oregon  in 
1871  or  1872.  Later,  in  1874,  specimens  referred  by  him  to  the 
same  species  were  found  abundantly  in  a  dwelling  in  Market 
street,  New  York,  and  thereafter  in  various  parts  of  the  city 
and  neighboring  localities.  The  examples  reared  by  Mr. 
Fuller  from  larvae  taken  in  New  York  city  were  clearly  identi- 
cal wi'th  A.  scropJiularicB.  Upon  informing  Dr.  Le  Conte 
that  examples  of  this  species  were  in  cabinets  under  the  name 
of  A.  lepidus  and  requesting  an  explanation,  he  wrote  me 
that  the  latter  name  had  been  given  by  him  to  a  form  which 
he  had  found  on  flowers  at  San  Francisco  and  San  Jose  in 
1850 ;  *  that  it  differed  from  the  A.  scropTiularice  of  Europe  in 

*A.  lepidus,  breviter  ovatus,  supra  niger,  thoracis  lateribus  albo-squamosis,  gutta  nigra 
inclusa,  elytrus  fasciis  tribus  angustis  suturaque  albo-squamosis,  macula  antica  suturali 
aureo-squamosa  ornatis,  basi  parce  albo-squamosis.  Long.  .11  In  San  Diego,  Cal.  —  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  PMa.,  1854,  p.  112. 


[17]  THE  NEW  CARPET-BUG— ANTHKENUS  SCKOPHULARI.E.  J29 

its  sutural  line  being  white  instead  of  red ;  but  that  in  all  prob- 
ability it  should  only  be  regarded  as  a  variety  of  the  European 
species. 

Dr.  Le  Conte  suggests  that  it  may  have  been  imported  into 
California  from  Southern  Europe  during  the  Spanish  occupa- 
tion of  that  country.  The  eastern  invasion  of  the  insect,  he 
believes  to  have  been  within  a  few  years  through  the  impor- 
tation of  carpets  at  New- York. 

The  accompanying  figures,  very  faithfully  drawn  by  Prof. 
Eiley,  represent  A.  scrophularice  in  three  of  its  stages,  viz., 
a  the  larva,  c  the  pupa,  and  d  the  imago  or  beetle.  At  Z>,  the 
skin  of  the  larva,  after  the  beetle  has  emerged  from  the  fissure 
on  thje  back,  is  shown.  The  figures  are  enlarged  —  the  lines 
beside  them  representing  the  natural  size. 


The  larva  —  the  form  in  which  it  is  usually  found  when 
pursuing  its  ravages  beneath  the  carpets  —  measures,  at  matur- 
ity, about  three-sixteenths  of  an  inch  in  length.  A  number 
of  hairs  radiate  from  its  last  segment  in  nearly  a  semicircle, 
but  are  more  thickly  clustered  in  line  with  the  body,  forming 
a  tail-like  projection  almost  as  long  as  the  body :  this  term- 
inal pencil  of  hairs  is  not  shown  in  its  full  extent  in  the  figure, 
doubtless  taken  from  an  immature  individual.  The  entire 
length  of  the  insect,  including  the  pencil  of  hairs,  is,  in  the 
largest  specimens,  nearly  three-eighths  of  an  inch.  Meas- 
ured across  the  body  and  the  lateral  hairs,  its  breadth 
just  equals  the  length  of  the  body.  An  ordinary  magnifier 
will  show  the  front  part  of  the  body,  where  no  distinct  head  is 
to  be  seen,  thickly  set  with  short  brown  hairs,  and  a  few  longer 
ones.  Similar  short  hairs  clothe  the  body  —  somewhat  longer 
on  the  sides,  where  they  tend  to  form  small  tufts.  Towards 
the  hinder  end  may  be  seen  on  each  side  three  longer  tufts 
(thrice  as  long)  projecting  laterally  ;  but  these  are  not  always 


130        THIRTIETH  KEPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [jg] 

visible,  as  the  insect  by  the  aid  of  a  peculiar  muscular  arrange- 
ment, has  the  power  of  folding  them  out  of  sight  along  its 
sides.  The  body  has  the  appearance  of  being  banded  in  two 
shades  of  brown  —  the  darker  band  being  the  central  portion 
of  each  ring,  and  the  lighter,  the  connecting  portion  of  the 
rings,  known  as  the  incisure.  By  turning  it  upon  its  back, 
the  six  little  legs,  of  which  it  makes  such  good  use,  can  be 
seen,  in  vigorous  efforts  to  regain  its  former  position  —  its 
struggles  while  in  this  condition  sometimes  producing  a  series 
of  jumps  of  about  an  eighth  of  an  inch  in  length. 

Having  attained  its  full  growth,  it  prepares  for  its  pupal 
change  without  the  construction  of  a  cocoon  or  any  other 
provision  than  merely  seeking  some  convenient  retreat.  .Here 
it  remains  in  a  quiet  state,  unaltered  in  external  appearance, 
except  somewhat  contracted  in  length,  until  it  has  nearly  com- 
pleted its  pupation,  when  the  skin  is  rent  along  its  back,  and, 
through  the  fissure,  the  pupa  is  seen.  A  few  weeks  having 
passed,  the  pupal  skin  in  its  turn  is  split  dorsally,  and  the 
brightly  colored  wing-covers  of  the  beetle  are  disclosed.  Still 
a  few  additional  days  of  repose  are  required  for  its  full  devel- 
opment, when  the  now  fully  matured  beetle  crawls  from  its 
protective  coverings  of  pupal  case  and  larval  skin,  and  appears 
in  its  perfect  form  —  its  final  stage. 

The  earliest  beetles  emerge  in  the  month  of  October,  and 
continue  to  make  their  appearance  during  the  fall,  winter  and 
spring  months.  Soon  after  their  appearance  probably,  they 
pair,  and  the  females  deposit  their  eggs  for  another  brood  of 
the  carpet-eating  larvae. 

The  beetle  is  quite  small — smaller  than  would  ordinarily 
be  expected  from  the  size  of  the  larva  —  being  only  about 
one-eighth  of  an  inch  long  by  one-twelfth  broad.  An 
average  of  five  examples  before  me  gives,  length  .125  inch, 
breadth  .085  inch.  Its  form  is  almost  a  perfect  ellipse  as  seen 
from  above  ;  its  back  and  under  surface  are  quite  rounded. 
When  turned  upon  its  back,  it  often  for  a  few  moments  coun- 
terfeits death,  with  its  legs  so  closely  folded  to  the  surface  as 
scarcely  to  be  seen,  and  in  this  state  the  ordinary  observer 
might  be  at  a  loss  to  know  the  lower  from  the  upper  side. 

It  is  a  beautifully  marked  little  insect  in  its  contrasting 
colors  of  white,  black  and  scarlet,  arranged  as  follows  :  The 
edge  of  each  wing- cover,  where  they  meet  on  the  back,  is 
bordered  with  red  (forming  a  central  red  line),  with  three  red 


[19]  THE  NEW  CARPET-BUG— ANTHRENUSSCROPHULARI^E.  131 

projections  from  it  outwardly  —  one  on  the  middle  of  the  back, 
and  one  other  toward  each  end.  Take  a  straight  line  and 
divide  in  four  equal  parts  by  three  cross  lines,  and  we  have 
nearly  the  position  of  these  projections.  At  the  extreme  tip 
of  the  wing-covers  is  a  widening  of  the  bordering  line,  making 
almost  a  fourth  projection  from  it.  The  first  projection,  near 
the  head,  is  connected  with  a  white  spot,  running  upwardly 
on  the  middle  of  the  front  border  of  the  wing-cover.  On  the 
outer  border  of  the  wing-covers  are  three  white  spots  nearly 
opposite  the  red  projections.  The  intermediate  spaces  are 
black.  The  segments  of  the  body  beneath  are  covered  with 
pale  red  scales,  and  the  thoracic  region  (which  bears  the  legs) 
with  whitish  scales. 

The  above  description,  although  not  presented  as  a  scientific 
one,  will  suffice  for  the  identification  of  the  beetle  when  met 
with. 

The  detection  of  this  insect  adds  to  our  fauna  another 
species  of  the  dreaded  genus  of  ANTHRENUS,  which  there  is 
reason  to  fear  will  equ^l  in  its  destructive  agency  the  well- 
known  museum  pest,  the  A.  varius  (formerly  known  as  A. 
mus(£orum\  the  obtrusive  guest  of  all  our  collections  of 
natural  history,  whose  ravages  it  seems  impossible  fully  to 
guard  against,  and  so  exceedingly  difficult  to  control. 

It  does  not  confine  itself  wholly  to  carpets,  but  it  also 
infests  and  injures  various  articles  of  wearing  apparel,  hang- 
ing in  closets  or  lain  away  in  drawers.  An  instance  has  also 
been  'stated,  but  awaits  confirmation,  of  its  preying  upon  cot- 
ton fabrics — a  habit  not  attaching  to  either  the  clothes  or 
carpet  moths. 

It  is  known  to  have  become  almost  ubiquitous  in  a  house 
which  had  been  for  some  time  occupied  by  it,  notwithstand- 
ing the  persistent  efforts  made  for  its  extirpation.  Its  exu- 
viae were  encountered  in  trunks,  boxes,  tied  up  packages, 
drawers,  beneath  floor  oil-cloths,  etc.  Late  in  the  season 
(October)  clusters  of  twelve  or  more  of  the  full-grown  living 
larvae  were  disclosed,  to  the  disgust  and  dismay  of  the  house- 
keeper, in  turning  over  a  paillasse,  the  borders  of  which  they 
had  selected  as  a  safe  retreat  on  which  to  undergo  their  final 
transformation. 

I  have  this  present  year  found  that  a  convenient  place  in 
which  to  discover  the  beetle,  is  upon  the  windows  of  the 
infested  rooms  during  the  day.  In  the  latter  part  of  April 


132        THIRTIETH  KEPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [20] 

examples  were  taken  upon  the  windows  of  my  residence  at 
Schenectady.  After  the  middle  of  May,  a  systematic  search 
instituted  for  them,  gave  several  examples  each  day.  In  the 
six  days  from  May  17th  to  22d,  forty-four  specimens  were 
taken  from  the  three  windows  of  two  upper  rooms.  Should 
investigation  show  that  the  beetle  is  drawn  to  the  windows 
before  the  deposition  of  its  eggs,  their  ready  capture  and 
destruction  at  this  time  will  offer  an  easy  method  of  prevent- 
ing their  increase. 

Should  this  insect  continue  to  increase  until  its  complete 
naturalization  shall  make  it  as  common  as  A.  varius  (a  dozen 
or  more  of  which  may  sometimes  be  seen  feeding  on  a  single 
flower),  it  is  difficult  to  conceive  how,  under  such  a  visita- 
tion, the  comfort  of  carpets  can  still  be  indulged  in  within  our 
homes.  Even  now,  when  it  has  barely  commenced  its  rav- 
ages, it  is  reported  as  having  inflicted  very  serious  pecuniary 
losses  in  several  instances,  where  carpets  have  been  entirely 
ruined ;  and  such  terror  has  its  presence  imparted,  that  not 
a  few  prudent  housekeepers  have  already  abandoned  the  cus- 
tomary nailing  of  their  carpets  to  the  floor,  that  frequent 
examinations  may  be  made  during  the  summer  months  for 
the  discovery  and  destruction  of  the  unwelcome  guest. 

The  remarkable  invasion  of  a  dwelling  in  Cold  Spring, 
ON".  Y.,  in  the  summer  of  1874,  after  a  twelve  months'  absence 
of  the  family  in  Europe,  was  by  a  larva  of  Anthrenus  (as  de- 
termined by  Dr.  Packard),  which  is  now  believed  to  have  been 
this  species.  According  to  the  statement  made,  "  they  *took 
complete  possession,  from  the  cellar  to  the  attic,  in  every  nook 
and  crevice  of  the  floors,  under  matting  and  carpets,  behind 
pictures,  and  eating  every  thing  in  their  way.' '  From  this 
account  we  may  infer  an  almost  incalculable  capability  of 
increase  if  left  to  itself,  and  draw  the  lesson  of  the  absolute 
necessity  of  combatting  its  invasion  by  every  means  in  our 
power. 

It  will  unquestionably  prove  an  exceedingly  difficult  pest 
to  dislodge.  The  ordinary  applications  of  camphor,  pepper, 
tobacco,  turpentine,  carbolic  acid,  etc.,  are  powerless  against 
it.  It  has  even  been  asserted  that  it  u grows  fat"  on  these 
substances.  An  effectual  means  of  destruction,  and  prevent- 
ive against  new  invasions,  is  still  to  be  discovered.  The  free 
use  of  benzine  has  been  recommended  in  some  of  our  journals, 
to  be  used  in  the  saturation  of  cotton,  with  which  to  fill  the 


[21]  THE  NEW  CAKPET-BFG— ANTIIKENUS  SCROPHULARI.E.  133 

joinings  of  the  floors  and  crevices  beneath  the  base-boards. 
This  is  to  be  done  during  the  winter  months,  at  which  time 
the  insect  will  be  occupying  these  retreats,  either  in  its  per- 
fect beetle  form,  or  as  eggs  deposited  for  another  brood ; 
to  either  of  these  the  direct  application  of  benzine  would  be 
fatal.  To  some  of  my  correspondents  I  have  suggested  the 
pouring  of  kerosene  oil  in  the  crevices  of  the  floors,  and  fill- 
ing of  all  places  of  retreat  with  cotton  saturated  with  the  oil. 
I  would  regard  this  as  less  dangerous  in  its  use  than  benzine, 
and  equally  efficient. 

The  recommendation  recently  made  in  several  of  our  news- 
papers, of  the  Persian  insect-powder  for  the  destruction  of  the 
insect,  I  believe  to  be  of  no  value.  I  have  not  deemed  it 
worth  the  trouble  of  experimenting  with  it,  but  I  have  been 
told  by  those  who  have  given  it  a  trial  that  it  has  been 
found  to  be  of  no  avail  whatever. 

The  inse.ct  has  not  as  yet  become  sufficiently  abundant  in 
New  York  to  be  found  resorting  to  plants  for  its  food.  The 
variety  Anthrenus  lepidus,  which  was  introduced  in  Cali- 
fornia sufficiently  long  ago  to  permit  its  complete  naturaliza- 
tion, was  discovered  there,  in  numbers,  feeding  upon  some  of 
the  Composite.  The  Anthrenus  Darius  is  often  found,  in  its 
perfect  state,  taking  its  food  from  the  blossoms  of  different 
plants  in  the  garden  or  field.  I  have  met  with  it  abundantly 
on  peonies.  It  has  also  been  found  to  frequent  the  rocket 
flower,  Hesperis  matronalis,  a  fragrant  and  showy  perennial. 

If  the  plants  known  to  be  attractive  to  the  A.  Darius  can  be 
introduced  into  our  houses,  and  made  to  flower  during  the 
months  of  April  and  May,  I  believe  that  the  carpet-beetles 
would  be  drawn  to  them  in  preference  to  windows,  perhaps  as 
soon  as  they  emerge  from  the  pupae. 

We  are  unable  to  give  at  the  present  any  precise  statement 
of  its  distribution.  It  is  known  in  Oregon,  as  well  as  in  Cali- 
fornia. It  is  believed  to  be  distributed  throughout  most  of 
the  western  States,  and  it  is  known  to  occur  in  various  por- 
tions of  the  State  of  New  York. 

It  is  announced  as  having  appeared  in  considerable  force  in 
Syracuse.  In  Utica  it  has  inflicted  serious  damage  in  many 
dwellings.  It  has  occurred  at  Buffalo,  but  not  in  such  num- 
bers as  to  have  originated  the  name  sometimes  applied  to  it — 
the  Buffalo  bug — a  name  given  to  it  on  the  Pacific  coast  prob- 
ably, from  a  fancied  resemblance  to  that  animal.  Its  presence 


134        THIRTIETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [22] 

has  also  been  detected  in  Albany,  but  no  serious  ravages  have 
been  reported.  It  has  occasioned  much  alarm  in  several 
places  in  the  State  of  New  Jersey.  Without  doubt  it  is  com- 
mitting its  depredations  in  many  localities  where  its  work  is 
ascribed  to  the  carpet-moth,  than  which  it  is  a  far  more  per- 
nicious insect. 

A  lady  to  whom  I  was  relating  the  destructive  capabilities 
of  the  new  pest,  congratulated  herself  that  her  carpets  were 
free  from  it.  The  following  morning  ner  husband  brought  to 
me  a  beetle  which  he  had  taken  from  his  face  during  the 
night,  which  proved  to  be  the  creature  that  I  had  described 
to  her  the  previous  evening — the  abundant  presence  of  which 
in  her  home,  she  had  not  suspected. 

From  the  serious  nature  of  its  depredations  as  above  refer- 
red to  but  in  part,  the  secrecy  with  which  it  conducts  them, 
the  extreme  difficulty  with  any  known  appliance  of  eradicat- 
ing it — it  becomes  very  important,  as  a  preventive  .against  its 
alarming  increase,  that  it  should,  from  the  outset,  be  corn- 
batted  by  all  the  means  known  to  be  efficacious  against  its 
allied  forms,  or  which  may  give  promise  of  success  as  against 
a  new  foe. 

It  may  be  interesting,  in  connection  with  the  above  -notice 
of  this  last  importation,  to  recall  the  fact  that  nearly  all  of  our 
most  injurious  insects  have  been  introduced  from  Europe. 
Of  a  long  catalogue  given  by  Professor  Riley,  in  one  of  his 
valuable  reports,  a  few  may  be  mentioned  here : 

The  Hessian-fly  (Cecidomyia  destructor),  the  wheat-midge 
(Diplosis  tritlci\  the  cheese-maggot  (Piophila  casei),  the 
house-fly  (Musea  domestica),  the  currant-worm  (Nematus 
ventricosus),  oyster- shell  bark-louse  (Aspidiotus  concTiifor. 
mis\  several  species  of  planfclice  (Aphides),  the  cockroach 
(Blatta  orientalis),  the  croton-bug  (EctoMa  germanica),  the 
meal-worm  (Tenebrio  molitor),  the  grain- weetil  (SitopTiilus 
granarius),  the  bee-moth  (Galleria  cereana),  the  codling-moth 
of  the  apple  (Carpocapsa  pomonella\  the  cabbage-moth  (Plu- 
tella  cruciferarum),  the  carpet-moth  (Tinea  tapetzella\*  the 
clothes-moth  (Tinea  vestianella\  the  fur-moth  (Tinea  pelio- 
nella\*  the  currant  borer  (2Egeria  tipuliformis\  and  within 
the  few  past  years,  the  asparagus-beetle  (Crioceris  asparagi), 
and  the  well-known  destructive  cabbage-butterfly  (Pieris 

*Mr.  V.  T.  Chambers  finds  differences  in  these  two  species   from   the   European   ones 
(Canadian  Entomologist,  7,  pp.  124, 125). 


[23]  THE  NEW  CARPET-BUG— ANTHRENUSSCROPHULARI.E.  135 

rapce).  All  of  these,  and  the  formidable  list  might  be  greatly 
extended,  we  have  received  from  Europe,  while  very  few  of 
our  native  insect  pests  have  been  sent  in  return.  Should  our 
late  exportation  of  the  Colorado  potato-beetle  (DoryopTiora 
decemlineata),  prove  as  injurious  in  Europe  as  in  this  country, 
which  there  is  much  reason  to  doubt,  we  shall  still  be  very  far 
from  having  made  a  commensurate  return.  While  the  few 
American  species  which  have  been  introduced  in  Great  Britain 
and  on  the  continent  have  not  spread  to  any  great  extent,  in  al- 
most every  instance  where  injurious  insects  have  been  brought 
thence  to  this  country,  their  number  and  their  ravages 
have  been  greatly  increased.  Thus,  while  the  recent  advent  of 
the  AntTirenus  scrophularice  has  brought  consternation  in 
many  of  our  homes,  we  have  been  unable  to  find  any  record 
of  its  preying  upon  carpets,  or  other  woolens,  in  the  Old 
World,  where  it  has  been  so  long  known.  Even  special 
inquiry  made  by  me  of  one  of  the  leading  Entomologists  of 
Europe,  has  failed  to  elicit  any  such  information.  It  is  said 
there  to  infest  dried  meats  and  similar  substances.  Perhaps  its 
fondness  for  carpets  is  a  new  taste  which  its  transportation 
hither  has  developed. 


136        THIRTIETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [24] 


m.  ISOSOMA  VITIS  SAUHDERS. 

THE   GRAPE-SEED   FLY. 


During  the  early  part  of  September  of  the  present  year 
(1876),  a  cluster  of  grapes,  in  very  bad  condition,  which  had 
been  received  at  the  office  of  the  Country  Gentleman,  of 
Albany,  was  submitted  to  my  examination,  with  a  request  for 
information  as  to  the  cause  of  the  injury  or  disease.  It  was 
accompanied  with  the  following  letter  from  the  gentleman  in 
whose  garden,  at  Plainfield,  N.  J.,  the  grapes  had  grown : 

EDS.  COUNTRY  GENTLEMAN. —  I  send  you  by  mail  to-day  a 
single  bunch  of  Walter  grape,  to  ask  if  you  will  tell  me  in  the 
columns  of  your  paper,  what  is  the  matter  with  my  grapes. 
They  have  been  affected  in  same  manner  since  the  first  year 
they  bore  (now  the  third  year  of  bearing),  but  never  so  badly 
as  this  year.  The  disease  attacks  all  kinds  (I  have  about  a 
dozen),  and  in  different  parts  of  my  garden.  It  shows  itself 
about  the  time  of  ripening,  and  this  year  promises  to  destroy 
the  whole  crop  before  they  are  fairly  ready  to  pick.  If  this 
bunch  carries  well,  you  will  probably  notice  a  berry  or  two 
just  touched,  and  you  will  see  that  the  puncture  is  very  small. 
Dr.  Hexamer  thinks  it  may  be  sun-burn,  but  I  am  sure  this  is 
not  the  trouble,  for  this  very  bunch  which  I  send  you  was  cut 
from  underneath  heavy  foliage,  and  bunches  heavily  shaded 
are  just  as  badly  affected  as  others  more  exposed.  I  have 
watched  for  bees  and  wasps,  but  find  scarcely  any.  Occa- 
sionally a  single  bee  will  be  found  sucking  the  juice  of  a  berry 
already  broken.  Neither  do  I  see  many  birds  on  the  vines, 
though  we  have  English  sparrows  in  the  neighborhood. 
The  vines  are  very  thrifty,  and  are  taken  as  good  care  of  as  I 
know  how  to  do. 

H.  E.  M. 

The  nature  of  the  difficulty  was  so  singularly  concealed  that 
it  was  not  readily  detected  by  me.  A  critical  examination, 
however,  brought  to  view  the  hidden  cause,  and  enabled  me 
to  return  the  following  answer : 

The  injury  which  threatens  to  destroy  an  entire  crop  of 
grapes,  as  above  narrated,  proceeds  from  an  insect  pest  which 
promises  to  prove  very  detrimental  to  the  grape-growing 


[25]  THE  GRAPE-SEED  FLY.  137 

interest  of  our  country,  and  which,  therefore,  should  be 
promptly  met  and  circumvented  by  all  the  means  in  our 
power. 

The  bunch  of  grapes,  as  received,  contained  a  large  number 
of  shriveled  berries,  upon  which,  as  also  upon  nearly  every 
one  of  the  perfect  ones,  could  be  seen  with  the  naked  eye,  a 
small  round  dot,  in  the  center  of  which  an  elevated  roughened 
surface  was  visible  with  a  magnifier.  The  dot  marks  the  spot 
where  a  very  minute  four-winged  fly  had  punctured  the  skin 
and  deposited  its  egg.  The  egg  hatching,  the  larva  passes 
through  the  pulp  into  one  of  the  seeds,  upon  the  kernel  of 
which  it  feeds,  and  within  the  empty  case  undergoes  its  trans- 
formation to  its  pupal  state,  having  previously  provided  for 
the  escape  of  the  perfect  fly  by  gnawing  an  aperture  of  suf- 
ficient size  in  the  seed. 

For  the  detection  of  this  insect,  for  our  knowledge  of  its 
habits  and  transformations,  and  for  its  description,  we  are 
indebted  to  Mr.  W.  Saunders,  the  able  editor  of  the  Canadian 
Entomologist,  who  first  observed  the  insect,  in  Canada,  in  the 
fall  of  1868.  It  was  at  first  believed  by  him  to  be  the  larva  of 
a  curculio,  but  subsequently  was  correctly  referred  by  Prof. 
Riley  to  the  hymenopterous  genus  ISOSOMA.  In  the  Canadian 
Entomologist  for  November,  1869,  it  is  described  by  Mr. 
Saunders  as  Isosoma  mtis.  The  fly  is  quite  small,  being 
but  about  one- sixth  of  an  inch  in  spread  of  wings  ;  its  head, 
thorax  and  abdomen  are  black,  the  wings  clear  and  iridescent, 
and  the  legs  brown  and  black.  The  species  is  interesting  from 
its  belonging  to  the  same  genus  with  the  destructive  joint- 
worm  fly,  the  Isosoma  Tiordei  (Harris),  which  has  proved  so 
very  destructive  to  the  wheat,  rye  and  barley  crops ;  and, 
perhaps,  even  more  interesting  from  a  remarkable  difference 
in  the  sexes,  pointed  out  by  the  late  Mr.  Walker  of  the  British 
Museum,  "one  of  them  representing  the  carnivorous  EURY- 
TOMA,  and  the  other  the  herbivorous  ISOSOMA,  and  thus  one 
species  figuratively  combines  the  diminishers  of  vegetation 
and  the  controllers  of  such  diminution." 

In  an  account  of  this  insect  Mr.  Saunders  says:  "On  the 
20th  of  August,  1868,  we  observed  that  many  of  the  berries  in 
the  bunches  of  a  Clinton  vine,  under  our  care,  were  shrivel- 
ing up.  On  opening  the  grapes,  we  noticed  that  most  of  the 
smaller  berries  —  that  is,  those  which  had  shriveled  earliest — 
contained  only  one  seed,  and  that  of  an  unusually  large  size ; 


138        THIRTIETH  KEPOBT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [26] 

but  some  of  the  larger  withered  grapes  contained  two  seeds, 
each  having  a  dark  spot  upon  its  surface.  On  cutting  the 
seeds  carefully  open,  the  kernel  was  found  almost  entirely 
consumed,  and  the  cavity  occupied  by  a  small,  milk-white, 
footless  grub,  with  a  "pair  of  brown  hooked  mandibles,  a 
smooth  and  glossy  skin,  with  a  few  very  fine  short  white  hairs. 
When  at  rest,  it  was  nearly  oval  in  form,  but  when  in  motion, 
its  body  became  elongated,  varying  in  length  from  one-fifteenth 
to  one-twelfth  of  an  inch." 

Mr.  Saunders  found  the  larvae  unchanged  within  the  seeds, 
and  quite  active,  in  an  examination  made  in  the  month  of 
February.  Early  in  July  they  were  still  soft,  but  motionless, 
and  they  may  have  been  in  the  pupa  state.  On  the  9th  of 
August,  a  number  of  the  perfect  insects,  dead,  were  found 
when  the  contents  of  the  bottle  containing  the  seeds  were 
turned  out  upon  a  piece  of  white  paper.  They  had  probably 
effected  their  escape  during  the  last  half  of  July. 

It  is  possible  that  this  insect  may  not  prove  so  destructive 
as  it  threatens  to  do,  by  spreading  from  garden  to  garden,  and 
throughout  our  vineyards.  If  it  were  left  unmolested,  under 
circumstances  continuing  to  favor  its  increase,  it  is  capable 
within  a  few  years  of  compelling  the  abandonment  of  the  cul- 
ture of  the  grape  in  our  country.  Hidden  within  the  seeds,  it 
could  readily  be  distributed  in  the  transportation  of  the  grapes 
to  distant  markets,  through  the  several  States  of  the  Union. 
This  is  the  first  instance  that  we  have  heard  of  its  appearance 
within  the  United  States. 

Encouraged  by  the  recollection  that  at  different  times  in  the 
past,  when  a  destructive  insect  pest  has  threatened  to  pursue 
its  ravages  without  the  probability  of  its  arrest  by  human 
agency,  some  kindly  parasite  or  climatic  condition  has  come 
to  our  aid  —  so  we  shall  hope  that  in  the  present  instance  the 
little  Isosoma  mtis  will  not  find  conditions  more  favorable  to 
its  existence  in  its  new  habitat,  or  others  that  it  may  select, 
than  it  enjoyed  in  Canada,  where  its  spread  seems  to  have 
been,  for  the  time,  at  least,  arrested. 

No  means,  however,  should  be  left  untried  that  promise  to 
arrest  and  destroy  it.  Knowing  the  history  of  the  insect,  we 
are  able  to  state  that  it  can  best,  perhaps  only,  be  destroyed 
while  in  the  larval  or  grub  state,  or  previous  to  attaining  its 
perfect  condition.  This  may  be  done  by  burning  all  the 
shriveled  grapes,  as  well  as  those  not  shriveled,  but  showing 


[27]  THE  GRAPE-SEED  FLY.  ]39 

the  dot  marking  the  entrance  of  the  inclosed  grub  —  in  short, 
all  infested  clusters.  Or,  the  clusters  might  be  buried,  with  a 
foot  of  solid  ground  above  them,  through  which,  the  perfect 
insects  if  developed  under  such  circumstances,  would  not  be 
able  to  penetrate. 

Regarding  so  serious  an  attack  upon  the  grape  as  of  great 
economic  importance,  and  with  our  knowledge  of  it  limited  to 
an  experience  in  a  single  locality,  I  deemed  it  proper  to  request 
of  the  gentleman  from  whom  its  announcement  had  been  re- 
ceived, a  detailed  statement  for  record,  of  the  circumstances 
and  conditions  attending  it,  as  an  aid  toward  working  out  the 
life  history  of  a  dangerous  insect  pest,  of  which  so  very  little 
was  known. 

He  kindly  communicated  the  following  statement : 

DEAR  SIR  —  Your  favor  of  17th  November  is  received. 
Please  accept  my  hearty  thanks.  I  will  gladly  take  pains  to 
learn  what  I  can  next  year  about  the  insect  and  inform  you. 

I  only  have  a  small  place  in  JMew  Jersey,  where  I  live,  and 
in  my  garden  I  have  some  twelve  or  fifteen  vines  only.  The 
place  I  purchased  five  years  ago,  built  my  house  and  made 
my  garden.  The  lot  was  a  portion  of  an  old  neglected  apple 
orchard.  The  soil  is  a  light  sandy  loam,  with  a  sub- soil 
of  clear  sand  and  gravel,  running  down  probably  twenty  feet. 
Most  of  my  grape  vines  are  set  in  a  border  facing  the  south- 
west, trained  on  a  post  and  wire  trellis,  with  an  ordinary 
picket  fence  about  two  feet  in  the  rear  —  so  they  have  an 
abundance  of  light  and  air. 

About  150  feet  from  this  trellis,  facing  it  (hence  a  north-east 
exposure),  is  the  rear  of  my  house.  On  a  piazza  here  I  have 
a  Croton  vine,  very  thrifty,  and  not  far  away,  against  an  out- 
house, I  have  a  Oatawba,  with  a  south-eastern  exposure. 
These  two  vines  bear  largely  and  are  the  only  ones  in  my 
yard,  apparently  free  from  the  attack  of  this  insect. 

Where  I  previously  lived,  I  never  had  any  trouble  worth 
mentioning  with  grape  enemies,  and  so  was  not  on  the  look 
out  for  this  insect.  My  grapes  bore  a  very  little  two  years' 
ago  (first  crop),  and  I  do  not  remember  any  appearance  of  dis- 
ease. Last  year  they  (or  some  of  them)  bore  quite  a  crop, 
and  the  grapes  were  badly  injured.  Gardeners  and  fruit  grow- 
ers in  my  neighborhood,  thought  the  trouble  came  from  heavy 
and  continued  rains  following  a  dry  spell,  the  sap  starting 
so  vigorously  as  to  burst  the  berry  ;  I  therefore  gave  the  mat- 
ter not  much  thought.  This  year,  as  you  know,  many  of  my 
vines  fruited  largely  —  notably  the  Concord,  Martha,  Walter, 
Croton,  Catawba,  with  a  smaller  fruitage  of  Delaware,  Hart- 
ford Prolific,  etc.  With  the  exception  heretofore  mentioned, 


140        THIRTIETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [28] 

all  were  attacked.  I  noticed  it  first  as  the  grapes  reached 
their  full  size,  and  began  to  ripen,  and  I  suppose  I  lost  quite 
three  quarters  of  the  fruit  on  the  vines  thus  attacked. 

I  do  not  know  how  widespread  the  trouble  may  be.  Some 
of  my  neighbors  have  suffered  somewhat,  but  I  think  none  so 
much  as  1.  I  propose  to  take  pains  to  get  the  experience  of 
the  fruit-growers  around  me,  and  will  then,  as  you  request, 
communicate  with  you  further. 

Yours  respectfully, 

H.  R.  HUNGER, 

PLAINFIELD,  1ST.  J. 

Notices  of  "  grape-rot,"  as  a  serious  evil  prevalent  in  various 
parts  of  the  country,  have  appeared,  from  time  to  time,  for 
the  past  few  years,  in  our  agricultural  journals.  Its  cause  has 
been  extensively  discussed,  many  speculations  have  been  ad- 
vanced, earnest  study  has  been  given  it,  but  up  to  the  present 
time,  its  occurrence,  like  that  of  the  pear-blight,  has  received 
no  satisfactory  explanation. 

Is  it  possible  that  it  may  be  but  a  phase  of  a  formidable 
Isosoma  mtis  attack  ?  This  question  arises,  when  too  late  to 
answer  it  through  examinations  the  present  year.  It  may  be 
that  the  conjecture,  for  such  it  merely  is,  may  at  once  be  dis- 
missed as  without  foundation,  by  those  conversant  with  the 
disease  (of  which  the  writer  only  knows  the  name),  and  can 
recall  in  it,  conditions  inconsistent  with  those  attendant  upon 
the  insect  attack,  as  above  reported.  The  shriveling  of  the 
berry,  its  discoloration  (its  partial  decomposition,  perhaps,  of 
which  no  mention  has  been  made),  and  its  dropping  to  the 
ground,  might  easily  present  most  of  the  features  of  an  ordi- 
nary decay. 

If  the  question  herewith  raised  of  the  identity  of  the  two  may 
not  be  at  once  authoritatively  answered  by  the  grape-grower 
familiar  with  all  the  phases  of  the  grape-rot,  then  it  will 
remain  as  a  most  interesting  subject  for  determination  the  com- 
ing season.  Should  the  suspicion  be  verified,  and  the  cause 
of  the  wide-spread  and  growing  evil  be  discovered  so  singu- 
larly hidden  within  the  seeds,  then  there  is  scarce  a  doubt,  but 
that  by  the  sacrifice  of  one  or  two  crops  the  progress  of  the 
evil  can  be  effectually  arrested. 


[29]  ADIRONDACK  LEPIDOPTERA. 


IV.  LIST  OF  LEP1DOPTERA. 


COLLECTED  BY  W.  W.  HILL,  IN  THE  ADIRONDACK  REGION  OF 

NEW  YORK. 


It  is  with  much  pleasure  that  we  present  the  following  record 
of  some  recent  collections  of  Lepidoptera  from  one  of  the 
most  elevated  regions  of  the  State  of  New  York.  It  is>  we  be- 
lieve, the  first  published  local  list,  of  any  considerable  extent, 
of  the  Lepidoptera  of  the  State,  and  in  view  of  the  absolute 
necessity  of  such  lists  to  an  extended  knowledge  of  the  dis- 
tribution of  insects,  it  will  be  appreciated  by  the  student.  The 
great  interest  pertaining  to  the  subject  of  geographical  distri- 
bution, and  its  important  bearing  upon  the  derivation  and 
modification  of  species,  is  illustrated  by  the  admirable  chapter 
on  "The  Geographical  Distribution  of  the  Phalsenidse  of  the 
United  States,"  constituting  pages  567-594  of  Dr.  Packard's 
Monograph  of  the  Phalcenidce. 

The  enthusiasm  of  the  entomologists  of  an  adjoining  State, 
has  led  them  to  explorations  of  a  peculiarly  interesting  field 
lying  beyond  the  limits  of  their  own  State  —  the  White  Moun- 
tains of  New  Hampshire.  For  successive  years,  the  members 
of^  the  Cambridge  Entomological  Club  have  established  a  mid- 
summer encampment  upon  the  slope  of  Mt.  Washington,  by 
which,  through  their  protracted  sojourn  for  weeks,  and  oppor- 
tunity for  collecting  crepuscular  and  nocturnal  forms,  they 
have  been  able  to  enrich  their  cabinets  and  those  of  their  cor- 
respondents with  many  rare  boreal  species,  to  accumulate 
much  valuable  biological  information,  and  to  present  local  lists 
of  Lepidoptera,  Coleoptera  and  Orthoptera  which  have  been  re- 
ceived as  special  contributions  to  science. 

Meanwhile,  the  extensive  Adirondack  region  with  its  numer^ 
ous  lofty  mountain  peaks,  its  deep  gorges,  its  hundreds  of 
lakes  —  perhaps  second  only  to  the  White  Mountains  in  point 
of  interest  to  the  entomologist  of  any  locality  in  the  United 
States  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains — -has  been  permitted, 
each  year,  to  bury  within  itself  its  entire  entomological  wealth. 


142        THIETIETH  KEPOET  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [30] 

Previous  to  the  collections  noticed  in  this  pap«r,  scarce  an  in- 
sect had  been  drawn  from  it.  At  the  present,  nothing  has  been 
reported  of  its  mountain  insect  fauna.  Many  new  species 
are  doubtless  to  be  discovered  there,  and  the  first  comparison 
of  its  fauna  with  that  of  other  elevated  and  more  northern 
regions  is  yet  to  be  made.  It  is  not  impossible  (although  our 
eastern  friends  will  not  admit  the  possibility)  that  the  naked 
summit  of  Mt.  Marcy  may  yet  yield  to  earnest  search  another 
locality  for  that  very  interesting  butterfly  of  so  restricted 
range — QMonobas  semidea,  while  aspirations  less  lofty,  would 

•in  all  probability  be  rewarded  by  the  addition  of  Argynnis 
montinus  to  our  State  fauna. 

It  is  sincerely  to  be  hoped  that,  from  the  growing  interest 
manifested  in  entomology,  the  numerous  accessions  to  the 
number  of  its  students,  the  facility  for  study  afforded  by 
recent  publications  and  in  several  extensive  classified  collec- 
tions—  the  reproach  resting  on  the  Entomologists  of  New- 
York,  may  speedily  be  removed.  And  while  the  thorough 
exploration  of  any  locality  can  scarcely  fail  of  bringing  to 
light  much  new  material,  the  ambitious  student  may  have  for 
his  incentive  the  assurance  that  in  the  Adirondack  region,  and 
especially  among  the  Adirondack  Mountains  proper,  there  is 
open  to  him  an  unexplored  field  where  faithful  search  will 
assuredly  yield  him  a  most  abundant  return. 

For  the  valuable  information  embodied  in  the  following 
List,  in  its  enumeration  of  species,  dates  of  apparition,  com- 
parative abundance  of  species  and  of  sex,  we  are  indebted  to 

•  the  zeal  of  Mr.  W.  W.  Hill,  of  Albany.  Although  having  but 
recently  devoted  himself  to  entomological  study,  the  ardor 
with  which  he  has  entered  upon  it,  the  unwearying  industry 
displayed  in  its  pursuit,  and  the  very  satisfactory  results  thus 
far  attained,  give  every  assurance  that  the  science  to  which  he 
has  so  earnestly  consecrated  his  available  time,  will  be  mate- 
rially advanced  by  his  labors. 

The  collections  were  made  in  Township  No.  4,  of  Lewis 
county,  at  Fenton-  s,  and  its  immediate  vicinity.  The  eleva- 
tion above  tide  has  not  been  computed,  but  may  be  given 
approximately  at  1450  feet. 

The  larger  proportion  —  perhaps  three- fourths  —  of  the  Ncc- 
tuidse  were  attracted  by  light,  and  taken  within  the  Fenton 
House.  Quite  a  number  were  captured  "at  sugar";  the 
inexperience  of  the  collector  in  this  usually  very  successful 


[31 J  ADIRONDACK  LEPIDOPTERA.  ]43 

method  made  it  far  less  remunerative  than  under  other  cir- 
cumstances it  would  have  been,  and  than  it  promises  to  be 
hereafter. 

It  is  to  be  regretted  that  this  List  could  not  present  the 
results  of  an  entire  season,  instead  of  being  necessarily  so 
partial  an  exhibit  of  the  Lepidoptera  of  the  region,  from  the 
brief  time  to  which  the  collections  were  limited.  As  may  be 
seen  from  the  record,  they  commenced  on  July  1st  (1876),  and 
were  continued  until  the  21st  of  August.  On  the  part  of  Mr. 
Hill,  they  terminated  August  4th,  the  subsequent  additions 
having  been  made  by  friends  sojourning  at  the  place.  An 
absence  of  one  week  during  this  time  limits  the  period  of 
regular  collecting  to  four  weeks. 

Collections  of  considerable  less  extent  made  during  the  pre- 
ceding year  (1875)  from  July  1st  to  August  4th,  are  also  incor- 
porated with  the  above.  Of  the  species  taken  at  this  time 
no  dates  were  recorded  ;  when,  therefore,  they  were  not  met 
with  during  the  following  season,  they  appear  in  the  list 
simply  as  taken  in  July  or  August,  1875. 


KHOPALOCERA. 

Papilio  Turnus  Linn July,  1875. 

Pieris  oleracea  (Harr.) "  17, 19,  27,  29   31. 

P.        rapse  (Linn.} "  19,  et  al. 

Colias  Philodice  Godart "  12,  et  al. 

Danais  Archippus  (Fabr.) "  3,   10,    20,    27,    31. 

Argynnis  Cybele  Fabr "  19,  31. 

A.            Aphrodite  Fabr "  12  to  29.  12  3  ,  5  $  . 

A.            Atlantis  Edw "  4  to  21.     8  $  ,  15  ?  . 

A.            Myrina  (Cramer) "  27,  30.  3  3  -    ' 

A.            Bellona  Fabr 4i  19. 

Phyciodes  Nycteis  Doubl "  8,  10. 

P.            tharos  (Drury) "  2,  3,  5,  6,  7, 18.  9  $  . 

P.            Batesii  (ReaJc.) "  1875. 

Melitsea  Phaeton  (Drury) "  1875. 

Grapta  comma  (Harr.} "  14. 

G.            Faunus  Edw "  17,  et  al.    66,5?. 

G.            Progne  (Cramer) ; '  1. 

G.            J-album  (Bd.-Lec.).. .  "  1875.    Aug.  1.  2  <3 ,  2  ? 

Vanessa  Antiopa  (Linn.) "  1875. 

Y.            Milberti  Godart "  1875.     Aug.  5. 


144        THIRTIETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [32] 

Pyrameis  Atalanta  (Linn.)  ----  Aug.  1875. 

P.  huntera  (Fabr.)  .......  July  27,  Aug.  1,  5. 

Limenitis  Arthemis  (Drury)  ...  "  5,  (15  $  ,  2  ?  )  10,  12,  15, 

Aug.  1.  19  $  ,  4  ?  . 

L.  disippus  (Goat.)  ......  "  1875. 

Neonympha  Eurytris  (Fabr.).  .  "  1875. 

K".  Canthus  (Linn.)  ......  "  3  to  19.    86,2$. 

Satyrus  Alope  (Fabr.)  ........  "  19,  26,  31,  Aug.  1.  5  $  . 

S.  "        Nephele  (Kirby)  ......  "  15,  17,  19. 

Thecla  strigosa  Harr  ..........  "  1875. 

T.  Titus  (Fabr.)  .........  u  6,17,  Aug.  1,4.  76  ,  3?  . 

Lycsena  neglecta  Edw  .........  "  1875. 

Chrysophanus  Thoe  (Bd.-L.)  .  .  "  1875. 

C.  Americana  (Harr.)  ____  u  2,  3,  Aug.  1,  5, 

Pamphila  Zabulon  (Bd.-Lec.)  .  "  1875. 

P.  Leonardus(ZTarr.)....  "  1875. 

P.  Peckius  (Kirby)  ......  u  18. 

P.  Mystic  Edw  ..........  "  2,3,4,5,12.76,2?. 

P.  Cernes  (Bd.-Lec.)  .....  "  2,  3,  4,  5,  12.    66,3?. 

P.  Metacomet  (Harr.)  ....  "  2,  5,  6,  8,  10,  18.  4  6  ,  2  ?. 

Eudamus  Pylades  (Scudd.).  ...  "  1875. 

HETEROCERA. 

SPHINGID^E. 

Sesia  uniformis  Grote-Eob  .........  July  5,  12. 

Daremma  undulosa  Walk  .........       "     1875. 

Smerinthus  geminatus  Say  ......  ..  .       u    27. 


Ctenucha  virginica  (Oharp.)  .......  July  5  to  18.  10  6  2  ?  . 

Lycomorpha  pholus  (Drury)  ......  Aug.  12. 


Callimorpha  militaris  Harr  ........  July  1875. 

Arctia  virgo  (Linn.)  ..............  " 

A.            Saundersii  Grote  .........  "       " 

Spilosoraa  textor  Harr  ............  u       t' 

Orgyia  nova  Fitch  ................  "  26. 

Parorgyia  Clintonii  Gr.-Rdb  .......  u  12. 

Nadata  gibbosa  Walk  .............  "      7. 


[33]  ADIRONDACK  LEPIDOPTERA.  145 

Crocota  ferruginosa  Walk  .........  July  18,  19. 

Dryopteris  rosea  (  Walk.)  .........  "     1875. 

Coelodasys  unicornis  Sm.-Abb  .....  " 

Clisiocampa  Americana  Harr  ......  "    11,  12,  18,  27. 


Pseudothyatira  cymatoplioroides  .  .  Aug.  12. 

P.  expultrix  Grote  ..........  July  4,  6,  9,  27.  36,6?. 

Thyatira  scrip  ta  Oosse  ............       "    30. 

Diphthera  fallax  Her.  -Sell  .........       "     11,  Aug.  3.  16,1?. 

Briophila  lepidula  (Grote)  ........       "    12. 

Acronycta  1  obelise  Guen  ..........       "     12. 

A.  Radcliffei  (Harvey)  .......  Aug.  26. 

A.  lepusculina  Guen  .........  July  7. 

A.  Americana  Harr  .........       "    10,  12,  18. 

A.  brumosa  Guen  ...........       "    29,  Aug.  3. 

A.  superans  Guen.  .  .  .  .......       u    11,  14. 

A.  hamamelis  Guen  .........      "    10. 

A.  dentata  (Grote)  ...........       "    11. 

Microccelia  fragilis  Guen  ..........  Aug.  2. 

M.  diphteroides  Guen  ........  July  10. 

M.  obliterate  Grote  .....  .,  ----      "      4. 

Agrotis  Chardinyi  (Boisd.)  ........       "    30. 

A.  sigmoides  (Guen.)  ........      "      3,  9,  10. 

A.  perattenta  Grote  ..........       "    1875. 

A.  conflua  Tr  ..........  .....  Aug.  1875. 

A.  perconflua  Grote  ......  ...       "    8. 

A.  baja  (W.-V.)  .............  July  26,  30,  Aug.  13,  22. 

A.  Normaniana  Grote.  ......      "    1875. 

A.  rufipectus  Morr  ..........      u    29. 

A.  haruspica  Grote  ..........      "    11,  17,  27. 

A.  bicarnea  (Guen.)  .........      "    13,  28,  Aug.  5,  15. 

A.  subgothica  (Haw.)  ......  .  .       "    1875. 

A.  herilis  Grote  ............      "    27. 

A.  tricosa  Lintn  .............      u    3,  27,  Aug.  2. 

A.  plecta  (Linn.)  ............       "    9,  14,  21,  Aug.  7. 

A.  redimicula  Morr  ..........      "    30. 

A.  pitychrous  Grote  ..........      u    1875. 

A.  mursenula  Gr.-Rdb  ........      u       " 

A.  ypsilon  (Rott.)  ...........       "    31,  Aug.  1,  8. 

A.  placida  Grote  .............      "    26. 


146        THIETIETH  KEPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [34] 

Agrotis   turris  Grote July  30. 

A.            pressa  Orote "     S. 

A.            prasina  ( W.-  V.) "     17,27,29.4,3,2?. 

A.            astricta  (Morr.) "    15. 

Dianthrecia  lustralis  Grote i '    9. 

Mamestra  purpurissata  Grote "    27  to  Aug.  8. 4  <$ ,  3  ?  . 

M.            nimbosa  (Guen.) "    1875. 

M.            imbrifera  (Guen.) "    4  to  15.    9  6,  2?. 

M             subjuncta  Gr.-Rob "    8. 

M.            legitima  Grote "     10,  13,  15,  29. 

M.            trifolii  (Esper) Aug.  8. 

M.            lorea  (Guen.) July  2,  et  al.  66,5$. 

M.            renigera  (Steph.) "    11  to  31.  6  6  ,  2  ? . 

M.            olivacea  Morr * "    30  —  Aug.  21.  10  $  . 

1?. 

Hadena  loculata  (Morr.) "    3,  11,  16,  30,  Aug.  6. 

H.            devastatrix  (Brace) "    12  to  Aug.  8. 

H.            lateritia  (Hufn.) "    3,  9, 10. 

H.            sputatrix  Grote u    8  to  Aug.  9. 

H.            apamiformis  (Guen.) "    8. 

H.           impulsa  (Guen.) "    10. 

H.            arctica  Boisd "    3,  4,  6, 10, 17,  26,  27. 

H.            lignicolor  (Guen.) "    8  to  Aug.  7. 3  <$  ,  8  ?  . 

H.           verbascoides  (Guen.) "    10, 15. 

H.            sectilis  (Guen.) "    6  to  31.  2  $  ,  6  ?  . 

H.           modica  (Guen.) Aug.  4. 

H.           Hillii  Grote July  26. 

Hyppa  xylinoides  Guen "    6,  Aug.  15,  19. 

Eriopus  mollissima  Guen "    1875. 

Phlogophora  periculosa  Guen u    27,  29,  31.  5  S  ,  3  $  , 

Euplexia  lucipara  (Linn.) "    1  to  18.  7  $  ,  4  ?  . 

Brotolomia  iris  (Guen.) "    1875. 

Nephelodes  violans  Guen Aug.  3,  19,  22. 

Hydrcecia  sera  Gr.-Rob July  12, 14, 16, 17, 27.  5  3  . 

H.           nictitans  (Linn.) "    27  to  Aug.  19. 

Achatodes  zese  (Harr.) u    30,  Aug.  4. 

Leucania  pallens  (Linn.) "    1. 

L.            phragmitidicola  Guen "    1875. 

L.            Harveyi  Grote ; Aug.  9,  19. 

L.            lapidaria  Grote July  9. 

L.            adonea  (Grote) u    10. 

L.            commoides  Guen u    6,11,16,26.1^,5$. 


[35]  ADIRONDACK  LEPIDOPTERA.  14? 

Leucania  unipuncta  Haw Aug.  13,  21. 

Caradrina  fidicularia  (Morr. ) k '    1 . 

Amphipyra  tragopogonis  (Linn.)  . .       "    19. 

A.  pyramidoides  Guen July  30,  Aug.  4,  6. 

Orthodes  infirma  Ouen "     11- 

Tseniocampa  oviduca  Ouen 11 ,  17. 

Tseniosea  gentilis  Grote "    9. 

T.  perbellis  Grote "    6. 

Plastenis  pleonectusa  (Grote) "    1875. 

Eucirroedia  pampiria  (Guen.) Aug.  19. 

Anytus  sculptus  Grote "    21. 

Cucullia  convexipennis  Or. -Rob...  July  3. 

C.  asteroides  Guen "    3. 

C.  postera  Guen "    15,  29. 

C.  intermedia  Speyer "     18. 

Nolaphana  Zelleri  Grote Aug.  17. 

Plusia  sereoides  Grote July  3  to  Aug.7. 13  <$  ,3  $  . 

P.  balluca  Guen "    29. 

P.  Putnami  Grote *. . . .       "    1875. 

P.  bimaculata  Steph "    6,  Aug.  3. 

P.  precationis  Guen "    28,  Aug.  4,  13. 

P  u-aureum  Boisd u    30. 

P.  mortuorum  Guen "    11,  30. 

P.  epigsea  Grote "    1875. 

P.  ampla  Walk "    30. 

P.  simplex  Guen Aug.  4,  5. 

Erastria  carneola  Guen July  7, 30, 31,  Aug.  1,  7, 9. 

E.  albidula  Guen "    3. 

E.  muscosula  Guen "    3,6,11. 

Leptosia  concinnimacula  Guen "    1875. 

Lithacodia  bellicula  Hubn "    2,  3. 

Drasteria  erechtea  (Cram.) "    29,  Aug.  1.          , 

Catocala  ultronia  (Hubn.) .....       "    31,  Aug.  1. 

C.  Ilia  (Cram.). "    8. 

C.  polygama  Guen Aug.  5. 

C.  prseclara  Gr.-Rob July  31. 

Pangrapta  decoralis  Hubn "    2,  Aug.  17. 

Homopyralis  tactus  Grote "    8, 10,  Aug.  7. 

DELTOIDS. 

Pseudoglossa  lubricalis  (Geyer) July  11  to  Aug.  1. 

Epizeuxis  semulalis  (Guen.) "    1875. 


148        THIRTIETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [361 

Epizeuxis  americalis  (Guen.}  .......  Aug.  2. 

Litognatha  nubilifascia  Grote  ......  July  3,  4. 

Zanclognatha  Isevigata  Grote  ......       "    16. 

Z.  ochreipennis  Grote  ........       "    11. 

Z.  marcidilinea  Grote  ........       "    14. 

Philometra  longilabris  Grote  .......       "    4,  9,  11,  14. 

Rivula  propinqualis  Guen  .........      "    2,  27 

Palthis  angulalis  Hubn  ............       "    2,  10,  11,  Aug.  17. 

Renia  discoloralis  Guen  ........  '.  .  .  .       "    1875. 

R.        Belfragei  Grote  .............       "    15  to  31.  5  3  ,  2  ?  . 

Bleptina  caradrinalis  6r^e7i  ........       "     1,  12. 

Hypena  humuli  Fitch  ............      "    15,21,29. 


Choerodes  transversata  (Drury)  -----  July  27  to  Aug.  3.  5,  $  9  ?  . 

*Ennomos  magnaria  Guen.  .........   Aug.  12,  15. 

Endropia  serrata  (Drury)  ........  ...  July  1875. 

E.  bilinearia  Pack  ...........       "    8,  9,  10,  13,  14.  10  $  . 

E.  effectaria  Walk  ...........       "     11,  19,  26. 

Ellopia  tiscellaria  (Guen.}  .........       "    1875. 

Sicya  truncataria  Guen  ............       " 

Angerona  crocataria  (Fabr.)  .......       "    6,  8. 

Nematocampa  filameiitaria  Guen..  .       "    17,  18,  19. 
Boarmia  liumaria  Guen  ............       "    18,  30. 

B.  pampinaria  Guen  .........       "    6. 

Paraphia  subatomaria  Guen  .......       "    1875. 

Synchlora  rubivoraria  Riley  .......       " 

Ephyra  pendulinaria  Guen  ........       "    31. 

Ac^dalia  enucleata  Guen  ...........       "    1,13. 

f^\.          quadrilineata  Pack  .......       "    3,  4,  11. 

A.  inductata  Guen  ...........       "    1,  11,  Aug.  8. 

Stegania  pustularia  Guen  ..........       "    18,  28,  30,  Aug.  4,  11. 

Cabera  erythemaria  Guen  ..........      "    1. 

C.  variolaria  Guen  ...........  Aug.  7,  22. 

Eumacaria  brunnearia  Pack  .......  July  28. 

*I  cannot  agree  with  Dr.  Packard  in  the  reference  of  this  form  to  the  alniaria 
of  Europe,  the  two  differing  so  much  in  the  shape  of  the  wings.  Dr.  Speyer  has 
remarked  of  magnaria,  "  near  to  our  alniaria"  Mr.  von  Meske  has  recently  sent 
a  large  number  of  the  eggs  of  magnaria  to  Dr.  Speyer,  which  will  probably  fur- 
nish the  means  for  such  a  comparison,  in  all  of  the  four  stages  of  the  insect  as 
will  authoritatively  decide  the  question  of  identity  which  is  raised. 

f  One  example  of  the  species  was  entirely  without  lines. 


[37]  ADIRONDACK  LEPIDOPTERA.  ]49 

Macaria  enotata  Guen July  8,  27. 

M.            granitata  Guen "    3,8,11,18,27. 

Phasiane  trifasciata  Pack ..."      "    29. 

P.            mellistrigata  Grote "     30,  Aug.  19. 

*Thamnonom.a  brunneata  (Thunb.).  "    4.  2  $  ,  1  ?  . 

Euiitchia  ribearia  (FitcTi) "     16,  19,  30. 

Caripeta  divisaria  Walk "    1875. 

Hsematopis  grataria  (Fabr.) Aug.  8. 

Aspilates  Lintneraria  Pack July  27. 

Heterophleps  triguttata  Her.-Sch. . .  "     1875. 

Odezia  albovittata  (Guen.) '  *'    5,  8. 

Scbtosia  undulata  (Hubn.) "    5. 

Melanippe  hastata  (Linn.) "'6. 

M.            sociata  (Bork.) - "     3,  Aug.  17. 

M.            lacustrata  Guen "    1,  3,  6,  Aug.  5. 

M.            basaliata  ( Walk.) "    3,  27. 

Melantliia  ruficillata  Guen "    4  to  Aug.  8.  6  <$  ,  5  ?  . 

Coremia  designata  (Hufn.) "     6,  30,  Aug.  17. 

C.            ferrugaria  Clerck Aug.  9. 

Cidaria  Packardata  n.  sp July  27. 

C.           testata  (Linn.) Aug.  15. 

C.           albolineata  Pack "     15. 

C.           cunigerata  Walk July  6— Aug.  J7.  7  $  ,  6  ?  . 

C.           hersiliata  Guen "    7, 14. 

C.           truncata  (Hubn.) "    4 to  Aug.22.5  6  ,4?  . 

Spargania  niagnoliata  Guen u    11,  15. 

Oporabia  cambricaria  (Curtis) "    11. 

O.            12-lineata  (Pack.) "    7. 

fLarentia  csesiata  W.-  V. "    10. 

Eupithecia  miserulata  Grote u    11. 

PYKALID^E. 

Asopia  farinalis  (Linn.) July  26,  29,  30,  31. 

A.          devialis  Grote "    12,13,17,18. 

A.  squamealis  Grote "    9. 

Ennycliia  octomaculalis  (Linn.)  ...       "    11. 
Desmia  maculalis  Westw Aug.  1876. 

Botis  theseasalis  Walk'. July  6,  8,  16,  29,  30. 

B.  plectilis  Gr.-Rob "     1,  3, 4,  5,  14,  17. 

B.  marculenta  Gr.-Rob "     27. 

*Determination  of  Dr.  Packard. 
fDeterraination  of  Dr.  Packard. 


150        THIRTIETH  EEPOET  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [38] 

Botis  badipennis  Grote July  30. 

B.  generosa  Gr.-Rob "    5. 

B.  hircinalis  Grote. : "    4. 

B.  subolivalis  Pack "    5. 

Scoparia  centurialis  TF".-  V. "    28. 

MICROLEPIDOPTERA. 

Galleria  cereana  (Fabr.) Aug.  1875. 

Crambus  girardellus  Clem July  10.  . 

Crambus  prsefectellus  Zell "    3,  17,  Aug.  6. 

Tortrix  cerasivorana  (Fitcli) "     17. 

Ditula  blandana  deity "    7. 

Sericoris  csesialbana  Zeller "    4. 


In  the  above  list  two  hundred  and  fifty-four  species  are 
recorded,  and  represented,  as  in  the  detailed  memoranda  pre- 
served by  Mr.  Hill,  but  not  convenient  to  reproduce  in  these 
pages,  in  796  examples,  viz.  :  of  the  Khopalocera,  152  $ '  s 
and  69  ?  's  ;  of  the  Heterocera,  306  <$  's  and  269  ?  ?s. 

The  preponderance  of  the  captures  of  male  Rhopalocera  is 
very  marked,  being  120  per  cent  in  excess  of  the  females  :  of 
the  Heterocera,  the  males  exceed  the  females  by  only  12  per 
cent. 

The  paucity  of  the  Sphingidse  and  Bombycidse  reported,  is 
to  be  explained  by  the  late  date  at  which  the  collections  com- 
menced. Numerous  sphinges  had  been  observed,  attracted 
to  light,  during  the  month  of  June.  The  period  of  greatest 
abundance  of  most  of  the  Diurnals  both  in  species  and  in  in- 
dividuals had  also  passed.  On  the  5th  of  July,  Limenitis 
Arthemis  was  still  abundant,  but  in  worn  condition.  At  this 
date,  Mr.  Hill  captured  of  this  upland  species,  as  noted  above, 
eighteen  examples,  upon  a  moist  spot  near  a  stream,  three 
miles  distant  from  Fenton's  on  the  wagon-road  to  Lowville. 
Two  visits  to  this  locality  were  afterward  made,  without  ob- 
taining additional  examples. 

Among  the  Phalsenidse,  are  a  larger  number  of  northern 
forms  than  might  have  been  expected  from  the  comparatively 
moderate  elevation  at  which  the  collections  were  made.  The 
following  of  the  species  are  recorded  by  Dr.  Packard  in  the 
paper  before  referred  to,  as  circum polar  or  subarctic  species, 
"  ranging  between  the  isotherm  of  32°  and  44°,  and  also  fol- 


[39] 


ADIRONDACK  LEPIDOPTEEA. 


151 


lowing  the  isotliermals  of  44°  and  48°  southward  into  Colo- 
rado and  California  —  in  Colorado  ranging  from  an  eleva- 
tion of  8,000  feet  to  the  limit  of  trees,  11,000  feet:"  Laren- 
tia  ccesiata,  Oporabia  cambricaria,  Spargania  magnoliata 
Cidaria  truncata,  C.  Jiersiliata,  C.  cunigerata,  C.  PacJcardata 
(populata  of  Pack.),  Coremiaferrugaria,  Melanippefluctuata 
and  M.  hastata.* 

To  these  ten  species  may  be  added  Thamnonoma  brunneata, 
which,  if  the  identification  of  our  species  with  the  European 
brunneata  and  pinitaria  be  correct,  also  occurs  in  elevated 
regions  in  Europe. 

In  consideration  of  their  very  interesting  distribution,  we 
transcribe  for  these  species  the  localities  ascribed  to  them  in 
Dr.  Packard's  monograph,  adding  to  his  table  the  new  locality 
given  them  in  this  paper. 


Colorado  or  Pacific 
Coast  or  both. 

Mt.  Washington. 

Adirondack  Region, 
New  York. 

Labrador. 

Iceland. 

Lapland. 

Alps  of  Central 
Europe. 

^ 

31 

3* 

g° 

1 

Melanippe  liastata  

Mslanippe  fluctujita 

Coremia  ferrugaria             .        

Cidaria  Packardata  

Cidaria  liersiliata 

Cidaria  truncata            .....     

Spargania  magnoliata  

Oporabia  cambricaria 

Lar6ntia  cajsiata 

*It  will  be  observed  that  in  several  citations  in  this  paper  from  Dr.  Packard,  his  late 
generic  references  have  not  been  followed,  as  T  cannot  regard  the  lists  of  Htibner  as  of 
any  authority  in  nomenclature.  I  fully  concur  in  the  opinions  so  unequivocally  expressed 
by  Guen6e,  Dr.  Speyer,  Wallace,  Dr.  Boisduval  (see  Canad.  Entomol.  8,  p.  117.),  Dr.  Hagen, 
Edwards  and  other  leading  entomologists,  that  catalogue  names  (as  were  Httbner's),  have 
no  just  claim  for  precedence  over  those  of  properly  defined  generic  and  other  groups, 
and  that  the  attempt  to  introduce  them  in  nomenclature  can  result  only  in  confusion  and 
other  serious  evils. 

Among  these  catalogue  names  of  Htibner,  "  still-born"  (Guenee)  more  than  three  score 
and  ten  years  ago,  recently  galvanized  into  life,  and  for  which  Dr.  Packard  stands 
sponsor,  are  the  following  from  the  Tentamen  :  Epirrita,  Petrophora,  Rheumaptera,  Hy- 
dria, Cymatophora ;  and  from  the  "Verzeichniss"  a  few  years  later: 

Ochyria,  Operophtera,  Semiothisa,  Calothysanis,  Therina, 

Philereme,        Perconia,  Deilinia,  Eois,  Epirranthis. 


152        THIRTIETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [40] 

It  is  probable  that  Cidaria  albolineata  should  be  numbered 
among  the  above  subarctic  forms,  although  not  so  included  by 
Packard.  The  localities  ascribed  to  it  are  all  of  northern  or 
high  elevations,  as  Quebec,  Brunswick,  Me.,  and  the  White 
Mountains.  It  has  never  been  observed  by  me  in  this  portion 
of  New  York,  except  upon  the  summit  of  the  Catskill  Moun- 
tains. 

Phasiane  trifasciata  of  the  list, -may  also  prove  to  belong 
to  the  above,  —  its  only  other  recorded  locality  being  Berlin 
Falls,  Me. 

Of  the  species  cited  above.  Larentia  ccesiata,  Oporabia  cam- 
bricaria,  Spargania  magnoliata,  Cidaria  Paokardata  and 
Melanippe  fluctuata  have  not  been  collected  in  the  vicinity  of 
Albany. 

Larentia  ccesiata  from  -this  locality,  is  an  interesting  acqui- 
sition, it  having  been  previously  reported  only  from  high  ele- 
vations or  northern  regions,  as  the  White  Mountains,  at  an 
elevation  of  between  8,000  and  9,000  feet  in  Colorado,  Okak 
in  northern  Labrador,  and  Caribou  Island  (Packard).  Guenee 
states  that  it  has  the  widest  distribution  of  any  species  of  the 
[Glaucopteryx,  Hubner]  group,  occurring  in  the  mountainous 
regions  of  France,  Germany,  Italy,  Piedmont,  Scotland,  north 
of  England,  Iceland,  etc.,  in  barren  places  resting  on  rocks 
and  the  trunks  of  trees.  From  its  range  of  variation,  differ- 
ent species  have  been  made  of  it,  as  infrequentata  *H.&w.,jlavi- 
cinctata  Steph.,  etc. 

Of  the  Noctuitise,  the  following  species  have  not  been  found 
in  the  vicinity  of  Albany  : 

aAgrotis  Chardinyi,  Hadena  Hillii, 

aAgrotis  conflua,  aPlusia  bimaculata, 

Agrotis  perconflua,  aPlusia  u-aureum, 

Agrotis  rufipectus,  Plusia  mortuorum, 

*Agrotis  astricta,  Plusia  epigsea. 
Dianthoecea  lustralis, 

'At  the  present,  we  can  only  venture  to  indicate  as  probable 
subarctic  forms,  the  five  species  of  the  above  marked  a.  Of 
these,  two  are  particularly  interesting,  from  their  northern  and 
extended  distribution  and  their  occurrence  in  the  lower  Adi- 
rondack region.  Agrotis  Chardinyi=(A.  gilvipennis  (?/*.)  has 
been  collected  in  several  examples  on  Anticosti  Island,  Gulf 


[41]  ADIRONDACK  LEPIDOPTERA.  ]53 

of  St.  Lawrence,  N.  Lat.  49°  ;  it  also,  according  to  Staudinger, 
occurs  in  Siberia ;  Gruenee  cites  it  as  common  in  Russia. 
Agrotis  conftua  was  found  by  Mr.  Couper  to  be  common 
on  Anticosti  Island ;  it  occurs  also  in  Iceland  (Staudinger), 
Scotland  (Norman),  Switzerland  (Gfrote),  Prussia  ?  and  France 
(Guenee).* 

The  geographical  distribution  of  the  Noctuidse  of  the  Uni- 
ted States  has  not  been  studied.  No  attempt  has  been  made 
to  assign  the  species  to  distinct  faunal  provinces,  although 
the  material  for  such  an  arrangement  is  unquestionably  far 
more  ample  than  with  the  Phalsenidse.  Much  of  it  is  unpub- 
lished, although  accessible,  if  sought  for,  from  the  various 
collectors  to  be  found  in  nearly  every  State  of  the  Union.  It 
would  prove  of  essential  service  if  every  skilled  collector 
would  furnish  for  publication,  authenticated  lists  of  the  Lepi- 
doptera  known  to  him  to  occur  in  his  vicinity.  These,  for 
greater  convenience,  could  be  combined  into  State  Lists,  simi- 
lar to  that  given  by  Prof.  Snow,  of  the  Lepidoptera  of  East- 
ern Kansas.f 

The  editor  of  the  Canadian  Entomologist,  in  appreciation  of 
such  work,  has  made  special  request  for  such  lists  of  the 
Diurnal  Lepidoptera,  J  and  has  arranged  for  their  tabulation 
previous  to  publication  in  the  pages  of  that  valuable  journal. 
We  feel  assurance  that  lists  of  the  Heterocera  would  also  be 
gladly  received  and  promptly  published. 

A  very  excellent  local  list,  is  that  given  by  Mr.  Roland 
Thaxter,  in  Psyche,  Vol.  II,  pp.  34-38,  80,  of  collections  of 
Noctuidse,  recently  made,  mainly  by  himself,  at  Newton, 
Mass.,  and  vicinity.  It  enumerates  three  hundred  and  forty- 
seven  species,  and  is  accompanied  with  statements,  in  an 
abbreviated  form,  of  the  comparative  abundance  of  each, 
month  of  appearance,  means  of  capture  of  all  (whether  at  light, 
at  sugar,  or  at  rest),  and  the  food-plant  of  the  larva  of  a  num- 
ber. 

In  Yol.  VII  of  the  Canadian  Entomologist,  pp.  3  and  21, 
Mr.  George  Norman  records  his  captures  of  Noctuidae  at  St. 
Catherines,  Ont.,  during  the  year  1874,  citing  one  hundred  and 
seventy-four  species,  with  their  dates  of  capture  and  compar- 

*For  the  determination  of  these  species,  and  of  many  others,  I  am  indebted  to  the  kind 
services  of  Mr.  Grote,  always  most  cordially  rendered. 
^Transactions  of  the  Kanxas  A-yidem\i  of  Science,  Vol.  IV,  pp.  29-59.   1875. 
^Canadian  Entomologist,  Vol.  VII,  p.  72.    1875. 


154        THIRTIETH  EEPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [42] 

ative  abundance  :  the  larger  number  of  these  were  attracted  to 
sugar.  In  Vol.  VIII  of  the  same  journal,  p.  12,  Mr.  O.  S. 
Westcott  publishes  a  list  of  eighty-three  species  of  Noctuas, 
taken  by  him  at  sugar,  at  May  wood,  Cook  Co.,  111. 

In  a  list  (still  in  MS.)  of  collections  at  sugar  made  by  me 
at  Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  in  1876,  two  hundred  and  twenty-six 
species  of  Lepidoptera  are  recorded,  embracing  a  few  Bomby- 
cidse,  about  twenty-five  species  of  Phalsenidse,  a  few  Pyralidae 
and  Microlepidoptera  —  the  remainder  Noctuidse. 

In  1873,  lists  were  given  in  the  23d  N.  Y.  State  Museum 
Report,  of  the  Butterflies  and  the  Sphingidse  of  the  State  of 
New  York.  Similar  lists  of  the  Bombycidae  and  Noctuidae 
are  in  preparation. 

Mr.  Henry  Edwards,  of  San  Francisco,  who  has  contributed 
so  largely  to  our  knowledge  of  the  Lepidoptera  of  our  west- 
ern coast,  is  engaged  upon  a  Synopsis  of  the  Butterflies  of  the 
Pacific  coast,  which  is  promised  for  the  press  during  the  pres- 
ent year.  Mr.  Grote  has  published  several  lists  of  the  Noc- 
tuidae  of  Texas.  Will  not  the  members  of  the  Cambridge 
Entomological  Club  favor  us  with  a  list  of  Lepidoptera  col- 
lected on  Mount  Washington,  as  a  companion  to  Mr.  Austin' s 
list  of  Coleoptera  of  the  same  locality.* 

*Catalogue  of  the  Coleoptera  of  Mount  Washington,  N.  H.,  with  Descriptions  of  New 
Species,  by  E.  P.  Austin  and  J.  L.  Le  Conte,  M.  D. ;  iu  Proe.  Boat.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  Vol. 
XVI,  pp.  265-376. 


[43]         COLLECTIONS  OF  NOCTUIDJG  UAT  SUGAK."  155 


V.   COLLCTIONS  OF  NOCTUIDAE  "AT  SUGAR." 

AT  SCHENECTADY,  N.  Y.,  IN  1875. 


The  list  below  given  is  a  record  of  collections  made  between 
the  7th  of  July  and  the  close  of  the  season  on  the  25th  of  Oc- 
tober. It  includes  all  the  species  of  Noctuidse  (one  hundred 
and  thirty- one  in  number)  that  were  captured  or  observed  on 
the  fifty -three  evenings  devoted  to  the  work  —  three  or  four 
evenings  of  each  week.  A  few  species  of  Bombycidse,  Phalse- 
nidae,  Pyralidse  and  some  Microlepidoptera  were  also  taken, 
which  are  not  embraced  in  the  list. 

The  attempts  previously  made  by  me  at  collecting  by  sugar- 
ing, had  been  attended  with  no  success.  The  satisfactory 
results  obtained  at  this  time  are  to  be  ascribed  to  persistent 
and  more  extended  sugaring  than  before  employed.  The  lo- 
cality was  not  an  unusually  favorable  one,  for,  instead  of 
choosing  a  place  for  the  purpose  "  on  the  border  of  some  wood," 
as  has  been  usually  recommended,  where  the  proper  number 
of  trees  of  a  certain  diameter  and  character  of  bark  could  be 
found,  the  collections  were  entirely  confined  to  my  garden  — 
not  a  large  one  —  in  the  city  of  !Schenectady.  It  was  an  un- 
expected revelation  that  collections  of  such  a  variety  and  ex- 
tent could  be  made  within  city  limits,  and  in  a  garden  where 
the  presence  of  flowers  undoubtedly  interfered  with  the  at- 
tractions of  the  bait.  But  as  the  convenient  locality  of  one's 
own  home  may  not  always  prove  equally  productive  in  other 
cities,  the  statement  should  be  made  that  my  residence  was 
within  a  block  of  the  Mohawk  river  which  forms  the  northern 
boundary  of  Schenectady, — a  city  of  comparatively  small  size, 
numbering  under  13,000  inhabitants. 

The  slats  and  posts  of  a  grape  trellis  of  sixty  feet  in  extent, 
offered  a  convenient  place  upon  which  to  spread  the  bait:  the 
leaves  extending  over  the  slats  had  been  removed,  except 
at  intervals,  where  they  were  permitted  to  remain  to  serve  as 
a  cover  or  a  lure  to  the  moths  attracted  thither.  The  odor 
diffused  from  the  area  of  surface  sugared  —  computed  at  six- 
teen square  feet  —  was  evidently  sufficient  to  draw  the  moths 


156       THIRTIETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [44] 

from  quite  a  distance  beyond  the  boundary  of  the  garden. 
Farther  experience  has  shown  that  a  larger  quantity  of  the 
bait  might  have  been  advantageously  used  in  extending  it  to 
the  fences  inclosing  the  garden,  and  that  the  results  to  be  ob- 
tained by  this  method  of  collecting,  are  to  be  measured  by  the 
extent  of  the  locality,  the  area  sugared,  and  the  frequency 
of  its  repetition,  provided  the  region  be  one  where  the  Npctuidse 
occur  in  reasonable  abundance. 

As  directions  for  sugaring  have  already  been  published,* 
they  will  not  be  repeated  here,  but  will  be  given  in  a  paper 
in  preparation,  in  which  the  various  methods  employed  in 
the  attraction  of  Lepidoptera  will  be  detailed. 

A  brief  account  of  the  collections  herein  noticed  was  pre- 
sented at  the  meeting  of  the  American  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of  Science,  held  at  Detroit  in  1875.  Several  of 
the  members  present  were  stimulated  to  test  for  themselves 
the  recommendation  made  of  this  simple  and  most  valuable 
means  of  enlarging  their  cabinets  and  extending  oar  knowl- 
edge of  an  interesting  and  important  class  of  insects.  In 
every  instance,  it  is  believed,  the  results  were  highly  gratify- 
ing. 

Pseudothyatira  cymatophoroides,  July  17,  23,  27,  30,  31. 

P.  '  expultrix,  July  12,  15,  17,  20,  21,  23,  24,  27,  28,  30, 
31 ;  Aug.  2,  5,  6,  7,  16. 

Habrosyne  scripta,  July  24,  28,  31 ;  August  7. 

Acronycta  occidentals,  July  27,  31. 

A.  Americana,  July  14,  20,  21. 

A.  dissecta,  July  24. 

A.  vinnula,  July  7. 

Agrotis  sigmoides,  July  24,  30  ;  August  7. 

A.  badicollis,  August  6. 

A.  baja,  Aug.  16,  18,  19,  21,  25,  26,  28,  30 ;  Sept,  2,  4,  7. 

A.  haruspica,  July  7,  13,  17,  20,  23,  24,  27,  28,  30,  31 ; 

August  2,  5,  6,  7,  16,  19. 

A.  c-nigrum,  July  7,  23,  24,  30 ;  August  2,  25,  26,  28, 

30  ;  September  2,  4,  7,  9,  11,  13,  15,  18,  30  ;  Octo- 
ber 2,  4,  6,  10,  16,  21,  22. 

A.  bicarnea,  July  30,  31 ;  August  2,  6,  7,  21. 

A.  subgothica,  August  2,  19,  21,  26. 

*  By  Mr.  George  Norman,  in  the  Canadian  Entomologist  for  April,  1875,  and  by  Prof. 
O.  8.  Westcott  In  the  aarne  journal  for  January,  1876. 


[45]         COLLECTIONS  OF  NOCTUIDJE  "AT  SUGAR."  157 

Agrotis  tri'cosa,  August  19,  21,  28. 

A.  herilis,  July  7,  20, 

A.  plecta  July  7,  24 ;  August  2,  5,  6,  7,  16,  18,  19,  21, 

25,  26,  28,  30 ;  September  2. 
A.  sexatilis,  August  7. 

A.  pitychrous,  August  30. 

A.  mursenula,  August  21,  25. 

A.  messoria,  August  19,  21,  25,  26,  28,  30 ;  September  2, 

4,  7,  9,  11,  13,  15,  18. 
A.  velleripennis,  September  2. 

A.  venerabilis,  September  15. 

A.  annexa,  July  31 ;  August  7. 

A.  ypsilon,  July  7,  21,  24,  27,  31  ;  August  2,  5,  6,  7,  16, 

19,  21,  25,  26,  28,  30;  September  7,  9,  11,  13,  15, 

18,  25,  29,  .$0 ;  October  2,  4,  6,  10,  19,  24. 
A.  saucia,  September  7,  9,  11,  13,  15,  20,  29,  30;  October 

2,  4,  10, 19,  22. 

A.  alternata,  July  7,  17. 

A.  herbida,  July  7,   8,    10,   12,   14,   17,   24,  28,  30,    31; 

August  2,  5,  6,  7,  26,  28  ;  September  4. 
A.  occulta,  August  30. 

Mamestra  nimbosa,  July  27,  31. 
M.  latex,  July  T. 

M.  adjuncta,  August  2,  6,  7. 

M.  subjuncta,  July  31  ;  Aug.  5,  7,  19,  21,  26 ;  Sept.   15. 

M.  chenopodii,  July  24,  30,  31  ;  Aug.  2,  5,  6,  7,  19 ;  Sep- 

tember 9. 

M.  albifusa,  July  28  ;  August  6. 

M.  Godelli,  June  8. 

M.  lorea,  July  14. 

M.  renigera,  July  T,  21,  23,  24,  27,  28,  30 ;  August  2,  5, 

6,  7,  16,  19,  21,  25,  28,  30  ;  September  2,  4,  7,  9, 

11,  13,  15,  27 ;  October  2. 
M.  olivacea,  August  25. 

Hadena  loculata,  July  14,  15,  23. 
H.  devastatrix'  July  8, 10, 13,  15,  17,  20,  21,  23,  24,  27,  28, 

30,  3.1 ;  August  2,  5,  6,  7,  16,  18, 19,  21,  25,  26,  28, 

30 ;  September  2. 
H.  sputatrix,  July  8,   10,  12,  13,  14r  15,  17,  20,  21,  23, 

24,  27,  28,  30,  31 ;  August  2,  5,  6,  7,  16,   18,  19, 

21,  25,  26,  28,  30 ;  September.  2. 
H.  impulsa,  July  8,  15. 


158       THIRTIETH  REPOKT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [46] 

Hadena  apamiformis,  July  24 ;  August  6. 

H.  suffusca,  September  7. 

H.  arctica,  July  7,  8, 10,  12,  13,  14,  15,  17,  20,  21,  23,  24, 

27,  28,  30,  31  ;  Aug.  2,  5,  6,  7,  16,  19,  21,  25,  26. 
H.            lignicolor,  July  7,  8,  10,  12,  13,  14,  15,  17,  20,  21,  23, 

24,  27,  28,  30,  31 ;  August  2,  5,  6. 

H.  verbascoides,  July  12,  13,  14,  IT,  20,  21,  23,  24. 

H.  modica,  July  31 ;  August  7. 

H.  sectilis,  September  7. 

Perigea  luxa,  August  7. 

Dipterygia  pinastri,  July  28  ;  August  5,  19,  30. 

Hyppa  xylinoides,   July  28,  30,  31 ;  August  2,  5,  7,  16,  18, 

19,  21,  25,  26,  28,  30;  September  2,  4,  7,  9,  11, 

13,  15,  18,  20. 

Laphygma  frugiperda,  September  15! 
Euplexia  lucipara,  July  10,  21,  31. 
Phlogophora  iris,  June  30. 
Nephelodes  violans,  September  9. 
Luperina  reniformis,  August  2,  5,  6,  7,  18,  19,  28 ;  Sept.  2,  4, 

7,  9,  11,  13,  15,  18,  20,  22,  25,  30;  October  19,  25. 
L.  reniformis,  v.  atra,  August  19  ;  September  4,  7. 

Gortyna  sera,  July  7,  8,  10, 12,  13,  14,  15  17,  20,  21,  23,  24,  27 

28,  30,  31 ;  August  3,  5,  6,  7. 

G.  nictitans,  July  17,  20,  21,  23,  24,  27,  28,  30,  31;  August 

2,  5,  6,  7,  16,  18,  19,  21,  25,  26. 

Leucania  pallens,  July  31 ;  August  18, 19,  21,  25,  26. 
L.  phragmitidicola,  August  16,  19,  21 ;  September  2. 

L.  lapidaria,  August  7,  16,  19,  28. 

L.  adonea,  July  7,  8,  15,  17,  24. 

L.  commoides,  August  19. 

L.  unipuncta,  July  7,  21;"  Aug.  7,  16,  18,  19,  21,  25,  26, 

28,  30;  September  2,  4,  7,  9,  11,  13, 15,  18,  20,  22, 

25,  27,  29,  30 ;  October  2,  4,  6. 

L.  pseudargyria,  July  12,  15,  17,  20,  21,  23,  24,  27,  28, 

30,  31 ;  August  2. 
Amphipyra  pyramidoides,  July  20,  24,  28,  30,  31 ;  August  2, 

5,  6,  7, 16,  19,  21,  26,  28,  30  ;  September  2,  7,  13, 

15,  25,  30  ;  October  2,  4,  24. 
A.  tragopogonis,  July  31. 

Orthodes  inlirma,  July  7,  8,  10,  12,  17,  20,   21,  23,  24,  27,  28, 

30,31;  August  2,  5. 
O.  candens,  July  7. 


[47]         COLLECTIONS  OF  NOCTUID^E  "  AT  SUGAR."  159 

Tseniocampa  oviduca,  July  21. 

Cosmia  infumata,  September  4,  9. 

Plastenis  pleonectusa,  July  31  ;  August  7. 

Orthosia  ferrugineoides,  September  7,  9,  11,  13,  15,  18,  20,  22, 
25,  27,  29,  30;  October  2,  4,  6,  10,  16,  19,  21,  22, 
23,  24,  25. 

O.  helva,  August  5,  6,  7,  16,  18,  19,  21,  25,  26,  28,  30. 

0.  sp.  (no.  3885),  July  12,  17,  20,  21,  24. 

Eucirroedia  pampina,  September  13  ;  October  10. 

Scoliopteryx  libatrix,  July  8, 10,  12,  13, 14,  15,  20,  24,  30. 

Xylina  disposita,  September  9,  11,  13,  25,  27,  29,  30 ;  Octo- 
ber 4,  10,  16,  21,  22,  23,  24,  25. 

X.  petulca,  September  11,  13,  27,  29 ;  October  21. 

X.  ferrealis,  September  7,  11,  13. 

X.  Bethunei,  September  4,  9,  13,  15,  18,  26,  29,  30;  Octo- 

ber 2,  10,  23,  24.  . 

X.  laticinerea,  September  29,  30;  October  4,  6, 10,  19,  21, 

22,  23,  24,  25. 

X.  cinerea,  September  15,  30. 

X.  pexata,  September  26. 

Anytus  sculptus,  September  7,  15. 

Crambodes  taliditbrmis,  July  21. 

Placodes  cinereola,  August  16,  19,  21,  25. 

Plagiomimicus  pityochromus,  August  19. 

Pyrrhia  angulata,  July  23 ;  August  5. 

Chamyris  cerintha,  July  23,  24. 

Erastria  carneola,  July  7,  8,  10,  12,  15,  17,  20,  21,  23,  24,  27,  28, 
30,  31 ;  August  2,  5,  6,  7,  16,  19,  21,  25,  26,  28,  30; 
September  2,  4,  13,  15,  27. 

E.  synochites,  July  15,  24,  27,  28 ;  August  7. 

E.  nigritula,  July  24,  27,  28,  30,  31 ;  August  2,  5,  6,  7,  16, 

18,  19,  21,  26  ;  September  13. 

Drasteria  erechtea,  July  27,  28,  30,  31 ;  August  5,  7. 

Ophiusa  bistriaris,  July  14,  28. 

Euparthenos  nubilis,  July  14,  15. 

Catocala  Meskei,  July  24. 

C.  Briseis,  July  24,  28. 

C.  Ilia,  July  27. 

C.  parta,  July  24,  27,  28,  30,  31 ;  August  5,  6,  7,  21,  26, 

30 ;  September  2,  13,  15,  25. 

C.  ultronia,  July  8,  10,  13,  14,  17,  20,  21  23,24, 27,  28,  30, 

31;  August  2,  5,  6,  7,  25. 


160       THIRTIETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [48] 

Catocalaconcumberis,  August  26,  28;  September  15. 

C.  amatrix,  August  21,  28. 

C.  cara,  August  18,  21;  September  2,  15,  26,  27. 

0.  cerogama,  August  19,  26. 

C.  neogama,  August  25. 

C.  habilis,  September  15. 

C.  antinympha,  August  26. 

C.  serena,  July  24. 

C.  Clintonii,  July  17. 

C.  poly ga ma,  July  7*. 

C.  pretiosa,  July  8,  10,  17. 

C.  nuptula,  July  15,  20,  21,  23,  24,  27,  28,  30 ;  August 

2,  5,  6,  7. 

C  gracilis,  July  21. 

Homoptera  lunata,  August  26,  30  ;  Sept.  2. 
Homopyralis  tactus,  July  7,  8,  10,  12,  13,  14,  15,  17,  20,  21,  23, 

24,  28,  30,  31 ;  Aug.  2,  5,  6,  7,  16,  18,  19,  25. 
Pseudaglossa  lubricalis,  July  17,  20,  21,  23,  27,  28,  30  ;  Aug. 

5,  7,  16,  18,  19. 

Epizeuxis  semulalis,  July  28,  31  ;   Aug.  5,  28  ;  Sept.  9,  25. 
Xanclognatha  marcidilinea,  Sept.  9. 
Clanyma  angulalis,  July  17,  31 ;  Aug.  2,  16. 
Renia  Belfragei,  Aug.  26. 
Renia  centralis,  Aug.  30. 
Renia  Isevigata,  July  2. 
Bomolocha  abalienalis,  July  21. 

Hypena  humuli,  Aug.  25,  30  ;  Sept.  2,  7, 13, 15,  27,  29  ;  Oct.  22, 
Plathypena  scabra,  Aug.  21 ;   Sept.  9,  13,  26,  27;  Oct.  22,  24. 
Tortricodes  bifidalis,  July  28  ;  Aug.  6,  7,  19. 
Philometra  serraticornis,  July  20. 

It  will  be  observed  from  the  above  memoranda  that  a  large 
number  of  the  species  (no  less  than  forty,  or  nearly  one-third 
of  the  whole)  were  quite  rare,  appearing  on  but  a  single  even- 
ing, and  usually  in  a  single  example.  This,  however,  may 
not  be  taken  as  a  measure  of  the  actual  rarity  of  the  species 
in  this  portion  of  the  State  of  New  York.  For  some  of  the 
species  other  attractions  would  undoubtedly  offer  greater 
inducements.  Many  species  are  extremely  local  in  their  oc- 
currence, perhaps  abounding  in  a  limited  locality,  and  hardly 
to  be  found  a  mile  or  two  distant.  And  again,  the  fact  is  well 
known  to  collectors  that  with  nearly  all  the  Lepidoptera,  a 


[49]         COLLECTIONS  OF  NOCTUID^  "AT  SUGAR."  Jgj 

year  occasionally  occurs  when  a  species  will  appear  in  re- 
markable abundance.  The  two  examples  of  the  beautiful 
Noctua,  CTiamyris  cerintTia,  taken  as  above  stated  on  the  23rd 
and  24th  of  July,  were  very  highly  prized  by  their  captor  from 
their  rarity  up  to  that  time.  The  following  year,  by  the* same 
method  of  sugaring  and  from  the  same  grape  trellis,  between 
the  10th  of  June  and  17th  of  August,  nearly  a  hundred  exam- 
ples of  it  were  taken  —  sixteen  in  a  single  evening.  Such  rar- 
ities in  1875  at  Schenectady,  as  Agrotis  pitychrous,  Agrotis 
alternata,  Neplielodes  molans,  Cosmia  infumata,  Xylina 
ferrealis,  Xylina  pexata,  Anytus  sculptus,  Catocala  Briseis, 
Catocala  antinymplia,  Catocala  gracilis,  etc.,  —  in  1&77  at 
Center,  by  the  captures  there  made,  were  consigned  to  the 
rank  of  common  species. 

In  addition  to  a  knowledge  of  the  abundance  of  a  species, 
the  above  and  similar  records  may  be  serviceable  in  showing 
the  duration  of  the  period  of  apparition  of  the  more  common 
species,  and  also  the  succession  of  broods,  when  they  occur. 

On  the  first  evening  of  collecting,  July  7th,  twenty-one  spe- 
cies were  taken,  of  which  number  one-third  were  species  of 
AGROTIS.  Of  those  present  at  this  time,  three,  viz.,  Agrotis  c- 
nigrum,  Agrotis  ypsilon  and  Mamestra  renigera,  continued 
into  the  month  of  October.  In  the  record  of  A.  c-nigrum, 
three  intervals  are  shown  of  respectively  sixteen  days  in  July, 
twenty-three  days  in  August  and  twelve  days  in  September : 
may  not  three  successive  broods  be  inferred  from  this  ?  A. 
ypsilon  was  not  observed  for  the  two  weeks  following  July  7th, 
but  continuously  thereafter  to  October  19th,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  five  indicated  absences  of  one  and  two  evenings  each. 

Agrotis  baja  was  captured  in  several  examples  on  the  16th 
of  August,  and  was  observed  each  evening  until  its  disappear- 
ance on  Sept.  7th.  The  period  of  duration  was  probably  a 
month  (no  collections  were  made  between  the  7th  and  16th  of 
August),  and  the  same  also  of  Agrotis  messoria,  from  August 
19th  to  September  18th. 

In  Mamestra  renigera,  two  intervals  appear  of  sixteen  and 
twelve  days  each,  in  July  and  September. 

Hadena  devastatrix,  H.  sputatrix,  If.  arctica  and  H.  ligni- 
color  were  among  the  most  common  species,  and  probably  ap- 
peared in  successive  broods,  as  they  were  each  present  when 
the  collections  commenced,  and  two  of  the  species  continued 
into  September. 


162       THIRTIETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [50] 

Hyppa  xylinoides,  commencing  the  latter  part  of  July,  con- 
tinued through  all  of  August  and  September  into  the  early 
part  of  October. 

Luperina  reniformis  continued  throughout  August  and 
September,  and  reappeared  in  the  last  half  of  October. 

Leucania  unipuncta,  after  the  appearance  of  a  single  individ- 
ual on  two  evenings  in  July,  was  present  each  evening  for  the 
space  of  two  months.  It  was  one  of  the  most  common  moths 
at  sugar,  and  was  nearly  always  in  remarkably  good  condition. 

AmpTiipyra  pyramidoides.  appearing  first  on  July  17th, 
continued,  not  every  evening,  however,  for  more  than  two  and 
a  half  months. 

Orthosia  ferrugineoides  was  constant  in  its  presence,  and 
also  an  abundant  species  from  its  first  appearance  until  the 
close  of  the  season. 

Orthosia  kelva  was  confined  to  the  month  of  August,  but 
was  uniformly  present  after  the  5th. 

Of  the  Xylinas,  laticinerea  was  the  last  to  appear.  It  was 
in  abundance  and  in  perfect  condition  at  the  cessation  of  su- 
garing. It  was  the  first  to  appear  the  ensuing  spring  (1876), 
on  the  llth  of  April,  followed  a  few  days  thereafter  (April  25) 
by  X.  Bethunei. 

Erastria  carneola  had  a  long  duration,  and  was  very  seldom 
absent,  although  never  appearing  in  large  numbers.  It  con- 
tinued until  late  in  September.  As  it  is  known  to  occur  in 
the  month  of  May,  its  four  months  presence  with  us  is  evidence 
of  a  succession  of  broods,  as  is  also  shown  in  the  freshness  of 
examples  collected  at  various  times  throughout  the  season. 

Catocala  parta  continued  for  a  very  long  time,  having  been 
taken  on  fifteen  evenings  in  the  months  of  July,  August  and 
September. 

C.  ultronia  was  the  most  abundant  of  the  Catocalas,  and, 
although  not  soen  in  the  month  of  September,  was  observed 
on  eighteen  evenings  during  the  preceding  two  months. 

Homopy rails  tactus  was  a  remarkably  constant  visitor,  hav- 
ing been  unobserved  on  one  evening  only  for  nearly  two 
months. 

Pseudothyatira  expultrix  was  present  each  evening  of  the 
month  commencing  July  15th. 

The  following  table  shows  the  period  of  duration  of  several 
of  the  species  and  their  comparative  constancy  of  attendance 
at  sugar. 


[51] 


COLLECTIONS  OF  NOCTUID^E  "AT  SUGAB." 


163 


SPECIES. 

First  noted 
appearance. 

Last 
appearance. 

Evenings 
absent. 

No.  of 
days' 
duration. 

Hadena  arctica  

*July     7 

Aug.  26 

1 

t51  + 

Hadena  lignicolor 

7 

6 

0 

31  + 

Hadena  devastatrix       

8 

Sept.    2 

2 

57  + 

8 

9 

2 

64  + 

7 

Aug.    7 

0 

32  + 

Leucania  unipuncta 

Aug.    7 

Oct.      6 

0 

61 

Erastria  cani6ola 

July     7 

Sept.  27 

10 

83  + 

Hotnopyralis  tactus             

7 

Aug.  26 

1 

51  + 

Grortyna  nictitans       

17 

26 

0 

41 

JJyppa  xylinoides     

28 

Oct.     2 

5 

67 

Orthosia  ferru^ineoides  

Sept.    7 

25 

0 

49  + 

Catocala  ultronia  

July     8 

Aug.  25 

6 

49 

Catocala  nuptula 

17 

7 

2 

22 

Catocala  parta                       .  .  . 

24 

Sept  25 

12 

64 

Catocala  Brissis                   

24 

20 

59 

Catocala  cara               

Aug.  18 

27 

11 

41 

Catocala  neo^araa       

25 

30 

15 

37 

Xylina  Bethunei   

Sept.   4 

Oct.   24 

7 

51 

Xylina  disposita  

9 

25 

6 

47 

Xylina  pctulca 

11 

21 

12 

41 

Xylina  laticinerea      . 

29 

25 

2 

27 

A  few  Microlepidoptera  were  among  the  preceding  collec- 
tions at  sugar:  for  most  of  the  determinations,  I  am  under 
obligations  to  Prof.  C.  H.  Fernald,  of  the  Maine  State  College, 
at  Orono. 

Tortrix  rosaceana  Harr July  4. 

Exartema  perraundanum  Clem July  21. 

Tmetocera  ocellana  (Fabr.}  J   July  7. 

Condylopeza  nigrinodis  Zell June  23. 

Depressaria  atrodorsella  Clem ...  Sept.  15. 

Depressaria  pul vipurella  Clem Aug.  21. 

Depressaria  Fernaldella  Chamb Sept.  15. 

*The  collections  were  commenced  at  this  date. 

t  The  annexed  +  indicates  that  the  entire  period  of  duration  is  not  shown. 

$The  Bud-moth  (Qrapholitha  oceUana)  of  the  Canadian  Entomologist,  v.  TIT,  p.  13,  f.  9. 


164        THIRTIETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [52] 


VI.  ON  SOME  LEPIDOPTERA  COMMON  TO  THE  UNITED  STATES 
AND  PATAGONIA. 


In  the  Bulletin  de  la  Societe  Imperials  des  Naturalistes  de 
Moscou,  for  1875  (Yol.  49,  Pt.  2d,  pp.  191-247),  an  interesting 
paper  is  published  by  Prof.  C.  Berg,  Director  of  the  Museum 
of  Natural  History  of  Buenos  Ayres,  on  "  Patagonian  Lepi- 
doptera."  It  is  based  on  collections  made  by  the  writer, 
in  Patagonia,  during  a  short  visit  in  the  year  1874.  The  col- 
lections were  confined  to  the  coast  region,  extending  from  the 
Rio  Negro  to  the  Rio  Santa  Cruz,  or  between  41  and  50  degrees 
of  south  latitude.  The  insect-fauna  was  found  to  be  quite 
limited,  as  might  be  expected  from  the  scanty  vegetation  of 
the  coast.  Could  the  interior  country  have  been  explored,  it 
would,  no  doubt,  have  yielded  much  more  abundantly. 

Previous  to  this  visit,  but  four  or  five  species  of  Patagonian 
Lepidoptera  were  known.  Fifty-six  species  were  collected  by 
Prof.  Berg,  at  this  time,  of  which  twenty  are  described  in  his 
paper  as  new  to  science.  Of  these  fifty- six  species,  nineteen 
were  observed  only  in  Patagonia,  —  the  others  had  also  been 
collected  in  the  countries  adjacent.  The  interesting  statement 
is  made  that  Agrotis  ypsilon,  Helioihis  armiger  and  Asopia 
farinalis  —  species  of  extensive  distribution  throughout 
Europe  and  America  —  were  apparently  confined  to  those  sec- 
tions of  the  coast  to  which  cultivation  had  extended,  and, 
therefore,  it  was  inferred  that  they  had,  in  all  probability, 
been  introduced  through  commercial  intercourse  with  other 
countries. 

The  collections  were  of  the  following  groups  :  Of  Rhopalo- 
cera,  14  species.  Of  Heterocera — Sphingidse  3  sp.;  Bombycidse 
5  sp.  ;  Noctuidse  11  sp. ;  Geometridse  1  sp.  ;  Pyralidse  6  sp.  ; 
Chilonidse  1  sp.;  Phycidse  4  sp.;  Tortricidse  1  sp. ;  Tineidse  8 
sp. ;  Pterophoridse  1  sp. 

A  special  interest  attaches  to  the  record  of  the  above  collec- 
tion from  the  occurrence  among  them,  in  this  remote  region* 
of  so  large  a  number  of  species  belonging  to  the  United 
States  — no  less  than  seventeen  species,  or  over  thirty  per 
cent  of  the  entire  number. 


[53]  PATAGONIAN  LEPIDOPTERA.  165 

As  the  geographical  distribution  of  our  insects  is  at  the 
present  time  receiving  much  attention,  this  list  of  Prof.  Berg 
will  be  welcomed,  from  the  care,  apparently,  with  which  he 
determinations  have  been  made,  and  the  extension  of  observa- 
tions to  a  country  of  whose  Lepidoptera  scarcely  any  thing  was 
previously  known. 

The  species  recorded  which  also  occur  in  the  United  States 
are  as  follows : 

Callidryas  Eubule  Linn.  ^eucania  extranea  Guen. 

Danais  Archippus  Fabr.  Heliothis  armiger  lib. 

Pyrameishuntera  v.  lole  Cram.  Erebus  odora  Linn. 

Pyrameis  Carye  Hb.  Asopia  farinalis  Linn. 

Pamphila  Phylseus  Drury.  2Ephestia  interpunctella  Hb. 

Philampelus  labruscse  Linn.  Nomophila  hybridalis  Hb. 

Philampelus  vitis  Linn.  3Plutella  xylostella  Linn. 

Agrotis  saucia  Hb.  4Pterophorus      leucodactylus 
Agrotis  ypsilon  Rott.  Fabr. 

Collections  of  the  larvae  were  also  made,  and  a  number  of 
them  described :  their  food-plants  and  transformations  were 
also  observed.  A  peculiarity  of  the  caterpillars  noticed  by 
Prof.  Berg  presents  so  wide  a  departure  from  normal  habits 
resulting  from  the  modifying  influence  of  surrounding  condi- 
tions, that  we  are  led  to  give  the  following  translation,  in 
full,  of  his  statement : 

."It  still  remains  for  me  to  note  a  peculiarity  of  the  cater- 
pillars, viz.,  their  extreme  ferocity  —  their  cannibalistic  propen- 
sities. All  of  them,  irrespective  of  family  or  group,  manifest 
the  liveliest  desire  to  kill  their  fellows.  While  confined  they 
ate  only  one  another,  seldom,  if  ever,  touching  the  food- 
plants.  The  caterpillars  of  the  Bombycidse  completely 
devoured  others  of  the  same  family,  leaving  absolutely  no 
fragments  of  them.  They  even  tore  open  the  cocoons,  from 
which  they  dragged  out  the  pupae  and  ate  them  —  to  which 
fact  I  called  the  attention  of  my  traveling  companions. 

In  like  manner,  the  larvae  of  the  Noctuidse  acted  among 
themselves  and  toward  the  Bombycidse,  and  the  latter  toward 
the  former.  Among  these  last,  Heliothis  armiger  was  glut- 
tonous beyond  all  measure, —  one  of  them  devouring  in  twenty- 
four  hours,  from  six  to  seven  others.  The  caterpillar  of 

1  L.  unipuncta  Haw.  2  P.  cruciferarum  Zetter. 

9  Tinea  Zese  Fitch.  4  Aciptilia  alternaria  ZelL 


166        THIRTIETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.         [54] 

Pyrameis  Carye  was  also  carnivorous,  but  to  a  very  moderate 
extent,  preferring  at  all  times  fresh  plant-food  to  flesh,  while 
others,  as  the  Noctuidse,  would  not  touch  the  plants  after 
having  once  tasted  flesh. 

This  peculiarity  of  the  Patagonian  caterpillar  is  easily 
explained.  During  the  summer,  excessive  heat  and  drought 
prevail,  and  these,  coupled  with  dry  winds,  tend  to  wither  and 
destroy  all  vegetation.  As  the  caterpillar  is  then  deprived  of 
its  proper  nourishment  it  is  compelled  by  the  law  of  self- 
preservation  to  seek  elsewhere  for  food,  and  so  it  comes  that 
they  eat  one  another.  This  habit  becomes  hereditary,  and  the 
descendants  frequently  practice  it,  even  when  there  is  no  lack 
of  vegetable  food." 


[55]  ON  LYCJENA  NEGLECTA.  167 


VII.  ON  LYCMA  NEGLECTA  EDW. 


[From  the  Canadian  Entomologist,  for  May  1, 1875.] 

In  the  very  interesting  paper  of  Mr.  W.  H.  Edwards,  pub- 
lished in  the  May  number  of  the  Canadian  Entomologist,  in 
which  another  valuable  addition  is  made  to  the  knowledge  of 
our  Lepidoptera,  by  the  identity  therein  shown  of  the  Lycsenas 
pseudargiolus  and  molacea  —  autumnal  and  vernal  forms  of 
the  same  species  —  it  is  suggested  that  neglecta  and  Lucia  may 
prove  to  bear  the  same  relationship  to  one  another.  The  pos- 
sibility of  this  is  inferred  by  Mr.  Edwards  from  observations 
made  by  him,  that  Lucia  is  an  early  spring  form  (April  and 
May  in  New  York),  and  neglecta  a  later  one,  "  occurring  at 
intervals  from  June  till  September." 

I  cannot  believe  that  neglecta  and  Lucia  will  ever  be  united 
as  seasonal  varieties  of  the  same  species.  Several  years  of 
diligent  collecting  by  Mr.  von  Meske  and  myself  in  this  por- 
tion of  the  State,  embracing  a  range  of  ten  miles  of  territory, 
have  failed  to  reveal  a  single  example  of  Lucia,  nor  has  it 
come  under  our  observation  in  any  of  the  collections  made  by 
others  in  this  part  of  the  State.  We  might,  therefore,  be 
almost  justified  in  asserting  that  it  does  not  occur  here.  We 
have  it  from  Long  Island  collected  by  Mr.  Graef  and  Mr. 
Tepper. 

On  the  other  hand,  in  that  famous  collecting  ground,  Center, 
on  the  "  pine-barrens,"  midway  between  Albany  and  Schenec- 
tady,  upon  the  line  of  the  N.  Y.  Central  and  Hudson  River  R. 
R.,  than  which,  we  believe,  the  northern  United  States  can  pro- 
duce no  superior  locality  for  the  Lepidoptera,  neglecta  usually 
swarms  at  its  proper  season.  There  have  been  times  and  sea- 
sons when,  as  we  have  traversed  the  roadways  leading  over 
the  yellow  sands  of  Center  and  among  its  pines,  that  the  air 
about  us  has  seemed  blue  from  the  myriads  of  neglecta 
driven  up  from  the  damp  sands  by  our  approach.  Here,  cer- 
tainly, one  might  confidently  look  for  Lucia,  were  it  but  a 
varietal  form. 


168        THIRTIETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [56] 

Our  observations  and  records  do  not  agree  with  those  of 
Mr.  Edwards,  giving  June  as  the  earliest  appearance  of  neg- 
lecta.  From  notes  made  by  me,  and  from  dates  of  capture 
appended  to  examples  in  my  collection,  I  cite  the  following  : 

In  the  year  1869,  on  May  21st,  neglecta  occurred  in  great 
abundance,  all  of  which  noticed,  with  three  exceptions,  were 
males.  The  worn  condition  of  some  of  the  captures  indicated 
that  they  had  already  been  abroad  for  several  days.  The 
locality  had  not  been  explored  since  the  llth  of  May,  when 
the  species  was  not  found.  About  the  9th  of  June  it  was  ob- 
served at  its  greatest  abundance ;  it  was  seen  for  the  last  time 
during  this  year  on  the  30th  of  July.  In  1870,  it  was  first  ob- 
served on  the  14th  of  May  (none  in  a  collecting  trip  on  the 
6th).  The  last  recorded  appearance  was  on  the  16th  of  June. 
L.  comyntas  was  seen  from  May  6th  to  September  14th,  contin- 
uously. In  1871,  neglecta  is  recorded  from  May  16th  to  June 
16th.  In  the  following  year  its  first  record  is  on  May  21st. 

The  latest  date  of  my  capture  of  this  species  is  August  20th, 
at  Schoharie,  N.  Y. ;  the  earliest  is  at  Bath-on-the-Hudson 
near  Albany,  on  May  14th  (the  year  not  stated) 

The  observations  which  I  have  given  above,  when  coupled 
with  those  of  Mr.  Saunders  appended  to  the  paper  above  re- 
ferred to,  of  the  frequent  occurrence  of  neglecta  in  his  neigh- 
borhood (London,  Ont.,)  and  non- occurrence  of  Lucia,  would 
seem  almost  to  establish  beyond  question  their  non-ident- 
ity. That  these  statements  may  receive  all  the  considera- 
tion to  which  they  are  entitled,  it  may  be  proper  to  accompany 
them  with  the  mention  made  to  me  by  Mr.  Scudder,  not  to  be 
construed  to  the  disparagement  of  the  valued  labors  of  others, 
that,  as  the  result  of  an  elaborate  tabulation  of  the  numerous 
returns  made  to  him  or  collated  by  him,  of  the  Rhopalocerous 
fauna  of  the  various  portions  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 
the  two  most  thoroughly  worked  up  fields  were  found  to  be 
those  of  London,  Ont.,  and  Albany,  N.  Y. 

As  a  part  of  the  history  of  neglecta,  it  may  deserve  mention 
that  Mr.  von  Meske  reports  the  species  as  quite  rare  this  year 
at  Center,  where  in  so  many  preceding  years  it  has  abounded. 

[Since  the  publication  of  the  above  L.  Lucia  has  made  its  appearance  for  the  first  time 
at  Center.  Examples  of  it  were  collected  by  Mr.  W.  W.  Hill,  on  the  16th  of  May,  1876,  at 
this  locality,  where  it  was  also  captured  on  the  13th,  20th  and  26th  of  May  (5  specimens). 
At  West  Point,  N.Y.,  it  was  observed  in  abundance  on  the  30th  of  April,  when  8  males 
and  4  females  were  taken  by  a  collector,  and  three  or  four  times  as  many  in  addition,  it 
is  believed,  were  seen.] 


[57]      NEW  SPECIES  OF  CALIFORNIAN  BUTTERFLIES.        169 


VIII.  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  TWO  NEW  SPECIES  OF  CALIKORNIAN 

BUTTERFLIES. 


Lycaena  Lotis  n.  sp. 

Male.  —  Wings  glossy  violet-blue  ;  margins  bordered  with 
black,  extending  narrowly  on  the  costa  to  near  the  base  —  the 
black  of  the  costa  edged  outwardly  with  white  ;  veins  defined 
by  black  scales ;  fringes  white  with  black  basilar  scales.  Palpi 
black  above,  white  laterally.  Thorax  and  abdomen  black  with 
long  whitish  hairs. 

Beneath :  wings  gray.  Primaries  :  the  discal,  extradiscal* 
and  submarginal  black  spots,  in  appearance  and  position 
much  as  in  Scudderii  /  the  two  rows  of  the  submarginal  series 
are  more  contiguous  than  in  that  species,  nearly  equally  well 
defined,  and  without  space  between  them  for  the  fuscous  spots 
usually  present  (at  least  in  the  median  portion  of  the  range) 
in  the  $  Scudderii,  and  always  in  the  ?  .  Secondaries :  three 
white  -annulated,  black  extrabasilar  spots ;  the  extradiscal 
doubly-curved  series  of  similar  spots,  nearly  as  in  Scudderii ; 
the  black  spots  of  the  submarginal  series  are  nearly  covered 
with  metallic  scales  giving  a  green  reflection  (blue  in  Scud- 
derii), anterior  to  which  and  resting  thereon,  a  connected  (on 
the  veins)  series  of  fulvous  crescents,  tending  to  a  sagittate 

*Reference  in  this  description,  to  the  shape  of  the  spots  in  this  series,  is  purposely 
omitted,  for  the  reason  that,  in  this  group  they  are  subject  to  so  great  variation 
that  it  is  impossible  to  draw  from  them  any  reliable  specific  characters  —  at  least 
from  the  inspection  of  a  few  individuals.  In  the  twenty-eight  examples  of 
Scudderii  before  me,  the  following  variations  are  noticeable :  In  one,  all  the 
spots  are  round  (or  nearly  so)  except  the  last  interior  one,  which  is  geminate  on 
the  submedian  fold  :  in  another,  not  a  single  spot  is  round  or  even  approximating 
that  form :  in  one,  the  fifth  spot,  which,  in  the  original  description  of  the  species 
is  said  to  be  "  twice  as  long  as  the  others,"  is  in  this,  the  shortest  of  all.  In  four 
examples,  the  second  and  third  spots  are  prolonged  inwardly  toward  the  discal 
spot  in  a  tail-like  projection,  while  in  others  they  are  regularly  rounded,  and  again 
in  others,  quite  extended  toward  the  outer  margin.  In  one  example,  the  first  five 
spots  are  distinctly  semi-oval  in  form ;  in  others,  the  spots  assume  ovate,  ellipti- 
cal, triangular,  crescentic  and  irregular  forms.  In  five  examples,  there  is  an 
additional  smaller  spot  between  veins  8  and  9,  preceding  the  one  commonly  called 
the  first  spot.  A  difference  is  frequently  to  be  seen  between  the  corresponding 
spots  of  the  opposite  wings 


170        THIRTIETH  KEPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [58] 

form,  narrowly  edged  before  with  black  ;  at  the  tips  of  the 
veins,  a  row  of  subtriangular  black  spots.  Legs,  thorax  and 
abdomen  clothed  with  long,  white  hairs. 

Female.  —  Above  uniformly  brown,  being  without  the  inte- 
rior violet-blue  shade  characterizing  Scudderii  ;  a  few  (per- 
haps twenty  on  each  side)  purple  scales  are  to  be  seen  beneath 
the  basilar  portion  of  the  median  of  the  primaries  and  at  the 
base  of  the  secondaries.  On  the  primaries,  a  sub  marginal 
crescentiform  fulvous  band,  which  is  more  distinct  between 
the  nervules  of  the  median ;  on  the  secondaries  a  submarginal 
row  of  six  semi-elliptical  black  spots,  preceded  by  fulvous 
crescents,  and  followed  by  a  few  pale  scales. 

Beneath :  on  the  primaries,  the  extradiscal  row  of  black 
spots  rather  weaker  than  in  Scudderii  (as  also  on  the  second- 
aries), while  the  outer  row  of  the  submarginal  series,  which,  in 
that  species  is  often  obsolescent,  is  in  this,  well  denned  and  of 
nearly  equal  strength  to  the  interior  row.  The  secondaries 
show  but  two  of  the  usual  four  extrabasilar  black  spots  ;  the 
remaining  ornamentation  much  as  in  the  other  sex. 

Expanse  of  wings,  $  ,  1.30  inch—  ?  ,  1.25  inch.  Length  of 
body,  &  ,  .5  inch —  $  ,  .44  inch. 

This  species  differs  principally  from  the  allied  species  with 
which  it  is  compared,  in  the  black  veins  and  brighter  and 
more  glossy  wings  of  the  $  ,  and  the  uniform  brown  wings  of 
the  ?  ,  with  its  submarginal  fulvous  band  on  the  primaries ; 
in  the  stronger  submarginal  spots  of  the  lower  surface,  and 
the  weaker  interior  spots ;  the  more  numerous  metallic  scales 
and  their  peculiar  hue ;  the  shape  of  the  fulvous  crescents 
and  the  narrowness  of  the  black  lines  bordering  them ;  the 
heavy  black  termination  of  the  veins,  etc. 

The  secondaries  are  more  prolonged  on  the  sub  median 
nervure,  giving  to  the  anal  angle  a  greater  prominence. 

Hab.y  etc. — Mendocino,  California.  Two  examples.  Collec- 
tion of  W.  H.  Edwards. 

Pamphila  Osceola  n.  sp. 

Wings  above  dark  glossy  brown  as  in  P.  Metacomet ;  outer 
margin  blackish -brown  ;  fringes,  dark  brown. 

Male :  primaries  with  some  dull  yellowish  scales  on  the 
inner  half  of  the  costa,  on  the  outer  side  of  the  discoidal  stig. 
ma,  and  within  it  between  the  median  and  submedian  nervures. 
Discoidal  stigma  velvety-black,  consisting  of  two  acutely  ellip- 


[59]       NEW  SPECIES  OF  CALIFORNIAN  BUTTERFLIES.        171 

soidal  spots,  which  join  on  the  1st  median  nervule,  and  have 
their  other  extremities  resting  on  the  submedian  and  2d  me- 
dian nervule  —  the  inner  spot  with  distinct  black  scales  near 
the  submedian.  Beneath  brown,  blackish  over  the  discoida 
stigma,  with  obscure  yellow  shades  exterior  to  it  as  the  only 
markings.  Abdomen  above,  unicolorous  with  the  wings,  with 
yellowish  scales  laterally.  Thorax  beneath  and  abdomen 
contiguous,  brown  with  some  longer  clay-colored  hairs.  Palpi 
clothed  with  bristling  yellow  scales,  from  which  the  tip  of  the 
last  joint  barely  projects. 

Female :  primaries  with  dull  yellow  scales  and  hairs,  more 
numerous  on  the  inner  half  of  the  interior  margin,  and  nearly 
absent  from  the  outer  margin ;  two  yellow  spots  between  the 
median  nervules — the  outer  one  scarcely  more  than  a  spot,  the 
inner  subquadrangular  ;  no  anteapical  spots,  but  in  their  place 
some  clustering  yellow  scales.  Beneath,  dark  brown,  the  pri- 
maries reddish-brown  basally,  and  the  secondaries  of  the  same 
shade  throughout  except  toward  their  inner  margin.  The  two 
spots  of  the  upper  surface  of  the  primaries  are  reproduced 
beneath  somewhat  more  obscurely.  Thorax  and  front  of  head 
yellowish  scaled  ;  palpi  with  black  scales  above,  and  beneath 
with  some  clay-colored  scales. 

Expanse  of  wings,  1.28  inch ;  length  of  body,  .62  inch. 

The  species  is  allied  to  P.  Metacomet ;  the  geminate  charac- 
ter of  its  discoidal  stigma  is  better  defined  ;  its  fringes  are. 
darker  ;  its  median  spots  are  yellow  instead  of  whitish  ;  it  is 
without  the  anteapical  spots,  and  lacks  the  band  of  pale  spots 
on  the  secondaries  beneath ;  the  lower  side  of  the  abdomen 
is  without  the  conspicuous  mesial  line  of  pale  scales  of 
P.  Metacomet. 

Hob.,  etc. — Mendocino,  California.  1  <$  and  1  ?  in  the  col- 
lection of  W.  H.  Edwards. 

The  references  of  these  two  species  to  the  "ZSlTi  Rep.  N.  Y. 
State  Mus.  N.  H.,  made  on  pages  53  and  62  of  Edwards' 
Catalogue  of  Diurnal  Lepidoptera,  require  correction  for 
the  reason  stated  on  page  70. 


172        THIRTIETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [60] 


IX.  ON  SOME  SPECIES  OF  NISONIADES. 


Nisoniades  Pacuyius  n.  sp. 

Head  and  palpi  thickly  clothed  with  bristling  brown  and 
gray  hairs,  the  obtuse  tip  of  the  third  joint  of  the  palpi  only 
visible  ;  antennae  brown  above,  the  joints  bordered  with  white 
beneath  and  within.  Thorax  and  abdomen  beneath  with  long 
brownish  hairs;  legs  brown  with  pale  hairs  at  their  joints. 

Wings  approaching  those  of  .ZV.  Persius  in  shape,  but  the 
primaries  somewhat  narrower. 

Primaries  umber-brown,  mottled  with  black  as  in  Martialis  ; 
near  each  extremity  of  the  cell,  conspicuously  marked  with  a 
large  black  spot,  the  outer  one  having  the  hyaline  white  cellu- 
lar spot  on  its  outer  margin.  A  row  of  black  spots  cross  the 
nervules,  upon  which  are  the  following  white  hyaline  spots : 
four  costo-apical  ones,  of  which  the  costal  one  is  scarce  more 
than  a  dot,  the  second,  the  largest  and  quadrate,  the  third  and 
fourth  quite  small,  with  their  longest  diameter  in  the  direc- 
tion of  the  breadth  of  ftie  wing ;  in  cells  2  and  3  each,  a  tri- 
angular spot  with  the  apex  directed  toward  the  outer  margin 
of  the  wing  —  that  in  cell  2  but  partially  hyaline  ;  in  cell  1  b, 
two  triangular  spots  (not  hyaline),  marked  with  white  scales 
so  obscurely  in  the  somewhat  imperfect  specimen,  that  pos- 
sibly they  may  not  prove  a  constant  feature.  Some  white 
hairs  and  scales  separate  this  row  of  black  spots  from  a  sub- 
terminal  row  of  rounded  black  spots,  which  is  again  separated 
by  a  few  similar  white  scales  from  the  black  terminal  margin. 
Fringes  umber-brown,  their  base  cut  by  some  white  scales 
projected  from  the  black  margin. 

Secondaries  fuscous,  faintly  marked  by  some  brown  spots 
and  an  indistinct  subterminal  row  of  brown  dots.  Fringes 
snow-white  with  some  brown  scales  of  the  terminal  margin 
cutting  their  base,  and  at  the  apical  angle  of  the  wing,  extend- 
ing nearly  to  their  outer  edge. 

Beneath,  primaries  pale  brown,  the  hyaline  spot  in  cell  3 
showing  conspicuously,  and  with  white  scales  covering  the 
extreme  apical  portion  of  the  wing.  Secondaries  reddish 


[6]]  Ox  SOME  SPECIES  OF  NISONIADES  173 

brown  basally  and  medially,  and  with  a  double  row  of  pale 
brown  spots  before  the  outer  margin  between  veins  1  b  and  4. 
Fringes  as  above. 

Expanse  of  wings  1.38  inch.    Length  of  body,  .58  inch. 

Habitat. —  New  Mexico.  Described  from  1  $  in  the  collec- 
tion of  Mr.  W.  H.  Edwards. 

This  species  may  be  recognized  among  all  those  of  the  genus 
known  at  present,  by  the  white  fringes  of  the  secondaries  less 
sharply  defined  at  their  base  than  in  N.  tristis^  by  its  smaller 
size,  less  pointed  primaries  and  a  less  projected  anal  angle 
of  the  secondaries  than  in  that  species. 

Nisoniades  funeralis  Scudd.-Burg. 

Wings  black,  approaching  Pholisora  Catullus  in  shade ; 
in  the  $ ,  a  few  white  scales  on  the  outer  half  of  primaries 
which  cluster  in  a  crescentiform  subterminaf  line;  an  umber- 
brown  spot  resting  on  the  discal  cross.-vein  and  another  mid- 
way on  the  submedian  fold ;  in  the  ? ,  some  white  scales 
occur  also  on  the  basal  half  of  the  wing,  the  two  umber- 
brown  spots  more  conspicuous  than  in  the  6 ,  and,  in  addi- 
tion, a  line  of  the  same  shade  associated  with  the  white 
scales  of  the  sub  terminal  line  :  in  each  sex  four  small  (the  two 
inner  ones  linear)  anteapical  white  spots,  and  a  larger  one 
in  cell  3  ;  in  the  ?  ,  a  discal  spot  in  addition.  Cilia  brown, 
with  some  basilar  white  scales,  more  numerous  in  the  ? . 
Secondaries  of  <$ ,  prolonged  at  inner  angle,  nearly  unicol- 
orous ;  of  the  ? ,  showing  indistinctly  two  rows  of  umber- 
brown  spots  before  the  margin.  Cilia  snow-white,  in  the  $ 
with  black  basal  scales  at  and  near  the  apical  and  inner  angles, 
intermediately  contrasting  sharply  with  the  black  margin  of 
the  wing ;  in  the  $ ,  the  cilia  longer,  with  some  anteapical 
black  basal  scales,  but  none  before  the  anal  angle,  where  the 
white  scales  run  over  on  the  inner  margin  for  a  short  space 
and  then  become  dusky. 

Head,  thorax  and  abdomen  above,  black  ;  terminal  joint  of 
palpi  moderately  projecting  beyond  the  squarely-cut  scales  ; 
antenna!  hook  red. 

Beneath,  wings  fuscous,  th^  <$  with  the  white  discal  spot 
indicated,  and  with  two  obscure  rows  of  paler  brown  spots 
before  the  margin ;  in  the  ?  the  spots  are  much  more  con- 
spicuous, of  a  much  paler  shade  —  the  outer  row  of  each  wing 
consisting  of  whitish  intranervular  lines  cutting  the  pale 


]74        THIRTIETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [62] 

spots  (the  corresponding  spots  in  N.  Brizo  and  N.  Icelus  pre^ 
sent  this  character  in  a  degree).  Antennal  joints  narrowly 
marked  with  white. 

Expanse  of  wings;  1.75  inch. 

Habitat.  —  Texas  and  California. 

Described  from  1  6  and  1  $  in  perfect  condition,  received 
from  Mr.  Heiligbrodt,  of  Bastrop,  Texas,  and  from  3  $ '  s  in 
inferior  condition  from  the  Collection  of  W.  H.  Edwards  (two 
from  Texas  and  one  from  San  Diego.) 

This  species  is  believed  to  be  the  N.  funeralis  of  Scudd.- 
Burg.  (Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  N.  H.,  xiii,  p.  293.  1870),  it  having  been 
received  from  Mr.  Edwards  under  that  name.  The  marked 
contrast  between  the  snow-white  fringes  of  the  secondaries 
and  the  black  of  the  wings,  in  fresh  examples,  makes  this  the 
most  beautiful  species  of  the  genus. 

Nisoniades  tristis  (Boisd.). 

Nearly  allied  to  N.  funeralis,  and  may  best  be  separated 
from  it  by  comparison.  It  is  a  little  smaller  in  size ;  the 
secondaries  of  the  $  are  apparently  less  prolonged  at  the  anal 
angle;  the  white  spots  of  the  primaries  are  larger,  and  the 
$  has  also  a  white  cellular  spot ;  the  brown  basal  scales  of 
the  cilia  of  the  secondaries  are  not  confined  to  the  angles,  but 
cut  the  white  scales  throughout  the  entire  margin  although 
less  numerously  intermediately.  The  wings  on  the  under 
side  lack  the  whitish  intranervular  lines  upon  the  submarginal 
spots  seen  in  N.  funeralis. 

Expanse  of  wings  ;  1.55  inch. 

Habitat.  —  California.  Material  under  observation,  2  <$'s 
and  1  ?  ,  in  imperfect  condition. 

The  diagnosis  of  this  species  as  given  by  Dr.  Boisduval 
(Lepidopteres  de  la  Calif ornie,  p.  22 ;  1869)  is  as  follows : 
"Alee  nigro-fusccB ;  anticce  punctulo  media  strigaque  e 
punctulis  sex  similibus  transfer  sis  albidis  ;  postic&  fimbria 
alba. 

Elle  a  le  port  et  la  taille  de  T.  Juvenalis." 

• 

The  description  given  in  Morris'  Synopsis,  in  addition  to 
the  above  features,  represents  the  line  of  white  points  as 
"  separated  into  two  groups  — the  one  of  four  near  the  upper 
edge,  the  other  of  two,  beyond  the  median  nerve." 


1 63]  ON  SOME  SPECIES  OF  NISONIADES.  175 

The  spots  "  beyond  the  median  nerve  "  vary  in  size  and  in 
number  in  the  same  species,  as  will  readily  be  seen  by  an 
inspection  of  a  number  of  individuals.  In  two  of  the  above 
examples  of  N.  tristis,  there  is  a  white  spot  in  each  of  the 
cells  2  and  3  ;  in  the  third,  in  cell  3  only.  When  but  one  spot 
is  present,  it  is  always  that  in  cell  3,  —  the  smaller  of  the 
two  having  disappeared.  Nor  does  the  number  of  anteapical 
white  spots  afford  a  specific  character,  for  while  the  normal 
number  is  four,  some  examples  of  N.  Marticilis  in  my  collec- 
tion show  but  three,  and  others  (more  rarely)  five. 

Nisoniades  Afranius  n.  sp. 

Thorax  and  abdomen  above,  black  ;  beneath,  with  brown 
hairs.  Palpi  clothed  with  long  brown  hairs.  Legs  fuscous. 

Primaries  with  the  costal  margin  nearly  as  straight  as  in 
N.  Persius,  but  rounded  toward  the  apex ;  moderately  bent 
basally.  Outer  margin  more  rounded  than  in  any  $  Nisoni- 
ades  known  to  me  (the  $ '  s,  as  a  rule,  having  more  rounded 
wings),  as  much  so  as  in  N.  Brizo  ?  .  Inner  angle  rounded, 
with  internal  margin  short. 

The  usual  black  markings  in  the  basal  region  of  the  wing  ; 
the  remainder  clouded  with  brown,  distinctly  relieving  the 
transverse  line  of  elongated  black  spots,  and  the  row  of 
rounded  submarginal  black  spots ;  a  few  gray  scales  are 
sprinkled  over  the  brown  ground.  The  black  spots  of  the 
transverse  band  above  vein  2  are  more  elongated  in  proportion 
to  their  width,  more  acute  toward  the  outer  margin,  and  more 
sharply  defined  than  in  any  other  known  species  —  even  than 
in  N.  Ausonius.  The  line  of  four  small,  anteapical,  white, 
hyaline  spots  is  sensibly  drawn  inward  toward  the  base,  so 
that  an  imaginary  line  traversing  these  spots  will  cut  the  outer 
margin  within  its  apical  half.  A  white  hyaline  spot  rests  on 
the  black  spot  in  cell  3,  and  the  three  black  spots  in  cells  2 
and  1  b,  have  some  gray  scales  centrally.  There  is  a  trace  of 
a  small,  whitish,  hyaline,  discal  spot.  The  terminal  margin 
is  without  the  black  line  seen  in  N.  Martialis. 

Secondaries,  dark  umber-brown,  with  the  two  rows  of  pale 
brown  spots,  similar  to  those  of  N.  Persius  ?  . 

Wings  beneath,  a  rich  umber-brown,  showing  on  the  prim- 
aries the  discal  and  anteapical  spots  more  plainly  than  above, 
and  a  white  spot  each  in  cells  3  and  2.  The  two  rows  of  pale 
brown  spots  on  the  secondaries  are  strongly  relieved  by  the 


]76       THIRTIETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [64] 

dark  ground.    The  margins  of  the  wings  bear  a  black  mar- 
ginal line,  obsolete  toward  the  apex  of  the  primaries. 

Expanse  of  wings,  1 .20  inch  :  length  of  body,  .48  inch. 

Habitat. —  Colorado. 

I  venture,  from  a  single  example,  to  designate  this  as  a  dis- 
tinct species,  in  consideration  of  the  entirely  different  aspect 
it  presents  from  the  other  forms.  It  is  one  of  the  smallest 
of  our  species,  about  equal  to  N.  Ausonius  ;  has  unusually 
rounded  wings,  and  is  more  distinctly  marked  than  any  other 
species,  except  N.  Martialis*  from  which  it  differs  materially 
in  the  shape  of  its  wings  and  its  transverse  band  of  spots  less 
inflected  at  its  last  fourth  toward  the  outer  margin. 

I  have  no  opportunity  of  determining  at  the  present,  if  the 
above  may  not  be  one  of  the  two  species  from  Colorado,  to 
which  Mr.  Scudder  has  given  the  MS.  names  of  N.  Petronius 
and  N.  Rutilius,  in  Lieut.  Wheeler's  Report  upon  Geo- 
graphical and  Geological  Explorations  and  Surveys  West 
of  the  One  Hundredth  Meridian,  1875,  pp.  786,  787.* 

Through  the  kindness  of  Mr.  W.  H.  Edwards,  I  have  been 
permitted  to  examine  a  number  of  examples  of  NISONIADES 
collected  in  1 877  by  Mr.  H.  M.  Morrison,  in  Colorado.  They 
were  all  perfectly  fresh,  in  fine -condition  for  examination,  and 
were  as  follows : 

Nisoniades  Icelus  Lintn. 

Several  examples  did  not  differ,  apparently,  in  the  slight- 
est particular  from  New  York  specimens,  except  in  one  small 
individual,  of  less  than  an  inch  expanse  of  wings,  in  which 
the  pale  color,  indistinct  ornamentation,  and  small  size,  are, 
in  all  probability,  the  result  of  imperfect  development  in  the 
larval  stage.  One  specimen  of  this  species  is  reported  by  Mr. 
Mead,  loc.  cit.,  as  having  been  taken  in  Central  Colorado,  but 
in  Edwards'  Catalogue  of  Lepidoptera  (1877),  its  greatest 
western  distribution  is  given  as  Illinois. 

Nisoniades  Brizo  Boisd.-Lec. 

The  examples  of  this  species  in  their  bright  coloring  and 
distinct  ornamentation  were  more  beautiful  than  any  which 

*  Chapter  VIII  Report  upon  the  Collections  of  Diurnal  Lepidoptera  made  in  Colorado, 
Utah,  New  Mexico  and  Arizona^  during  the  years  1871-1874.  By  Theodore  L.  Mead,  pp.  738, 
794 ;  plates  xxxv-xxxix. 


[65]  ON  SOME  SPECIES  OF  NISONIADES.  177 

had  previously  come  under  my  observation.  The  series,  of  six 
gray-centered  and  black-bordered  spots  crossing  the  cell  par- 
allel to  the  outer  transverse  row,  which  usually  forms  an 
interrupted  series,  in  these,  blend  in  a  connected  band,  nearly 
as  conspicuous  as  the  outer  row.  This  species,  I  believe,  has 
not  been  previously  reported  from  Colorado. 

Nisoniades  Martialis  Scudd. 

Oae  of  the  two  examples  of  this  species  corresponds  with 
our  usual  New  York  forms,  and  the  other,  in  the  more  sub- 
dued tone  of  its  ornamentation,  is  similar  to  the  individuals 
of  our  second  brood,  appearing  in  July  and  August.  It  is 
unfortunate  that  no  dates  of  capture  are  appended  to  these 
specimens. 

Nisoniades  Persius  Scudd. 

The  examples  which  I  refer  to  this  species,  present  some 
differences  as  compared  with  our  eastern  forms.  In  Mr. 
Mead' s  Report,  ut  cit.,  Mr.  Scudder  is  quoted  as  having  noticed 
some  points  of  difference.  Although  Mr.  Mead  represents  this 
species  as  the  most  common  of  its  genus  in  Colorado,  I  have 
but  three  examples  before  me ;  and  upon  so  small  a  number,  I 
am  unable  to  form  a  decided  opinion. 

Nisoniades  Juvenalis  Fabr. 

I  have,  with  some  hesitation,  labeled  several  examples 
agreeing  among  themselves,  with  this  specific  name,  as  I  am 
unable  to  trace  any  constant  features  in  which  they  differ  from 
some  of  our  New  York  forms.  I  am,  however,  of  the  opinion, 
that  in  the  collections  made  in  the  vicinity  of  Albany,  two 
species  are  included  in  our  N.  Juvenalis.  Marked  differences 
are  noticeable  in  size,  shape  of  wings,  and  markings,  which 
are  hardly  consistent  with  a  single  species.  The  smaller  form 
is  that  in  which  are  seen  more  pointed  wings  and  narrower, 
less  rounded  outer  margins,  and  plainer  ornamentation.  Still, 
I  have  not  been  able  to  discover  any  marked  features  by 
which  a  separation  can  be  made.  The  larger  form  with  broader 
wings  and  conspicuous  markings  is  of  less  frequent  occurrence 
than  the  other.  A  large  series  from  Center,  N.  Y.,  submitted 
some  years  ago  to  Messrs.  Scudder  and  Burgess  for  the  ex- 
amination of  the  genitalia,  contained  both  of  these  forms,  but 
were  all  returned  to  me  labeled  as  N.  Juvenalis. 


178        THIRTIETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [661 

It  is  very  desirable  that  large  collections  of  these  forms 
should  be  made  for  study,  and  that  broods  of  them  be  reared 
from  captured  females  imprisoned  over  their  food-plant,  upon 
the  plan  practised  by  Mr.  Edwards  with  such  signal  success, 
and  extremely  valuable  results. 


[67] 


TRANSFORMATIONS  OF  N.  LUCILIUS. 


179 


X.   TRANSFORMATIONS  OF  NISONIADES  LUCILIUS  LINTN. 


The  egg  measures  .03  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  Its  shape  was 
not  noted.  An  example  examined  was  marked  with  four- 
teen ribs  and  twenty-five  transverse  striae. 

The  larva  before  its  second  molting  measured  .30  of  an 
inch  in  length,  and  previous  to  its  third  molting  .55  of  an 
inch.  After  the  molting,  its  length  was  .70  of  an  inch.  Its 
body  bears  numerous  short,  white,  downy  hairs,  and  is 
marked  with  white  dots.  Its  color  is  yellowish-green,  espe- 
cially on  the  incisures,  with  a  blue-green  vascular  line.  The 
legs  are  tipped  with  fuscous,  particularly  the  anterior  pair ; 
the  prolegs  are  green.  The  segments  show  four  annulations 
on  the  posterior  half. 

The  body  of  the  larva  is  translucent,  allowing  the  internal 
organs  to  be  seen.  On  the  eighth  segment  an  oblong  yellow 
spot  on  each  side  of  the  vascular  line,  as  in  Pieris  oleracea, 
marks  the  position  of  some  of  the  viscera,  and  on  the  second 
segment  is  a  similar  mesial  mark.  The  pulsations  of  the  dor- 
sal vessel  are  quite  conspicuous.  With  a  magnifier,  ramifica- 
tions of  the  branchiae  are  to  be  seen,  surrounding  the  stigmata. 

After  its  third  molting,  the  two  brown  spots  on  the  head  of 
the  larva  appear,  which  thenceforth  are  so  marked  a  feature. 
At  maturity  the  larva  has  attained  a  length  of  .8  of  an  inch, 
with  a  diameter  in  its  broadest  part  of  .16  of  an  inch ;  diam- 
eter of  head  .10  of  an  inch. 

The  last  molting  was  on  August  3d,  and  on  the  6th  the 
chrysalis  was  formed. 

The  chrysalis  is  cylindro-conical  in  form,  not  angulated ; 
thorax  slightly  elevated ;  head-case  rounded  in  front,  de- 
pressed below  a  line  drawn  from  the  anal  spine  across  the 
bases  of  the  wings  to  the  humeral  tubercle  —  this  tubercle 
dark  brown  in  color,  cylindrical,  truncated  at  the  apex,  and 
located  a  little  before  the  base  of  the  anterior  wings.  The 
stigmata  are  white. 

At  this  stage  the  transparency  of  the  chrysalis  permits  the 
rapid  pulsations  within  to  be  clearly  seen.  The  nervulation 


180       THIRTIETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [68] 

of  the  anterior  wings  is  perfectly  visible,  and  that  of  the 
posterior  pair,  indistinctly. 

Five  days  after  pupation  (August  llth),  the  following 
changes  were  noticed.  The  eye-cases  had  become  purple  ; 
the  wing-cases  were  whitish,  perfectly  relieving  the  nervula- 
tion;  the  abdomen  green  except  at  its  tip  where  it  was  brown. 
The  antennae  folded  over  the  eyes,  cutting  off  a  small  section 
of  their  upper  portion,  have  the  club  brown,  and  showing  the 
joints  ;  the  posterior  leg-cases  show  numerous  brown  spinules 
on  the  inclosed  legs. 

On  August  12th,  a  few  hours  before  the  escape  of  the  butter- 
fly, the  chrysalis  was  brown, -except  at  the  abdominal  incis- 
ures,  where  it  was  green  and  of  a  transparency  disclosing 
some  of  the  internal  organs.  The  white  annulations  of  the 
antennal  joints  were  visible,  and  through  the  wing-cases  could 
be  seen  the  gray  scales  of  the  margin,  the  disk  and  the  cilia 
of  the  wings.  The  butterfly  emerged  in  the  afternoon  of  the 
12th. 

From  two  other  larvae  which  had  been  reared  on  Aquilegia 
canadensis*  and  changed  -to  chrysalis  on  the  8th  and  9th  of 
August,  butterflies  were  obtained  on  the  15th,  giving  for  the 
length  of  pupation  of  the  three  examples,  six,  seven  and  six 
days  respectively.  ',;-._ 

•  The  following  captures  in  the  field  of  N.  Lucilius  were  made 
during  the  year  (1870)  when  the  above  notes  were  taken  :  May 
16th,  at  Bethlehem,  Albany  county,  3  &  's ;  May  21st  and  31st, 
one  <$  each,  at  Center ;  July  6th,  9  $ '  s  at  Bethlehem,  and 
another  at  same  locality  on  the  28th ;  and  others  again  on 
August  26th,  and  September  9th  and  14th  at  the  same  place. 

On  August  25th  and  28th,  five  butterflies  were  obtained 
from  larvae  which  had  been  collected  at  Bethlehem.  So  late 
as  September  9th,  larvae  just  emerged  from  the  egg  were  taken, 
associated  with  others  about  half-grown. 

There  are  two  annual  broods  of  this  butterfly,  and  possibly 
a  third. 

*  See  Twenty-fourth  Report  on  the  N.  Y.  -State  Museum  of  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  164. 


[69]  DESCRIPTION  OP  .EUDAMUS  EPIGEHA.  181 


XI.  DESCRIPTION  OF  EUDAMUS  EPIGENA  BUTL. 


Eudamus  Epigena  BUTLER.    Lepidop.  Exot.,  p.  65,  pi.  25,  f.  6.     1871. 
Thymele  KIRBY,     Syn.  Cat.  Diurn.  Lep.,  p.  655.    1871. 

Eudamus       "  EDWARDS.    Cat.  Diurn.  Lep.  N.  A.,  p.  58.     1877. 

Eudamus  Orestes  LINTNER  MS. :  non  28th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  K  H. 

Thorax,  abdomen  and  wings  dark  brown,  nearly  unicolored, 
but  rather  deeper  toward  the  terminal  margin. 

Primaries:  costa  moderately  curved,  outer  margin  nearly 
straight ;  in  general  shape  in  the  <$  resembling  E*  BatTiyllus 
of  same  sex,  but  in  the  female  with  its  prolonged  secondaries, 
approaching  E.  Tltyrus  $ .  Cilia,  fuscous  on  primaries 
merging  into  white  toward  the  inner  angle ;  on  secondaries, 
white  with  black  basilar  scales  opposite  the  veins,  until  to  the 
angle  on  the  internal  vein,  thence  black.  Eight  transparent 
white  spots  on  each  wing,  viz. :  three  small  disconnected 
anteapical  ones  ;  one  triangular  cellular  spot ;  a  small  one  in 
cell  la,  touching  vein  2  ;  a  larger  double-concave  one  reaching 
from  vein  2  to  vein  3 ;  a  subtriangular  one  extending  from 
vein  3  to  vein  4;  a  minute  one  just  above  vein  4,  equidistant 
from  the  margin  with  that  in  cell  la. 

Beneath  :  primaries  black  costally  and  above  the  1  st  median 
nervule  (vein  2)  outwardly  to  the  white  spots  —  remainder, 
brown ;  spots  same  as  above,  margined  with  black.  Seconda- 
ries, with  the  bands  much  as  in  Lycidas,  except  that  they  do 
not  contrast  so  strongly  with  the  ground,  producing  less  of  a 
mottled  effect ;  the  outer  fourth  (third  in  Lycidas)  bordered 
with  white  (except  at  anal  angle),  traversed  by  numerous 
short,  wavy,  brown  lines. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  male,  2  inches,  female  2.15  inches. 

Habitat. — Texas. 

From  a  pair  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Otto  von  Meske,  received 
from  Mr.  Heiligbrodt,  of  Bastrop,  Texas,  to  whose  faithful 
labors  science  is  indebted  for  the  discovery  of  a  number  of 
new  and  peculiarly  interesting  species  of  Lepidoptera. 

The  above  species  is  of  special  interest  from  its  uniting  the 
principal  features  of  Bathyllus  and  Pylades,  and  the  conse- 


182       THIRTIETH  EEPOBT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [70] 

quent  argument  which  it  furnishes  against  the  adoption  of 
proposed  genera,  resting  on  microscopic  detection  of  some 
slight  variation  in  form  or  proportion. 

In  the  belief  that  the  insect  was  new  to  science,  it  was 
described  by  me  as  Eudamus  Orestes,  for  publication  in  the 
28th  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Report,  then  passing  through  the  press  ; 
but  in  the 'necessitated  printing  of  the  Report  at  an  earlier 
day  than  was  anticipated,  the  description  could  not  (together 
with  other  papers  in  readiness)  be  given  place.  Hence,  the 
erroneous  reference  made  to  Orestes  on  page  58  of  Edwards' 
Catalogue  of  the  Diurnal  Lepidoptera  of  North  America. 

Subsequently,  Mr.  W.  H.  Edwards  identified  the  species 
with  a  figure  of  Butler  in  his  Lepidoptera  Exotica.  As  the 
figure  is  accompanied  by  only  a  brief  diagnosis,  and  but  a 
few  copies  of  the  work  are  to  be  found  in  this  country,  it  is 
thought  that  the  above  description  may  be  of  service. 


[71] 


ARRANGEMENT  OF  HESPERID^E. 


XII.    A  SYSTEMATIC  ARRANGEMENT  OF  THE  EUROPEAN  AND 
SOME  AMERICAN  HESPERIDH. 


During  the  preparation  of  the  Edwards'  Catalogue  of  the 
Diurnal  Lepidoptera  of  North  America,  the  aid  of  Dr. 
Speyer,  of  Rhoden,  Prussia,  was  solicited  in  the  rearrange- 
ment of  the  difficult  group  of  Hesperidse.  The  revision 
kindly  undertaken  by  him  embraced  only  those  of  the  North 
American  species  —  forty  in  number — which  were  represented 
in  his  cabinet,  together  with  the  European  species,  of  which 
twenty-three  are  enumerated.  These  latter  could  not  conven- 
iently be  given  in  the  pages  of  the  catalogue,  but  as  it  is  the 
first  satisfactory  arrangement  of  the  European  forms  —  the 
more  valuable  to  us  from  its  incorporation  with  our  more 
numerous  species  —  the  present  opportunity  is  taken  to  pre- 
sent the  arrangement  in  full  as  furnished  by  Dr.  Speyer. 

It  is  proper  to  state  that  the  free  use  which  was  made  in  the 
catalogue  of  the  MS.  of  Dr.  Speyer,  especially  in  the  publi- 
cation of  the  generic  definitions,  was  not  in  accordance  with 
his  intension,  and  has  called  from  him  an  expression  of 
regret.  We  hope  that  this  further  use  of  the  MS.  may  prove 
less  objectionable. 


A.    ASTYCI  Scudd. 


1.  Carterocephalus  Led. 

Palaemon  Pall. 
•=paniscus  Fabr. 

2.  €yclopide§  Hiibn. 

Silvius  Knock. 
Morpheus  Pall. 
*=Steropes  W.-V. 

3.  Ancyloxypha  Feld. 

Numitor  Fabr. 

4.  Copaeodcs  n.  g. 

Waco  Edw. 
minima  Edw. 

5.  Thyineliciis  Hiibn. 

Thaumas  Hufn. 


lineola  Ochs. 
Acteeon.  Rott 
6.  Pamphila  Fabr. 
aMassasoit  Scudd. 
Zabulon  Bd.  Lee. 
Uobomok  Harr. 
&  Sylvanus  Esp. 
comma  Linn. 
Sassacus  Harr. 
Metea  Scudd. 
Leonard us  Harr. 
Huron  Edw. 
Phylaeus  Drury. 
Brettus  Bd.-Lec. 


184       THIRTIETH  KEPOBT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 


[72] 


conspicua  Edw. 
JStna  Boisd. 
Peckius  Kirby. 
Mystic  Edw. 
Manataaqua  Scudd. 
Cernes  Bd.-Lec. 

=Ahaton  Harr. 
Metacomet  Harr. 


8.  Pyrgn§  Hiibn. 
a  Lavaterse  Esp. 
alceae  Esp. 
=malvarum  O. 
althaeas  Hiibn. 
Proto  Esp. 
b  Sao  Hubn. 


orbifer  Hubn. 
c  malvae  Z«;m. 

=alveolus  Hiibn. 

alveus  Hubn. 

serratulae  Mamb. 

cacaliae  Eamb. 

andromedae  Wall. 

centaureae  EamJb. 

carthami  Hubn. 

sidae  £!sp. 
dtessellata  Scudd. 


bimacula  Gr.-Rdb. 
Vitellius  Sm.-Abb. 

—Iowa  Scudd. 
Osyka  Edw. 
verna  Edw. 
Hianna  Scudd. 
7.  Amfol  y  scirte§  Scudd. 
vialis  Edw. 


B.    HESPERIDES    Scudd. 

9.  Nisoiiiades  Hubn. 

Tages  Linn. 
Persius  Scudd. 
Lucilius  Lintn. 
Icelua  Lintn. 
Brizo  Bd.-Lec. 
Martialis  Scudd. 
Juvenalis  Sm.-Abb. 
tristis  Boisd. 

10.  Pholi§ora  Scudd. 
Catullus  Fabr. 
Hayhurstii  Edw. 

11.  Eu  damns  Swains. 
a  Py lades  Scudd. 

Bathyllus  Sm.-Abb. 

Lycidas  Sm.-Abb. 

Cellus  Boisd. 
b  Tityrus  Fabr. 
c  Proteus  Linn. 


Since  the  above  was  in  type,  a  copy  has  been  received  of  a 
paper  on  the  Hesperidse  of  the  European  Fauna  (Die  Hes- 
periden-Gattungen  des  europdischen  Faunengebiets\  by  Dr. 
A.  Speyer.  The  author  was  not  satisfied  with  the  arrange- 
ment above  presented,  which  had  been  drawn  up  at  the 
request  of  some  of  his  American  friends,  and  which,  from  the 
limited  time  that  he  was  able  to  devote  to  it,  and  the  par- 
tial examination  of  species  upon  which  it  was  based,  was  con- 
tributed only  for  private  use  —  not  for  publication.  Since 
then,  he  has  undertaken  a  more  thorough  study  of  the  species 
pertaining  to  the  European  Fauna,  and  the  result,  published 
in  the  Stettiner  EntomologiscTie  ZeUungfor  1877,  pp.  167- 
193,  is  the  exceedingly  valuable  contribution  to  the  knowledge 
of  this  interesting  group,  which  is  cited  above. 

At  the  present  time,  as  these  pages  are  passing  through  the 
press,  there  is  only  the  opportunity  of  presenting,  in  justice 
to  Dr.  Speyer,  in  company  with  his  provisional  arrangement,  the 


[73]  ARRANGEMENT  OF  HESPERID^E.  185 

following  carefully  prepared  one  recently  given  to  the  public. 
It  embraces  not  only  the  Hesperidse  of  Europe  proper,  but  all 
those  occurring  within  the  European  Faunal  Division,  which 
includes  some  of  the  northern  and  eastern  portions  of  Asia? 
as  defined  in  the  author's  "  GeograpMschen  Verbreilung 
der  Schmetterlinge."  The  Asiatic  species  are  indicated  by  an 
asterisk.  Forty- one  species  are  recorded  in  the  list,  of  which 
twenty-nine  belong  to  Europe.  The  following  is  the  list, 
which,  in  consideration  of  its  careful  arrangement,  we  tran- 
scribe literally : 


HESPERIDES  Latr. 

1.  Cyclopides  H.  (p.) 

1.  Morpheus  (Pap.  m.)  Pall.  =  Steropes  WV. 
*2.  Ornatus  Brem. 

2.  Carterocephalus  Led. 

1.  Palaemon  (Pap.  p.)  Pall.  =  Paniscus  F. 

2.  Silvius  (Pap.  s.)  Knoch. 

*3.  Argyrostigma  (Steropes  a.)  Ev. 

3.  Thymelicus  H.  (p.) 

1.  Lineola  (Pap.  1.)  0. 

2.  Thaumas  (Pap.  th.)  Hufn.  =  Linea  WV. 
*3.  Hyrax  (Hesp.  h.)  Led. 

4.  Actaeon  (Pap.  acteon)  Rott. 

4.  PamphilaF.  (p.) 
A. 

1.  Comma  (Pap.  c.)  L. 

2.  Sylvanus  (Pap.  s.)  Esp. 
*3.  Ochracea  Brem. 

(.ZEtna  Bdv.  spec,  americana  ?) 

B.  (Goniloba  HS.). 
*4.  Alcides  (Hesp.  a.)  HS. 

C.  (Goniloba  HS.). 

*5.  Mathias  (Hesp.  m.)  Fabr.  =  Thrax  Led.,  non  Lin, 
*6.  Zelleri  (Hesp.  z.)  Led. 
7.  Nostrodamus  (Hesp.  n.)  F.  =  Pumilio  O. 

D. 
*8.  Inachns  (Pyrgus  i.)  Men. 


186       THIRTIETH  REPOET  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [74] 

5.  Catodaulis  n.  gen. 
*1.  Tethys  (Pyrgus  t.)  Men. 

6.  Pyrgus  H.  (p.) 

A.  a.  (Carcharodus  H.,  Spilothyrus  Bdv.). 

1.  Lavaterae  (Pap.  lavatherae)  Esp. 

2.  Althaeae  (Pap.  altheae)  H. 

Var.  b.  Baeticus  (SpiLb.)  Ramb.  =Floccifera  Zell. 

3.  Alceae  (Pap.  a.)  Esp.  *=  Malvarum  O. 

4.  Proto  (Pap.  p.)  Esp. 

5.  Tessellum  (Pap.  t )  H. 

*Var.  b.  Nomas  (Hesp.  n.)  Led. 

6.  Cribrellum  (Hesp.  c.)  Ev. 

B.  a. 

*7.  Poggei  (Hesp.  p.)  Led. 
B.  b. 

8.  Phloraidis  (Hesp.  phi.)  HS. 

9.  Sao  (Pap.  s.)  H.  =  Sertorius  O. 
10.  Orbifer  (Pap.  o.)  H. 

7.  Scelothrix  Ramb. 
*1.  Maculata  (Syricht.  maculatus)  Brein.  et  Grey. 

2.  Sidae  (Pap.  s.)  Esp. 

3.  Cynarae  (Hesp.  c.)  Ramb. 

4.  Carthami  (Pap.  c.)  H. 

5.  Alveus  (Pap.  a.)  H. 

Yar.  b.  Fritillum  (Pap.  fr.)  H. 
Var  c.  ?  Cirsii  (Hesp.  c.)  Ramb. 
Var  d.  ?  Carlinae  (Hesp.  c.)  Ramb. 

6.  Serratulse  (Hesp.  s.)  Ramb.  HS.  An  praeced.  var.  ? 

Var.  b.  Caeca  (Hesp.  caecus)  Fr. 

7.  Cacaliae  (Hesp.  c.)  Ramb.  HS. 

8.  Andromedae  (Syrichth.  a.)  Wallengr. 

9.  Centaureae  (Hesp.  c.)  Ramb. 

10.  Malvae  (Pap.  m.)  L.  =  Alveolus  H. 

Ab.  Taras  (Hesp.  t.)  Meig. 
*Var.b.  Melotis  (Hesp.  m.)Dup.=Hypoleucos  Led. 

8.  Nisoniades  H.  (p.) 
*1.  Montanus  (Pyrgus  m.)  Brem. 
2.  Tages  (Pap.  t.)  L. 

9.  Thanaos  Bdv.  (p.) 
1.,  Marloyi  Bdv.  =  Sericea  Fr. 


[75]  ARRANGEMENT  OF  HESPERID^E.  187 

The  List  is  followed  by  a  Diagnostic  Table  of  the  Genera, 
after  which,  twelve  pages  are  dev3ted  to  descriptions  of,  and 
remarks  upon,  the  several  genera. 

A  translation  of  the  entire  paper  of  27  pages  is  contemplated, 
that  American  students  of  Lepidoptera  may  have  the  benefit 
of  the  highly  valuable  observations  and  criticisms  which  it 
contains. 


188        THIRTIETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [76] 


XIII.  NOTES  ON  NOTODONTA  DICLEA  LIM. 


?  PJialcena  tremula  CLERCK.  Icon.  pi.  ix,  f.  13.     1759. 

?  Phalcena  Bombyx  tremula  LINN.    Faun.  Suec.,  Ed.  ii,  p.  298,  no.  1121.    1761. 
?        "  "  "         LINN.     Syst.  Nat.,  Ed.  xii,  p.  826,  no.  58.     1767. 

"  "       dictata     LINN.     Syst.  Nat.,  Ed.  xii,  p.  826,  no.  60.     1767. 

Leiocampa  dictcea  STEPHENS.    111.  Brit.  Eht.,  Haust.  ii,  p.  25.    1829. 
Pheosia  rimosa  PACKARD  ;  in  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  iii,  p.  358.     1864. 
Notodonta  Calif ornica  STRETCH.     Zygaenidae-BombycidaB  N.  A.,  i.,  pp.  116,  240, 

pi.  4,  f.  5 ;  pi.  10,  f .  9, 1872-73. 
Notodonta  tremula  STAUD.    Cat.  Lep.  Eur.  Faun.,  Ed.  ii,  p.  72,  no.  975.     1871.,- 

p.  72.     1877. 

A  larva  of  the  above  species  was  taken  at  Bath-on-the- 
Hudson,  Sept.  9,  1869,  on  willow.  It  molted  during  the  night, 
and  on  the  following  day  it  measured,  when  at  rest,  .95  of  an 
inch.  The  following  were  its  features:  Head  light  yellow- 
green,  sub  quadrangular,  with  an  impressed  median  line ; 
mandibles  yellow,  tipped  with  black.  Body  white  dorsally, 
with  a  bright  yellow  stigmatal  stripe  bordered  above  with 
green.  Caudal  horn  conical,  white,  tipped  with  glossy  black 
and  with  a  black  stripe  laterally.  Caudal  shield  granulated, 
broadly  elliptical  in  outline  —  its  largest  diameter  transverse 
to  the  body.  Stigmata  broadly  oval,  velvety -black  on  a  white 
ground.  Legs  ferruginous,  with  a  black  spot  above  them : 
prolegs  with  a  glossy  black  spot  laterally,  and  a  dull  black 
larger  one  above  them,  extending  upward  to  the  stigmatal  line. 

The  larva  was  of  remarkable  transparency,  exceeding  that 
of  any  other  which  had  come  under  my  observation.  The 
lateral  and  ventral  regions  had  almost  the  transparency  of 
glass. 

It  matured  on  the  19th,  when  it  measured  1.1  inch  long  and 
.17  inch  broad.  It  was  not  suspected  at  this  time  of  having 
reached  maturity,  but  was  thought  to  be  a  young  Sphinx, 
with  probably  one  or  two  additional  moltings  to  undergo 
before  its  pupation.  The  diminished  activity  shown  by  it, 
and  its  refusal  of  food,  was  ascribed  to  its  change  to  poplar 
soon  after  its  capture.  On  the  21st,  at  the  suggestion  of  a 
friend  that  it  had  possibly  matured,  it  was  placed  on  some 


[77]  NOTES   ON   NOTODONTA   DICTJEA.  189 

ground,  when,  much  to  my  surprise,  notwithstanding  its  weak 
condition,  it  speedily  buried  itself  beneath  the  surface  for 
pupation. 

The  moth  was  not  obtained  from  it. 

On  Sept.  14,  1869,  a  second  larva  was  found  at  Bethlehem, 
Albany  county,  feeding  on  the  aspen  (Populus  tremuloides), 
in  an  earlier  stage  of  its  growth,  and  just  after  a  molting, 
judging  from  the  comparative  size  of  its  head,  which  was 
twice  the  breadth  of  its  body.  Its  length  was  .56  inch,  and 
diameter  .05  inch. 

It  was  fed  on  aspen  leaves,  and  on  the  19th  it  again  molted. 
The  following  day  it  resumed  its  feeding,  and  the  day  there- 
after its  dimensions  were,  length  —  ,  diameter  .08  inch,  diam- 
eter of  head  .12  inch.  It  was  of  a  yellow-brown  color  dors- 
ally,  with  transverse  slate  colored  markings  centrally  on  the 
segments.  (No  further  record  of  the  larva  :  it  probably  died 
before  its  maturity). 

On  Sept.  5,  1872,  another  larva,  1.65  inch  long,  was  taken 
on  poplar.  Body  greenish- white  dorsally,  shading  on  the  side 
into  green  ;  substigmatal  stripe  bright  yellow,  interrupted 
below  the  stigmata  by  the  extension  of  the  oval  white  spot 
encircling  the  stigma.  Caudal  horn  black.  Caudal  shield 
broadly  crescentic,  granulated,  with  a  glassy  tubercle  cen- 
trally and  margined  with  brownish-red.  Legs  and  prolegs 
having  the  portions  of  the  body  above  them  of  a  violet  color 
-  the  proiegs  with  an  acutely  elliptical  ferruginous  spot  upon 
them  outwardly,  crossed  on  their  anterior  part  by  a  quadri- 
lateral black  spot. 

Sept.  14,  187-,  larva  feeding  on  Populus  tremuloides,  at 
Bethlehem.  Length  at  rest,  1.3  inch  ;  diameter  .18  inch  ;  the 
head  and  first  pair  of  legs  extended  in  line  with  the  body. 
Head  of  the  diameter  of  the  thoracic  segments,  subquadran- 
gular,  deeply  impressed  medially,  smooth,  of  a  bluish-gray 
color,  showing  reticulations  under  a  magnifier ;  man- 
dibles and  a  crescentiform  spot  bearing  the  eyes  dull 
yellow.  Body  with  a  marked  degree  of  transparency  in  its 
lower  portion,  shining,  without  the  usual  annulations  of  the 
segments,  nearly  cylindrical  to  the  tenth  segment,  the  elev- 
enth broad,  elevated  in  a  prominent  cone ;  the  thoracic  seg- 
ments contracted  when  at  rest,  forming  each  three  distinct 
wrinkles,  making  these  segments  broader  than  the  succeeding 
ones  ;  incisures  deep  ;  color  bluish-gray,  a  yellow  ventral  line, 


190        THIRTIETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [78] 

and  a  bright  yellow  substigmatal  one  indicated  by  obscure 
yellowish  markings  at  the  incisures  ;  a  dark,  bluish-gray 
transverse  line  on  the  side  of  each  segment  —  the  same  shade 
surrounding  the  stigma  and  extending  to  the  proleg  ;  on  the 
eleventh  segment  a  blackish  transverse  line  running  behind 
the  stigma  upon  the  caudal  horn  —  the  latter  .09  inch  long, 
glossy  black.  Caudal  shield  ferruginous,  rugose,  elevated 
marginally  and  in  a  small  tubercle  centrally,  in  outline  a  broad 
ellipse  having  a  lenticular  portion  excised  from  its  upper 
fourth  ;  anal  plates  subtriangular,  and  of  a  similar  color  and 
surface.  Stigmata  depressed,  elliptical,  surrounded  (except 
the  first)  with  a  well  defined  white  ring  which  is  more  broadly 
elliptical  than  the  stigma. 
Entered  the  ground  for  its  pupation  on  Sept.  16th. 

The  larvae  briefly  described  by  me  in  the  Proceedings  of 
the  Entomological  Society  of  Philadelphia,  vol.  Ill,  p.  670, 
were  in  all  probability  this  same  species.  Their  color  is  given 
as  bluish-slate,  of  about  the  shade  of  the  branches  of  the 
poplar,  on  which  they  were  feeding  (Populus  nigra).  The 
body  is  described  as  gradually  increasing  in  size  to  the  tenth 
segment ;  the  eleventh  segment  elevated  in  a  hump,  bearing 
the  black  caudal  horn,  one-tenth  of  an  inch  long  ;  the  stig- 
mata broadly  oval,  black,  white  annulated.  It  is  probably 
identical  with  the  form  occurring  in  Europe,  and  mentioned 
as  a  variety  of  the  dictcea  larva. 

All  my  efforts  to  obtain  the  imago  from  the  above  larvae, 
have  resulted  in  failure.  Examples  of  the  larvae  collected  by 
Mr.  von  Meske,  have  also  failed  to  give  the  imago  ;  after 
having  safely  reached  the  pupal  state,  they  have  uniformly 
died  while  in  that  stage.  A  figure  of  the  larva,  taken  from  a 
drawing  made  by  me,  is  given  in  Glover' s  Plates  of  Lepidopt- 
era,  XCIX,  fig.  16. 

No  examples  of  the  pupae,  unfortunately,  have  been  re- 
tained, and  I  am  only  able  to  recall  their  smooth  and  shining 
surface,  and  the  tapering  form  of  their  abdominal  segments 
tipped  with  a  rather  long,  bifid  anal  spine. 

Mr.  Graef,  of  Brooklyn,  has  succeeded  in  rearing  the  moth 
from  larvae  collected  by  him,  and  to  him  I  owe  the  privilege 
of  being  able  at  the  present  to  refer  descriptions  made  by  me 
several  years  ago  of  larvae  which  have  meanwhile  proved  an 


[79]  NOTES  ON  NOTODONTA  DICTJEA.  191 

enigma  to  me,  to  the  imago  which  they  produce,  which  is  ap- 
parently identical  with  the  Notodonta  dictcea  of  Europe. 

I  regret  that  I  have  not  at  hand  a  detailed  description  of 
the  European  larva,  to  compare  with  our  own.  Stephens 
(Illustrations  of  British  Entomology,  Haust.  //.,  p.  25),  says 
of  it:  "Larva  naked,  with  a  small  conical  protruberance  on 
the  anal  segment ;  reddish-brown,  green  on  the  sides  and 
glossed  with  violet  above,  with  a  black  dorsal  streak  :  it  feeds 
on  poplar,  willow  and  birch,  and  is  found  in  July  and 
September." 

Newman,  in  his  History  of  British  Moths,  page  228,  gives 
the  following  description  :  "  The  caterpillar  has  rather  a  large 
head,  which  is  very  slightly  notched  on  the  crown  and  shin- 
ing, and  is  of  a  pale  green  color.  The  body  is  almost  uni- 
formly cylindrical  until  the  twelfth  segment,  which  is  humped, 
and  the  hump  terminating  in  a  moderately  sharp  point ;  the 
color  of  the  body  is  whitish  or  glaucous -green  on  the  back, 
with  a  broad  paler  green  stripe  on  each  side  —  and  adjoining 
this  there  is  a  narrow  raised  yellow-green  stripe,  just  below 
the  spiracles,  and  touching  all  of  them  except  that  on  the 
twelfth  segment ;  it  extends  the  entire  length  of  the  caterpillar, 
terminating  in  the  anal  claspers;  on  the  summit  of  the  twelfth 
or  hump  segment,  is  a  black  transverse  line.  It  feeds  on  the 
sallow  (Populus  nigra\  etc.  There  is  a  common  variety  of 
this  caterpillar  which  is  plain  brown,  without  the  slightest 
appearance  of  the  lateral  stripe;  this  occurs  after  the  last 
change  of  skin." 

Dr.  Speyer  writes  of  the  larva  of  the  European  N.  dictcea : 
It  has  a  tubercle  of  pyramidal  shape  on  the  llth  segment, 
which  is  much  more  pointed  in  the  younger  stages  of  the  larva, 
so  as  closely  to  resemble  the  horn  of  a  Sphinx.  The  mature 
larva  has  a  strong  porcelain  lustre,  and  occurs  in  two  varie- 
ties :  one  is  of  a  green  color  with  a  yellow  stripe  on  its  sides, 
and  the  other  is  brown  without  the  stripe.  It  lives  on  poplar. 

Several  examples  of  the  American  N.  dictcea  were  sent  by 
Mr.  von  Meske  to  Dr.  Speyer  to  compare  with  the  European 
forms.  Having  made  the  comparison,  he  does  not  doubt  that 
they  are  identical,  although  the  following  differences  are  no- 
ticeable. "  The  American  form  has  a  bent  white  cross-line  on 
the  inner  part  of  the  brown  portion  of  the  anal  angle  of 
the  secondaries,  which  is  not  found  in  the  European.  In  the 
former  the  interior  branch  of  the  median  nervure  [vein  2]  has 


192       THIRTIETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [80] 

the  white  streak  with  which  it  is  marked,  shorter  and  nar- 
rower than  in  the  European,  and  entirely  wanting  from  the 
middle  branch  [vein  3].  These  are  the  only  differences  ob- 
servable, and  they  are  too  slight  to  afford  grounds  for  their 
separation." 

In  addition  to  the  two  examples  in  my  own  collection,  I  am 
indebted  to  the  kindness  of  Mr.  von  Meske  for  the  opportu- 
nity of  comparing  two  examples  of  N.  dictcea  from  Germany, 
and  two  from  Racine,  Wis. 

In  the  European,  the  white  stripe  which  traverses  the 
brown  anal  patch  very  near  the  margin,  commences  in  cell  1, 
within  the  internal  vein,  and  is  continued  until  near  or  just 
beyond  vein  2.  In  the  American,  this  line  is  not  so  distinct, 
and  in  an  ex-larva  example,  from  Albany,  it  is  obsolete,  being 
represented  only  by  a  few  white  scales ;  in  another  example, 
it  commences  on  the  fold  and  continues  to  vein  3.. 

The  bent  white  cross«line  pointed  out  by  Dr.  Speyer  as 
characterizing  the  American  form,  is  not  equally  well  marked 
in  all.  In  the  Racine  specimens,  the  line  commences  on  the 
internal  margin,  runs  for  a  short  distance  parallel  with  the 
general  direction  of  the  outer  margin  of  the  wing  (not  of  the 
anal  angle  portion),  and  curves  inward  toward,  and  is  lost 
in,  the  submedian  fold.  An  exserted  portion  of  the  brown 
patch  lies  inside  of  this  white  line  on  the  submedian  vein 
(1  &).  In  the  Albany  example,  the  line  is  less  conspicuous, 
and  the  brown  portion  inside  of  it  is  barely  indicated. 

The  American  examples,  besides  having  the  brown  patch 
larger,  have  also  the  brown  border  of  the  secondaries  heavier 
than  the  European,  and  continued  to  the  apex. 

The  comparison  of  Dr.  Speyer  of  the  length  of  the  white 
lines  on  the  veins  of  the  primaries  is  not  sustained  by  the  ex- 
amination of  other  examples,  as  they  vary  in  length  and  dis- 
tinctness. In  one  before  me,  the  white  lines  are  of  the  same 
length  on  veins  2  and  3  —  in  another,  shorter  on  3.  The  more 
conspicuous  bifurcating  white  line  on  the  submedian  fold,  also 
varies  in  length.  All  the  above  lines  also  vary  in  their 
breadth  ;  those  on  veins  2  and  3  being  nearly  as  heavy  as  in 
the  European,  while  in  the  Albany  example,  they  are  much 
more  delicate. 

In  the  other  markings  of  the  wings  I  find  no  differences  of 
sufficient  constancy  to  aid  in  the  separation  of  the  forms  of 
the  two  continents. 


[81]  NOTES  ON  NOTODONTA  DICT^EA.  193 

So  far  as  we  are  able  to  judge  from  the  descriptions  at 
hand,  the  larval  forms  also  agree;  and  it  is  quite  an  interesting 
fact  that  the  European  variety  which  is  destitute  of  the 
yellow  lateral  stripe,  has  also  its  counterpart  in  the  example 
found  at  Schoharie,  of  which  the  description  has  been  given, 
and  in  another  taken  at  Sharon  Springs  by  Mr.  von  Meske. 

From  an  example  of  our  eastern  form  sent  by  me  to  Mr. 
Stretch,  of  San  Francisco,  he  has  identified  it  as  his  N.  Cali- 
fornica.  If,  however,  the  sketch  of  the  larva  made  by  Dr. 
Behr  and  the  information  which  he  gives  of  the  larva,  be  cor- 
rect, then  there  is  a  possibility  that  a  comparison  of  additional 
examples  of  "  N.  Calif ornica"  may  show  it  to  be  distinct^ 
The  figure  of  the  larva,  as  reproduced  by  Mr.  Stretch,  is  cer- 
tainly quite  different  in  its  appearance  from  any  of  those 
which  have  come  under  my  observation. 

It  will  be  seen  that  I  have  included  in  the  synonymy  of  this 
species,  references  to  the  Ph.  Bomb,  tremula  of  Linnaeus  and 
Clerck,  as  probably  identical  with  it.  This  opinion  is  held  by 
several  of  the  best  European  Lepidopterists,  who  claim  that 
the  same  species  was  twice  described  by  Linnaeus.  Others, 
as  Staudinger,  entertain  the  belief  that  the  dictcea  of  Linnaeus 
is  a  distinct  species, — the  one  ordinarily  occurring  in  Europe 
being  the  N.  tremula,  to  which  the  name  of  dictcea  has  been 
improperly  applied.  Staudinger,  in  his  citation  of  N.  tremula 
in  his  catalogue,  includes  as  a  synommi  "Dictcea  (L.  S.  N. 
xii,  826,  ex  Barbaria,  alia  species  esse  videtur),"  adding  the 
references  to  the  following  authors  who  give  tremula  under 
the  name  of  dictcea :  "  Esper,  58,  5  ;  84,  2 ;  Hiibner  Beitr.,  22; 
Ochsenh.,  iii,  63  ;  Gfodart,  iv,  19,  1;  Freyer,  579." 

For  the  present  I  think  it  proper  to  retain  the  familiar  name 
of  dictcea  for  the  species,  as  the  necessity  for  the  proposed 
change  does  not  appear  to  be  clearly  shown. 


194        THIRTIETH   REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [821 


XIV.    ON  SOME  NEW  SPECIES  OF  CERURA. 


Cerura  occidentalis  n.  sp. 

Head  white.  Palpi  white,  blackish  laterally.  Antennae 
white  with  black  pectinations. 

Collar  pale  cinereous,  traversed  by  a  darker  band  and  edged 
behind  by  a  black  band.  Tegulse  pale  cinereous,  darker  pos- 
teriorly;  the  narrow  black  band  crossing  their  front,  followed 
by  a  patch  of  orange  scales,  and  a  few  black  scales  on  their 
inner  side.  Thorax  marked  with  black  and  orange  bands  of 
raised  scales  (apparently  three  orange  bands).* 

Abdomen  above  cinereous,  the  segments  bordered  behind 
with  pale  cinereous ;  beneath  whitish :  sides  tufted  with  a 
lateral  row  of  small  black  spots. 

Primaries  whitish  basally,  sprinkled  with  some  black  hairs  ; 
medially  and  terminally  pale  cinereous  with  more  numerous 
black  hairs.  A  black  basal  dot  on  the  subcostal ;  an  extra- 
basilar  row  of  five  black  spots  on  the  nervures,  usually,  in 
the  males,  in  a  straight  line  (5  examples),  but  sometimes  the 
two  superior  are  nearer  the  base  (2  examples)-)*;  in  the  ?  's  (5  ex- 
amples) the  two  superior  spots  are  considerably  drawn  in 
toward  the  base,  the  line  presenting  quite  a  curve  costally. 
The  median  band  of  black  and  a  few  orange  scales,  paler  than 
in  borealis  and  aquilonaris,  broadest  on  the  costa,  elsewhere 
of  nearly  uniform  width ;  its  black  borders  subparallel ;  the 
inner  border  more  distinctly  marked ;  its  general  course  in  the 
male,  direct  or  slightly  excavating  the  band  below  the  median, 
while  in  the  female  it  is  conspicuously  bent,  on  or  below  the 
same  nervure  ;  the  outer  border  usually  not  well  defined  below 
the  submedian  fold.  Behind  the  median  band,  a  black  trans- 
verse line,  interrupted  on  the  cell  and  indistinct  over  the  sub- 
median  fold.  On  the  discal  cross-vein,  an  elongated  black 
spot.  Beyond  this,  two  or  three  subparallel  crescentiform 

*A  cabinet  specimen  of  this  species  is  rarely  seen,  in  which  the  thoracic  scales 
have  not  been  so  affected  by  greasing,  that  the  bands  can  with  difficulty  be  traced . 

fin  five  examples  of  the  European  bifida,  this  line  curves  outwardly  at  the 
costal  or  on  the  inner  margin ;  in  one  example  (female)  it  is  straight. 


SOME   NEW    SPECIES    OF   CERITRA. 


black  lines  (the  inner  of  the  three  sometimes  obsolete),  preced- 
ing the  abbreviated  blackish  subterminal  band  —  the  band 
usually  terminating  at  the  second  median  nervule  (vein  3). 
The  nine  marginal  intra  nervular  black  spots  smaller  than  in 
borealis,  but  larger  than  in  aquilonaris. 

Secondaries  white,  with  traces  of  the  inner  margin  of  an 
outer  border,  mainly  seen  on  the  nervules  and  at  the  anal 
angle,  and  sometimes  with  indications  of  a  mesial  band  behind 
the  obscure  discal  spot. 

Beneath  :  primaries  as  above,  but  less  distinctly  marked  ; 
secondaries  with  a  large  discal  spot. 

Described  from  7  $>  's  and  6  ?  's  from  the  Collections  of  the 
Buffalo  Society  of  Natural  Sciences,  Messrs,  von  Meske,  Hill, 
Kiemann,  Tepper,  Strecker,  Kuetsing  and  Lintner. 

Habitat.  —  From  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Wisconsin  and 
Canada  (Montreal).  It  will  probably  be  found  to  extend 
throughout  most  of  the  eastern  portion  of  the  United  States. 
It  has  not,  to  my  knowledge,  been  observed  west  of  the  Miss- 
issippi. 

The  above  insect  may  be  found  in  nearly  all  the  principal 
collections  of  the  country,  under  the  name  of  Cerura  borealis, 
it  being  the  one  which  was  described  by  Dr.  Harris  in  his 
Report  on  the  Insects  of  Massachusetts,  1841,  p.  306,  and 
referred  by  him  to  the  borealis  of  Dr.  Boisduval.  The  de- 
scription is  as  follows  : 

"  The  ground-color  of  our  moth  is  dirty  white  ;  the  fore-wings 
are  crossed  by  two  broad,  blackish  bands,  the  outer  one  of 
which  is  traversed  and  interrupted  by  an  irregular,  wavy, 
whitish  line  ;  the  hinder  margins  of  all  the  wings  are  dotted 
with  black,  and  there  are  several  black  dots  at  the  base  and 
one  near  the  middle  of  the  fore-wings  ;  the  top  of  the  thorax 
is  blackish,  and  the  collar  is  edged  with  black.  In  some  indi- 
viduals the  dusky  bands  of  the  fore-  wings  are  edged  or  dotted 
with  tawny  yellow  ;  in  others  [Cerura  cinerea]  these  wings 
are  dusky,  and  the  bands  are  indistinct.  They  expand  from 
one  inch  and  three-eighths  to  one  inch  and  three-quarters." 

The  extrabasilar  .straight  row  of  five  spots  readily  distin- 
guishes this  species  from  borealis  and  cinerea  (but  not  from 
aquilonaris)  and  ally  it  with  furcula  and  bifida  of  Europe. 
It  is  usually  of  a  smaller  size  than  our  other  species. 


J96        THIRTIETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [84] 

Cerura  borealis  (Boisd) 

This  is  quite  a  different  insect  from  the  preceding,  and  need 
not  be  mistaken  for  it,  or  any  other  species.  It  is  figured  in 
Gurnets  Animal  Kingdom,  London,  1836,  vol.  IV,  pi.  98,  fig. 
5,  as  Dicranura  borealis  Bdv.  The  figure  leaves  no  doubt  of 
the  species  intended.  On  the  right  wing  of  the  illustration, 
the  five  inferior  nervular  spots  (see  description  below)  are 
faithfully  depicted  in  proper  position  on  the  median  nervules 
(the  two  superior  ones  not  shown).  On  the  left  wing  the  two 
inner  sinuses  and  the  three  outer  of  the  mesial  band  are  cor- 
rectly represented  in  form,  size  and  position.  The  absence  of 
the  two  costal  black  spots  between  the  bands,  and  of  some  of 
the  extrabasilar  ones,  would  indicate  some  imperfection  in 
the  example  figured.  It  is  also  well  figured  in  Smith  and 
Abbot's  Lepidopterous  Insects  of  Georgia,  London,  1797,  p. 
141,  pi.  71,  as  Phalcena  furcula  —  believed  by  Smith  to  be 
identical  with  the  furcula  of  Europe ;  but  to  this  insect  it 
bears  no  greater  resemblance  than  to  O.  occidentalis. 

It  is  characterized  by  its  white  head  and  collar,  thorax  in  from 
marked  with  a  conspicuous  transverse  black  line,  abdominal 
segments  broadly  banded  with  fuscous  dorsally.  Primaries 
of  a  snow  white  ground  color,  a  basilar  black  dot,  followed  by 
four  other  nervular  ones,  forming  an  angular  line ;  a  broad, 
centrally  constricted,  well-defined,  mesial  band,  of  about  the 
same  width  on  the  two  margins ;  between  this  and  the  sub- 
terminal  band  are  ttoo  distinct  costal  spots,  and  below  these 
on  the  nervules,  seven  black  spots  arranged  in  an  oval,  as 
follows :  the  two  inferior  ones  on  the  first  median  nervule 
(vein  2).  the  two  medial  spots  of  the  exterior  four,  at  about  the 
inner  third  of  the  second  and  third  median  nervules  —  veins 
3  and  4;  of  the  two  medial  spots  of  the  interior  ones,  the  lower 
is  at  or  just  before  the  bifurcation  of  veins  3  and  4,  and  the 
upper  is  on  the  discal  cross- vein;  the  superior  spot  of  the  oval  is 
on  vein  5,  equidistant  from  the  two  superior  medial  spots  below 
it.  The  subterminal  line  is  distinctly  marked,  and  followed 
by  the  subterminal  band,  reduced  to  a  line  as  it  crosses  veins 
3  and  4,  but  again  expanding  on  the  inner  margin. 

Secondaries  with  a  well  marked  discal  spc-t,  and  with  a  broad 
marginal  band;  the  latter  in  some  examples  is  obsolete. 

Expanse  of  wings:  from  1.50  to  1.70  inch. 

Habitat.  —  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  Georgia, 
Missouri  (Aug.  26,  at  light,  Biley). 


[85]  ON    SOME   NEW   SPECIES   OF   CERTJRA.  197 

From  3  <$'s  and  6  ?'s,  in  the  Collections  of  Messrs,  von 
Meske,  Tepper,  Riley,  Strecker  and  Lintner. 

The  seven  black  spots  on  the  white  ground  intermediate  to 
the  bands,  arranged  in  an  ellipse  as  above  described,  readily 
distinguish  this  species  from  any  other  of  the  genus. 

It  is  closely  allied  to  the  C.  bicuspis  of  Europe.  Mr.  A.  G. 
Butler,  of  the  British  Museum,  to  whom  I  communicated  an 
excellent  photograph  of  it,  writes  :  "it  precisely  agrees  with 
some  of  our  European  examples  of  bicuspis"  Dr.  Speyer 
who  has  received  an  example  from  Mr.  von  Meske,  remarks 
of  it :  "it  is  very  near  to  bicuspis." 

Although  quite  dissimilar  in  color  from  0.  cinerea  Walker, 
yet  it  is  closely  related  to  that  species  in  the  form  of  the  bands 
(often  imperfectly  defined  in  cinerea}  and  in  the  arrangement 
of  the  intermediate  nervular  spots. 

The  moth  has  been  reared  from  larvae  found  by  Mr.  F.  Tep- 
per of  Flatbush,  L.  I.,  feeding  on  wild  cherry,  when  near  their 
maturity.  I  am  indebted  to  him  for  the  following  note  in  re- 
gard to  them.  "They  are  of  the  same  shape  as  borealis  [pcci- 
dentaiis]  but  differently  colored.  Instead  of  the  green  of  that 
species,  the  color  is  greenish-yellow,  the  dorsal  patch  is  rather . 
smaller  and  of  a  brighter  shade,  and  the  minute  spots  on  the 
sides  are  more  delicate  and  brighter.  The  examples  met  with 
have  been  larger  than  borealis  and  somewhat  heavier  in  ap- 
pearance. Three  mature  larvae  were  taken  by  me  between  the 
10th  and  15th  of  July,  1875  ;  one  was  ichneumonized  ;  the 
other  two  spun  up  in  the  same  manner  as  borealis,  within  a 
few  days  after  their  capture,  and  the  moths  emerged  in  from 
two  to  three  weeks." 

In  Smith  and  Abbot' s  Insects  of  Georgia  it  is  said  of  it : 
"  The  caterpillar  was  taken  the  latter  end  of  July,  feeding  on 
that  kind  of  poplar  vulgarly  called  the  cot  ton -tree.  When  dis- 
turbed, it  shoots  out  of  the  ends  of  its  forked  tail  two  soft 
orange-colored  threads.  Early  in  August  it  shed  its  skin,  and 
on  the  10th  of  that  month  it  inclosed  itself  in  a  case  made  of 
chips  of  wood  and  affixed  to  a  branch.  The  moth  came  out 
April  24th.  It  likewise  feeds  on  the  wild  cherry  and  willow, 
and  is  found  also  in  Virginia,  but  it  is  a  very  rare  species." 

Cerura  aquilonaris  n.  sp. 

Head,  collar  and  tegulae  white,  the  latter  crossed  anteriorly 
by  a  row  of  glossy  purple-black  scales ;  the  collar  bordered 


198        THIRTIETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [86] 

behind  by  a  similar  row.  Thorax  with  elevated  purple-black 
and  orange  scales,  which  are  probably,  when  in  perfect  condi- 
tion, arranged  in  transverse  rows.  Abdomen  above  black,  witli 
white  borders  to  the  segments,  which  increase  in  width  as  they 
recede  from  the  thorax ;  a  lateral  row  of  black  spots ;  beneath 
white. 

Wings  white  as  in  borealis.  Primaries  with  a  black  basilar 
spot  on  the  subcostal ;  beyond,  four  black  spots  in  a  straight 
line,  of  which  the  superior  one,  under  a  magnifier,  is  shown 
to  be  triple  and  the  remaining  three,  in  perfect  examples, 
double.  Median  band  consisting  of  black,  orange  and  pale 
ash  scales  and  prominently  bordered  with  shining  purplish- 
black  scales.  The  band,  in  the  female,  is  twice  as  broad  on  the 
costa  as  on  the  internal  margin,  and  in  the  male  but  one-fourth 
broader  costa  lly  ;  twice  equally  constricted  between  the  median 
and  submedian ;  its  inner  border  projected  on  the  subcostal, 
median  and  submedian  nervures,  and  slightly  on  the  median 
fold,  on  either  side  of  which  the  excavations  are  deeper  than 
elsewhere,  making  the  general  course  of  the  line  a  little  indi- 
rect ;  the  outer  border  projected  on  the  median,  median  fold 
and  submedian.  Subterminal  band  less  sharply  excavated 
on  vein  7  than  in  C.  occidental^ ;  inner  border  less  enlarged 
at  internal  angle  than  in  C.  borealis  ;  outwardly  with  a  black 
dash  before  the  apex  on  veins  6,  7,  8  and  9  (the  last,  costal). 
Of  the  usual  three  lines  crossing  the  wing  between  the  median 
and  subterminal  bands,  the  anterior  one  is  broken  and  the 
other  two  faintly  continuous.  The  terminal  intranervular  spots 
are  smaller  than  in  cinerea,  occidentalis,  borealis  or  multi- 
scripta. 

Secondaries,  without  a  border,  but  with  traces  of  an  obsolete 
outer  margin  near  the  apex  and  more  distinctly  at  the  inner 
angle  ;  a  few  black  scales  on  the  discal  cross-vein. 

Beneath,  the  primaries  have  a  distinct  discal  spot  and  are 
marked  on  the  costa  with  black  spots  at  the  points  where  the 
lines  of  the  opposite  side  commence,  which  lines  are  seen  in 
transparency. 

Expanse  of  wings  :    <$  and  $  ,  1.60  in. 

Habitat.  —  Canada,  Montreal. 

From  two  examples  in  the  Collections  of  Mr.  C.  W.  Pearson 
and  Mr.  F.  B.  Caulfield,  of  Montreal,  captured  in  that  city, 
It  is  probably  quite  a  rare  species. 

This  species,  which  bears  a  general  resemblance  to  0.  borealis, 


[871  ON*   SOME   NEW    SPECIES    OF   CERURA. 

may  be  distinguished  from  all  others  known  to  me  by  the 
black  marking  cf  the  veins  sub-apically.  The  conspicuous 
black  bands  of  the  abdomen  above,  in  one  example  (the  ?  ,  the 
$  being  without  its  abdomen)  may  also  prove  to  be  a  good  dis- 
tinctive feature. 

Cerura  Candida  n.  sp. 

Antennae  white,  with  black  pectinations  of  considerable 
length  in  the  ? .  Palpi  porrected,  white,  outwardly  with 
black  hairs.  Front,  patagise,  thorax  and  collar  white  —  the 
latter  with  a  single  fuscous  band.  Abdomen  white,  the  seg- 
ments on  their  anterior  border  with  a  few  dusky  hairs ;  beneath 
white  ;  anal  region,  pale  brown.  Legs  white,  banded  with 
black  ;  tarsi  black,  banded  with  white. 

Primaries,  silvery  white,  with  four  interrupted  black  bands 
before  the  discal  spot  —  the  discal  spot  forming  a  small  oval 
ringlet  —  followed  by  three  interrupted  black  bands,  and  a 
fourth  heavier  one  at  the  apical  and  anal  region  ;  the  usual 
line  of  eight  intranervular  marginal  blacks  spots,  extending  on 
the  fringe,  less  conspicuously  marked  than  in  C.  multiscripta. 

Secondaries  wholly  white,  without  marginal  spots,  showing 
faintly,  by  transparency,  the  discal  dot  of  the  under  surface. 

Beneath,  primaries  with  the  outer  lines  of  the  upper  surface 
heavily  marked  on  the  costa,  and  a  dusky  cloud  behind  the 
cell.  Secondaries  with  a  fuscous  spot  on  the  outer  third  of 
the  costal  margin. 

Expanse  of  wings,  1.75  inch  ;    length  of  abdomen,  .8  inch. 

Habitat.  —  Kansas. 

From  a  specimen  in  my  Collection,  received  from  Mr.  H. 
Strecker. 

This  beautiful  species  is  allied  to  C.  scitiscripta  Walk.,*  and 
C.  multiscripta  Riley.f  It  cannot  be  the  former,  which  it 
more  nearly  resembles,  as  that  is  described  with  three  thoracic 
bands,  the  fore- wings  with  an  ochraceous  tinge,  and  the  wings 
[the  four]  with  black  marginal  dots.  In  a  pen-and-ink  sketch 
of  the  typical  specimen  in  the  British  Museum,  kindly  sent 
me  by  Mr.  Butler,  the  marginal  dots  of  the  secondaries  are 
represented.  C.  Candida  is  the  only  species  of  the  genus 
which  we  have  seen,  in  which  these  spots  are  absent  from  the 
secondaries,  and  in  which  the  wings  are  entirely  white. 

*  List  Lep.  Ins.  Br.  Mus.,  Pt.  xxxii,  p.  408.    1865. 
t  Trans.  St.  Lvute  Acad.  Sc.,  vol.  iii,  p.  241.    1875. 


200        THIETTETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [88] 

Mr.  Strecker,  to  whom  I  communicated  the  MS.  name  of 
this  species,  together  with  its  distinctive  features  as  observed 
by  me.  expresses,  in  letter,  his  opinion  that  it  may  prove  to 
be  but  a  form  of  seitittripta,  inasmuch  as  some  of  his  ex- 
amples "show  no  thoracic  band  at  all,  not  even  traces  of 
it,  and  again,  others  (four  examples  $  ? )  have  the  usual 
black  marginal  spots  of  the  secondaries  very  distinct,  so  much 
so  as  any  scitiscripta  I  ever  saw  ;  the  veins  on  secondaries  in 
some  are  also  dark,  like  scitiscripta," 

Should  this  species  be  shown  to  vary  to  the  above  extent,  it 
would  be  an  anomaly  in  the  genus,  for  nothing  approaching 
so  great  variation  has  come  under  my  observation  in  the 
course  of  my  critical  study  of  the  several  species.  To  the  con- 
trary, I  have  found  the  species  to  be  remarkably  constant  in 
their  ornamentation. 

I  would  not  hesitate  to  refer  examples  so  differently  marked 
as  indicated  by  Mr.  Strecker  to  distinct  species,  in  the  absence 
of  sufficient  evidence  of  their  identity. 


The  above  descriptions  are  published  at  the  present  time,  in 
advance  of  an  extended  paper  on  the  species  of  CEEURA  — 
American  and  European  —  which,  as  is  known  to  many  of  my 
correspondents,  was  commenced  some  time  ago.  It  has  been 
delayed,  from  my  inability  to  obtain  a  few  species  which  it 
seemed  desirable  to  embrace  in  it,  and  from  not  having  been 
able  to  arrange  for  the  satisfactory  illustration  of  the  paper. 

I  avail  myself  of  the  present  opportunity  to  express  my 
obligations  to,  my  friends  —  to  Messrs.  Bowles,  Caulfield, 
Grote,  Hill,  Hoy,  Kuetzing,  von  Meske,  Pearson,  Riemann, 
Riley,  Strecker  and  Tepper  —  who  have  freely  loaned  me  all 
the  examples  contained  in  their  collections,  and  have  most 
generously  permitted  me  to  retain  them  for  an  unusual 
length  of  time. 


[89]  ON  CARADEINA  FLDICULARIA.  201 


XV.  ON  CARADRINA  FIDICULARIA  MORR. 


This  species  was  described  as  Segetia  fidicularia  by  Mr. 
Morrison,  in  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  xvii,  p.  146. 
In  the  Grote  Check  List  (No.  456)  this  name  is  recorded  as  a 
synonym  of  Caradrina  fmultifera  Walker.  In  vol.  viii,  p. 
188  of  the  Canadian  Entomologist,  Mr.  Grote  refers  the  species 
to  the  European  C.  cubicularis  S.  V.,  from  a  comparison  made 
by  him,  with  a  male  example  of  the  latter,  noting  as  the 
only  difference  between  the  American  and  the  European  forms, 
that  the  latter  has  the  common  line  beneath  more  extended, 
and  the  hind  wings  white. 

With  four  examples  of  C.  fidicularia  before  me  (three  in 
nearly  perfect  condition),  and  two  of  cubicularis,  I  am  com- 
pelled to  differ  from  the  reference  made  by  Mr.  Grote.  I  note 
the  following  points  of  difference,  as  my  reasons  for  regarding 
them  as  distinct. 

While  in  C.  fidicularia  the  primaries  are  of  a  clear  gray,  in 
cubicularis  they  are  of  a  peculiar  pale  brownish  shade,  diffi- 
cult to  designate,  bearing  what  might  be  called  an  amber  tint. 
In  the  former,  the  intranervular  marginal  black  dots  are  more 
conspicuous  than  in  the  latter,  and  its  subterminal  line  is  not 
followed  by  whitish  ;  tha  posterior  transverse  line  is  farther 
removed  from  the  reniform  than  in  cubicularis.  C.  fidicu- 
laria has  a  well  marked  discal  dot,  which  the  other  has  not. 
The  primaries  of  the  American  species  are  the  broader. 

The  secondaries  of  fidicularia  are  of  a  fuscous  shade,  increas- 
ing in  depth  toward  the  margin  ;  in  the  other  they  are  white, 
with  the  end  of  the  nervules  and  extreme  margin  tinted  with 
ochraceous.  In  the  latter,  no  discal  spot  is  seen  from  above, 
while  in  the  former  it  is  quite  conspicuous  —  the  heavily 
marked  dot  of  the  lower  surface  showing  in  transparency. 

C.  cubicularis  is  known  to  be  a  variable  form,  differing 
greatly,  according  to  Guenee,  in  size,  depth  of  color,  and 
intensity  of  designs,  having  been  described  under  the  sev- 
eral names  of  quadripunctata  Fabr.,  segetum  Esp.,  callisto 


202       THIRTIETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [90] 

Engr.,  blanda  Haw.,  super stes  Steph.,  and  leucoptera  Beck. 
But  the  difference  of  color  between  our  form  and  the  Euro- 
pean, does  not  come  within  the  range  of  variation  thus  tar 
shown  in  any  of  the  spe'cies  accepted  as  common  to  the  two 
countries. 

These  colorational  differences  have  been  critically  studied 
by  Dr.  Speyer,  during  the  comparisons  in  which  he  has  been 
for  some  time  engaged,  of  the  identical  and  closely  allied  Noc- 
tuidse  of  Europe  and  America,  and  some  of  the  results  of 
which  have  been  given  in  a  series  of  papers,  four  in  number, 
communicated  to  the  EntomologiscTie  Zeitung  zu  Stettin  for 
the  years  1870  and  1875.  In  his  second  paper  on  Europdisch- 
amerikanisclie  VerwandtscJiaften,  p.  102,  these  differences 
(probable  climatic  modifications)  are  so  admirably  presented, 
that  a  translation  of  that  portion  of  the  paper,  kindly  fur- 
nished for  the  purpose  by  Mr.  Grote,  cannot  but  prove  most 
acceptable  to  those  engaged  in  the  study  of  the  Noctuidse 
who  may  not  be  able  to  avail  themselves  of  the  original. 

"In  the  gray  and  brown  colors  usual  to  the  Noctuidse, 
arising  from  a  mixture  of  black,  white  and  red,  the  American 
specimens,  as  a  rule,  show  less  red  than  the  European,  and 
more  black. 

"  This  appears  generally  in  the  color  of  the  abdomen  and  the 
hind  wings ;  the  brown- gray  of  the  European  forms  becomes 
clear  gray  or  blackish-gray  in  the  American.  The  red  cast 
which  shows  on  the  gray  under  surf  ace  of  the  wings  of  many 
brown  species,  especially  on  the  edges,  becomes  very  faint  in 
American  varieties,  and  is  even,  at  times,  wanting.  The  red 
brown  of  the  back  and  fore- wings  becomes  more  gray,  black- 
ish or  bluish.  A  stronger  mixture  of  black  darkens  the  colors 
of  many  American  forms.  The  ornamentation  (such  as  costal 
marks  and  sagittate  points)  is  often  made  more  distinct  and 
coarser ;  the  transverse  lines  and  discal  spots  are  thrown  more 
into  relief  by  their  deeper  black  defining  lines. 

"But,  in  opposition  to  this  rule,  with  regard  to  gray  and 
brown  colors,  those  arising  from  a  mixture  of  yellow  and  red, 
show  more  red  in  American  specimens  ;  and  where  there  is  a 
mixture  of  black  with  these  latter  colors,  producing  a  rust- 
color,  the  black  is  less  perceptible,  as  for  example,  in  the  case 
of  OrtTiosia  ferrugineoides,  Hycbr&cia  nictitans,  Plusia 
Putnami  and  Brephos  infans. 

"If  there  is  any  change  in  the  shape  of  the  wings,  it  seema 


[91]  ON  CARADRINA  FIDICULAEIA.  203 

to  be  more  usual  for  the  American  specimens  to   have   them 
broader  and  shorter  than  the  European. 

4 'Only  to  the  first-named  modification  in  the  mixture  of 
gray  and  brown  colors,  might  some  importance  be  attached, 
since  it  seems  to  pertain,  although  not  without  exception, 
to  the  majority  of  compared  species,  and  may  therefore  be 
referred  to  a  common  cause,  arising  from  the  different  climates 
of  continental  eastern  North  America  and  insular  western 
Europe.  Which  of  the  many  climatic  factors  influences  this 
modification  of  color  —  whether  it  is  due  to  the  more  intense 
heat  and  dryness,  or  to  the  severe  winter  of  the  transatlantic 
faunal  territory,  or  to  both  combined  and  as  opposed  to  the 
cooler  and  damper  summers  and  milder  winters  of  the  cis- 
atlantic —  cannot  now  be  determined.  It  is  well  known  that 
the  coloration  becomes  generally  darker  and  blacker  as  we 
approach  the  pole  or  ascend  in  elevation  ;  but  it  is  doubtful 
if  the  greater  cold  of  the  winter  is  the  real  cause  of  this  effect." 

O.  fidicularia  appears  to  be  a  rare  species  with  us.  Mr. 
von  Meske  has  taken  it,  at  sugar,  at  Sharon  Springs,  N.  Y., 
on  August  15th,  in  two  examples.  Mr.  W.  W.  Hill  has  cap- 
tured it  in  Lewis  county,  N.  Y.,  on  August  1st,  also  at  sugar. 
I  have  taken  it  on  but  one  occasion,  at  Schoharie,  N.  Y.,  on 
5th  of  September.  It  has  not  made  its  appearance,  at  sugar, 
during  my  two  years'  collecting  by  that  method  at  Schenec- 
tady.  Mr.  Morrison's  example  was  from  the  Adirondack 
region.  A  species,  believed  to  be  the  same,  and  referred  to 
C.  multifera  Walker,  in  Vol.  I,  of  the  Canadian  Entomologist 
(page  84)  was  captured  at  Coburg,  Ontario.  Mr.  Walker's 
specimen  was  from  Nova  Scotia. 

C.  cubicularis  is  stated  by  Guenee  to  be  very  common  in 
the  months  of  June  and  September.  Wood  (Index  Entomolo- 
gicuS)  p.  44)  refers  to  it  as  common  in  gardens  and  meadows 
during  the  middle  of  June.  Dr.  Speyer  in  his  Fauna  of 
WaldecJc,  represents  it  as  common  throughout  the  month  of 
May,  and  with  a  second  generation,  less  abundant,  extending 
from  the  latter  part  of  June  to  the  last  of  August. 

A  delay  in  the  printing  of  these  papers  enables  me  to  add 
to  the  manuscript  as  above  prepared,  a  comparison  made  by 
Dr.  Speyer,  at  my  request,  of  C.  fidicularia  with  the  Euro- 
pean species.  He  writes  as  follows : 


204        THIRTIETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [92] 

uOf  C.  fidicularia  I  have  but  a  single  specimen,  and  I 
should  not  dare  to  give  an  opinion  as  to  its  distinctness,  were 
it  riot,  fortunately,  for  a  decided  difference  presented  in  the  an- 
tennae. In  (7.  cuMcularis  the  antennae  are  short  and  evenly 
clothed  with  cilia  which  are  only  one-half  so  long  as  in  C. 
fidicularia, ;  in  the  latter  species  their  length  is  about  equal 
to  the  diameter  of  the  antennal  stem.  Furthermore,  my 
example  lacks  the  rust-brown  bordering  of  the  subterminal 
line,  which  is  so  conspicuous  a  feature  in  cuMcularis.  The 
apex  of  the  wing  in  fidieularia  shows  a  lighter  shade  between 
the  subterminal  line  and  the  margin,  while  in  cuMcularis  this 
portion  is  equally  dark  with  the  rest  of  the  subterminal  region. 
With  these  exceptions,  I  find  no  difference,  except  in  the  very 
different  colors  of  the  two.  The  white  spots  of  the  reniform, 
are  also  more  or  less  distinctly  seen  in  cuMcularis.  Whether 
the  differences  above  stated  are  reliable,  could  only  be  deter- 
mined by  an  examination  of  a  number  of  examples.  But  the 
decided  difference  in  the  antennae  cannot  be  questioned,  and 
this  feature  will  sufficiently  establish  the  specific  distinction 
of  the  two  forms.  Their  comparative  size  is  of  little  import- 
ance, as  CARADRINA  varies  very  much  in  that  respect." 


[93]          THE  LARVA  OF  HOMOHADENA  BADISTRIGA.          205 


XVI.  THE  LARVA  OF  HOMOHADENA  BADISTRIGA. 


Hadena  badistriga  GROTE:  in  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  hr.,  p.  20.     1872. 
EomoJiadena  badistriga  GROTE  :  in  Bui.  Buf .  Soc.  Nat.  Sci.,  i.  p.  180.     1873. 

The  young  larvae,  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  length,  were 
discovered  on  May  30th,  at  Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  feeding  on 
the  leaves  of  the  honeysuckle. 

•  The  mature  larva  measures  1.12  in.  long,  by  .18  in.  diameter. 
Head  small,  about  one-third  the  breadth  of  the  central  seg- 
ment, flesh-colored,  spotted  with  dull  green  and  with  the 
frontal  triangle  bordered  within  and  without  by  black  ;  ocelli 
black. 

Body  cylindrical  on  segments  3-9,  the  last  three  rapidly 
tapering,  the  last  one  being  less  than  half  as  broad  as  the 
central  ones  ;  the  second  segment  (head  not  counted)  slightly 
smaller  than  these,  and  the  first  a  little  broader  than  the 
twelfth;  surface  smooth,  without  hairs,  except  the  usual 
minute  setse  of  the  setiferous  spots,  conspicuously  striped  as 
follows:  a  broad  substigmatal  band,  traversed  by  longitud- 
inal waved  lines,  limited  above  by  a  black  line  on  the 
thoracic  segments  which  becomes  obsolete  on  the  fourth  seg- 
ment; a  somewhat  narrower  stigmatal  band  of  dull  green 

—  a  whitish  line  traversing  the  stigmata,  dividing  the  band 
equally  in  different  shades  of  green ;  a  subdorsal  pale  band 
limited  above  by  a  black  line  which  is  more  distinct  on  the 
central   segments  where  also  the  band  is  paler  ;  above  this 
a  black  stripe   commencing   on  the  fourth  segment,  becom- 
ing more  marked  on   the  central  segments,  and  terminating 
on  the  ninth  —  this  line  bordered  above  by  a  correspond- 
ing one  of   white;    dorsal  stripe  geminate,   whitish   on  the 
thoracic  and  terminal  segments  —  intermediately,  expanding 
between  the  middle  of  each  segment  and  its  posterior  portion 
to  inclose  a  mesial  black  spot  or  spots  resting  on  the  incisure 

—  bordered  outwardly  by  olive-green,  which  by  being  broken 
at  the  incisures  gives  the  conspicuous  dorsal  feature  of  two 
oblique  dashes  traversing  the  segments  and  approximating 


206        THIETIETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [94] 

anteriorly  ;  the  four  trapezoidal  spots  of  each  segment  which 
rest  on  these  dashes  anteriorly,  are  white  —  the  front  ones  the 
larger  and  marked  with  black  on  nearly  one-half  of  their  outer 
portion ;  on  the  second  segment  a  large  white  spot  rests  on 
each  green  line  bordering  the  subdorsal. 

Stigmata  small,  broadly  oval,  black  ringed. 

Legs  spotted  with  brown. 

Several  of  the  young  larvae  were  found  during  the  month  of 
May,  at  Schenectady,  feeding  on  the  leaves  of  the  trumpet 
honeysuckle  —  the  woodbine  of  Europe  (Lonicera  pericly- 
menuiri).  They  were  secured  in  a  tin  box  and  supplied  daily 
with  fresh  food.  Toward  the  latter  part  of  the  month  and 
early  in  June,  larvae  nearly  full  grown,  were  taken  from  the 
vines.  They  were  generally  found  extended  at  rest  upon 
some  portion  of  the  stem  which  so  closely  resembled  their 
markings,  that,  added  to  their  tapering  extremities,  they  were 
with  difficulty  detected  —  appearing  rather  as  enlargements 
of  the  vine. 

From  about  twenty  larvae  collected,  twelve  matured  and 
formed  their  cocoons  between  the  9th  and  16th  of  June. 

The  cocoons  are  elongate-oval  in  form,  and  five-eighths  of 
an  inch  long  by  nearly  one-fourth  inch  broad.  They  are 
of  rather  a  slight  texture,  inclosed  by  leaves  drawn  around 
them,  and  were  attached  by  their  flattened  under  surface  to 
the  bottom  and  sides  of  the  paper  box  to  which  they  had 
been  transferred;  one  cocoon,  only,  was  fastened  to  a  twig. 

The  remains  of  the  pupa-cases  found  within  the  cocoons  are 
of  a  chestnut-brown  color,  but  were  too  much  broken  to  afford 
any  special  features  for  description. 

The  first  imago  emerged  on  June  29th,  having  been  twenty 
days  in  its  cocoon.  June  30th,  five  of  the  moths  emerged, 
followed  by  others  on  July  3d  and  4th. 

Prof.  Grote,  in  the  Buffalo  Bulletin,  ut  cit,  mentions  the 
larvae  as  occurring  on  the  common  honeysuckle  —  Lonicera 
sempervivum. 


[95]  NEW  SPECIES  OF  XYLLNA.  207 


XVII.  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  TWO  NEW  SPECIES  OF  XYLINA. 


Xylina  lepida  n.  sp. 

Anterior  wings  plumbeous  gray  ;  lines  distinct,  pale  gray. 
Demi-line  in  two  elongated  teeth,  bordered  on  each,  side  with 
black.  Anterior  transverse  line  bordered  behind  by  black, 
quite  angulated,  united  with  the  orbicular,  sharply  toothed 
(more  than  in  X.  T7iaxteri)  on  the  submedian  fold.  Posterior 
transverse  line  bordered  before  with  black,  distinctly  toothed 
on  the  veins,  touching  the  reniform  beneath  in  two  of  its 
inward  inflections,  and  connected  with -the  anterior  transverse 
by  a  black  line  on  the  submedian  fold.  Subterminal  line  less 
sharply  projected  inward  opposite  the  cell  and  on  submedian 
fold  than  in  X.  Thaxteri,  and  bordered  outwardly  by  a  series 
of  connected  black  lunules  which  are  heavier  than  elsewhere 
against  its  more  prominent  inward  inflections. 

Discal  spots  distinct,  gray,  paler  just  within  their  black 
border,  making  almost  a  double  annulation  :  orbicular  large, 
oval,  oblique,  very  near  to  reniform  beneath :  reniform  elon- 
gate, nearly  straight  outwardly,  quite  exserted  inwardly,  with 
a  black  line  within  it  on  the  median  vein,  distinctly  bordered 
on  all  sides  with  black,  but  more  heavily  below;  in  X.  Thax- 
teri  the  spot  is  more  broadly  edged  beneath  with  black,  and 
more  deeply  exserted  outwardly ;  the  two  spots  are  connected 
at  their  extremities  by  a  black  line.  A  brown  shade-band 
traverses  the  median  space  between  the  discal  spots,  terminating 
on  the  internal  margin  midway  between  the  transverse  lines. 

Posterior  wings  pale  fuscous,  with  a  discal  spot  and  an 
indistinct  fuscous  band  before  the  outer  margin. 

Thorax,  color  of  primaries,  sprinkled  with  gray  and  promi- 
nently tufted.  Frontal  tuft  and  shoulder  covers  bordered 
with  a  black  line  followed  by  white.  Abdomen  untufted, 
reddish. 

Beneath,  wings  reddish :  primaries  with  a  heavy  discal 
spot  and  partly  crossed  by  two  extradiscal  bands :  second- 
aries with  a  distinct  discal  spot  and  median  line. 

*  Lithophane  lepida  Lintner  MS.  GROTE.  in  Bull.  U.  S.  Geolog. —  Geograpli. 
Surv.  Terr.,  iv,  no.  i,  p.  181.  February,  1878. 


208        THIETIETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [%] 

Expanse  of  wings  from  1.50  to  1.56  inch. 

Habitat.  —  New  York  ;  Maine. 

Described  from  2  $  's  and  3  ?  's,  taken,  at  sugar,  at  Center, 
N.  Y.,  on  October  1st,  8th,  9th  12th  and  15th,  by  Mr.  W. 
W.  Hill.  The  types  are  in  Mr.  Hill's  cabinet. 

This  species  has  more  resemblance  to  X.  Thaxteri,  than 
to  any  other  of  our  known  species.  It  lacks,  however,  the 
marked  contrasts  presented  in  paler  ground  color,  the  heavier 
black  markings  and  the  red  dashed  reniform  of  that  species. 
The  black  line  on  the  submedian  fold  is  not  so  long  or  so 
heavy,  and  its  posterior  wings  are  not  so  dark. 

It  resembles  more  closely  the  X.  conformis  of  Europe,  but 
it  has  not  the  distinct  basilar  line,  the  claviform  spot,  or  the 
broad  reniform  of  that  species.  Its  transverse  lines  are  also 
more  sharply  angulated,  and  it  is  apparently  a  shorter- 
winged  species: 

Xylina  unimoda  n.  sp. 

Head  and  thorax  cinereous.  Abdomen  above  brownish, 
darker  than  the  posterior  wings. 

Primaries  glossy,  bluish-cinereous,  slightly  paler  at  the 
costo-basal  space,  and  with  a  few  white  scales  on  costal  and 
basal  regions.  Transverse  lines  inconspicuous,  scarcely  visible 
without  a  magnifier,  pale  gray,  faintly  bordered  by  a  darker 
shade.  Median  band  faintly  visible,  angulated  on  the  lower 
portion  of  the  reniform.  Anterior  transverse  band  prominently 
toothed  ;  the  cellular  teeth  separated  from  the  orbicular  ;  the 
two  small  teeth  inclosing  the  submedian  fold,  with  some 
whitish  scales  interiorly,  and  outwardly  continued  in  an  acute 
claviform  mark.  Posterior  transverse  line  dentate,  removed 
from  the  reniform.  The  obsolete  subterminal  line  preceded  by 
intranervular  fuscous  sagittate  spots.  Orbicular  spot  pale 
gray,  darker  scaled  interiorly,  either  connected  with  or 
detached  from  the  suborbicular,  which  is  gray-bordered 
above.  Reniform  inconspicuous,  cinereous,  with  a  black 
border  more  heavily  marked  below,  and  edged  within  by 
gray. 

Secondaries  pallid,  slightly  darker  along  the  margin,  with 
paler  fringes,  which  are  almost  white  near  the  anal  angle,  a 
distinct  cellular  spot,  and  faint  median  line. 

Beneath,  secondaries  paler  than  in  X.  laticinerea  and  less 
thickly  sprinkled  with  fuscous  scales. 


[971 


NEW  SPECIES  OF  XYLINA. 


209 


Size  intermediate  to  X.  cinerea  and  laticinerea. 

Habitat. — Center,  N.  Y. 

Described  from  seven  examples  —  3<$'s,  4?'s  —  taken  at 
sugar,  by  Mr.  W.  W.  Hill  on  the  5th,  8th  and  12th  of 
October,  1877.  Types  in  Mr.  Hill's  Collection. 

This  species  can  be  separated  from  X.  laticinerea  to  which 
it  is  closely  allied,  by  its  uniform  cinereous  shade,  without 
black  lines  or  spots;  by  the  absence  of  the  black  basilar  line 
on  the  submedian  fold  edged  above  by  white,  and.of  reddish- 
brown  scales  in  the  reniform.  Its  orbicular  is  nearly  round, 
and  lacks  the  extension  and  obliquity  seen  in  laticinerea. 


210       THIRTIETH  EEPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [98]' 


XVIII.  NOTES  ON  CUCULLIA  LETIFICA  Lira. 


In  the  Check  List  of  the  NoctuidcB  of  America,  by  A.  R. 
Grote,  I  had  described  (on  page  24),  the  above  species  from  a 
male  specimen  received  by  Mr.  0.  von  Meske  from  a  cor- 
respondent in  Bastrop,  Texas,  as  follows  : 

Closely  allied  to  O.  Speyeri.  The  anterior  wings  are 
narrower  and  less  curved  anteapically  than  in  that  species  ; 
they  are  of  a  paler  gray  shade.  The  subobsolete  reniform  and 
orbicular  spots  are  marked  with  ochraceous-yellow  dashes  ;  a 
streak  of  the  same  color  rests  on  the  subcostal  nervure  at 
its  base  and  another  within  the  inferior  tooth  of  the  anterior 
transverse  line.  This  line  is  more  acutely  toothed  than  in 
Speyeri.  The  oblique  black  streak  in  cell  1  b,  is  faintly  bor- 
dered above  with  ochraceous-yellow ;  the  two  small  teeth  of 
the  posterior  tranverse  band,  which  are  divided  by  the  sub- 
median  fold  are  of  nearly  equal  length,  while  in  Speyeri  the 
one  below  the  fold  is  much  the  longer ;  between  these  teeth 
and  the  opposed  teeth  of  the  anterior  transverse  line  is  a  white 
spot,  resting  on  the  fold  and  reaching  nearly  half  way  to  the 
nervure  on  each  side.  Terminal  margin  lined  distinctly  with 
black,  interrupted  by  the  nervules. 

Posterior  wings  hyaline,  with  a  very  narrow  lustrous  brown 
border,  and  nervules  covered  with  brown  scales.  Cilia  white. 

Expanse  of  wings  1.90  in.  Length  of  body  exclusive  of  anal 
tuft  .80  in. 

Through  the  kindness  of  Mr.  E.  L.  Graef,  I  have  been  per- 
mitted to  examine  three  females  of  this  species,  received  from 
Texas,  one  of  which  had  been  sent  to  him  under  the  name  of 
Speyeri.  While  closely  allied  to  Speyeri,  as  above  indicated, 
the  distinctive  features  of  narrower  and  less  apically-rounded 
primaries,  a  lighter  gray  shade,  ochraceous  markings,  et  cet, 
are  fully  sustained  by  this  additional  material.  The  posterior 
wings  of  this  sex  have  a  narrower  marginal  brown  border  than 
in  Speyeri,  where  it  occupies,  opposite  the  cell,  nearly  one- 
third  of  the  wing,  but  in  this,  less  than  one-fourth.  The  wings 
in  this  species  are  more  hyaline  than  those  of  Speyeri. 


[99]  NOTES  ON  CUCULLIA  LUETIFICA.  211 

The  nerv  alar-interrupted  black  terminal  line  of  the  posterior 
margin  of  the  primaries,  is  a  good  feature  to  distinguish  this 
species  from  Speyeri. 

In  none  of  the  four  examples  of  Icetifica  before  me,  can  the 
outlines  of  the  orbicular  and  reniform  spots  be  traced,  or  even 
approximately  lined  by  comparison  with  congeneric  examples. 
(It  is  proper  to  state  that  they  are  all  in  a  somewhat  imperfect 
condition.)  In  each,  the  lower  portion  of  the  reniform  is  so 
well  defined,  that,  from  its  position  and  extent  it  might  readily 
be  mistaken  for  a  portion  of  the  posterior  transverse  line.  It 
can  be  followed  as  a  black  line  from  vein  5,  curving  downward 
over  4  and  3,  and  then  upward  over  the  median  at  about  the 
anterior  third  of  the  space  between  3  and  2.  In  C.  intermedia 
this  line  has  the  same  extent  but  is  less  curved  over  4  and  3. 

In  the  type  specimen  of  Icetifica,  traces  of  the  orbicular  are 
visible  as  two  pale  brown  dashes,  separated  by  a  tooth  of  the 
anterior  transverse  line  lying  above  and  back  of  the  point  of 
bifurcation  of  the  median  and  vein  2.  It  is  believed  that  the 
form  of  the  orbicular  of  Icetifica  (and  also  of  Speyeri},  should 
it  hereafter  be  traceable  in  perfect  examples,  will  prove  to  be 
that  of  a  figure  8,  or  two  contiguous  ellipses  of  which  the 
lower  is  the  larger  —  quite  unlike  the  quadrate  form  in  poster  a 
and  asteroides,  and  in  absynthii  and  asteris  of  Europe. 

Expanse  of  wings  of  ?  ,  from  1.58  to  1.88  inch.  Length  of 
body  from  .7  to  .78  inch. 

From  1  $>  in  the  Collection  of  Mr.  Otto  von  Meske,  2  ? '  s  in 
the  Collection  of  Mr.  E.  L.  Graef,  and  1  ?  (through  the  favor 
of  Mr.  Graef)  in  my  Collection. 

Previous  to  the  detection  of  this  species,  I  had  determined  a 
Texan  CUCULLIA  of  Mr.  Morrison,  as  Speyeri.  Since  then,  it 
has  not  been  convenient  for  me  to  review  the  determination, 
but  I  think  it  probable  that  a  re-examination  would  show  it  to 
be  a  Icetifica,  and  consequently  that  Speyeri  has  not  been 
received  from  Texas. 


212        THIRTIETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        []OQ] 


XIX.  NOTES  ON  CATOCALA  PRETIOSA  LINTN. 


This  species  is  closely  allied  to  C.  polygama  Gfuen.  Its 
distinctive  features  may  be  more  clearly  appreciated  by  a 
differential  comparison  with  that  species.  The  basal  region  is 
conspicuously  and  broadly  shaded  with  black,  deepening 
toward  the  anterior  transverse  line ;  in  polygama,  shaded  with 
ferruginous.  The  anterior  transverse  line  is  geminate,  mod- 
erately oblique  in  its  general  direction,  tending  to  the  posterior 
third  of  the  internal  margin,  distinctly  separated  by  white 
below  and  slightly  above  the  sub  median :  in  polygama  the 
line  is  quite  oblique,  tending  to,  or  very  near  to,  the  internal 
angle,  and  is  preceded  below  the  submedian  by  gray  and  fer- 
ruginous scales. 

The  posterior  transverse  line  has  the  extra-cellular  teeth 
moderate,  unequal,  the  lower  one  in  cell  4  being  improminent ; 
moderately  angulated  outwardly  (not  toothed)  on  the  sub- 
median  fold  before  the  sinus ;  the  sinus  short,  not  extending 
to  the  middle  of  the  wing,  the  line  narrow  with  ferruginous 
and  white  below  it;  from  the  sinus,  running  direct  and  slightly 
oblique  outwardly  to  the  internal  margin,  followed  by  a  white 
line.  In  polygama  the  two  teeth  are  conspicuous  and  nearly- 
equal  ;  sharply  toothed  outwardly  on  the  submedian  fold,  as 
in  C.  cratcegi;  sinus  long,  reaching  the  middle  of  the  wing,  the 
line  broad,  with  ferruginous  on  each  side  and  without  white 
below  ;  below  the  sinus,  a  long  and  sharp  tooth  bordering  the 
internal  margin. 

The  two  transverse  lines  are  separated  on  the  submedian 
nervure  by  a  space  equal  to  the  width  of  cell  2  on  the  ter- 
minal margin,  whence  they  run  parallel  to  the  internal 
margin ;  in  polygama,  they  are  nearly  or  entirely  united  on 
the  submedian,  beyond  which  they  widely  diverge  and  again 
wholly  or  nearly  unite  on  the  internal  margin. 

The  reniform  is  broadly  surrounded  by  white  ;  in  polygama 
narrowly.  The  subreniform  is  round,  its  outline  denned  by 
black  scales  ;  at  touches  outwardly  the  median  shade-line  on 
vein  2  ;  of  the  two  transverse  lines,  it  is  nearer  to  the  posterior, 


[101]  NOTES  ON  CATOCALA  PRETIOSA.  213 

or  midway  between  them :  mpolygama  it  is  subquadrangular, 
defined  by  ferruginous  scales,  is  quite  removed  from  the 
median  shade-line,  and  is  nearer  to  the  anterior  transverse 
line,  sometimes  quite  approximate  to  it. 

The  subterminal  line  is  dark  brown ;  in  polygama,  pale 
gray.  The  posterior  wings  have  the  marginal  band  sligjitly 
narrowed  on  the  submedian  fold :  inpolygama,  it  is  separated 
or  quite  constricted ;  beneath,  the  cellular  fold  is  shaded  with 
black  (not  in  pretiosa). 

In  size  it  is  smaller  than  polygamy  five  examples  of  which 
before  me  measure  in  expanse  of  wings,  males  1.80,  1.85  and 
1.90  inch  ;  females  2  and  2.1  inches.  Pretiosa  males  1.60  and 
1.70  inch  ;  females  1.80  inch.  The  wings  are  proportionally 
broader  than  in  polygamy  they  are  more  clouded  with  black 
basally,  with  more  white  medially,  and  with  less  ferruginous 
in  the  terminal  region. 

Three  examples  of  the  species  were  captured  by  me  at  sugar, 
at  Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  last  year  —  the  two  males,  in  perfect 
condition,  on  July  8th  and  10th,  and  the  female  somewha.t 
worn,  on  July  16th. 

A  fine  example  of  C.  cratcegi  Saunders  was  also  taken  by 
me  at  sugar,  on  the  17th  of  July.  I  had  recognized  it  as  an 
undescribed  species  at  the  time  of  its  capture,  and  had  so 
indicated  it  in  my  Collection.  With  the  larval  state  of  nearly 
all  of  our  Catocalas  unknown,  it  is  very  gratifying  that  Mr. 
Saunders  has  been  so  fortunate  as  to  be  able  to  accompany 
the  description  of  the  imago  with  that  of  its  larva 

O.  polygama  was  taken  but  once  by  me  last  season, 
viz.,  on  the  7th  of  July,  in  perfect  condition.  The  examples 
which  I  have  seen  of  this  species  present  very  little  variation. 
The  variability  which  has  been  ascribed  to  it  probably  arises 
from  the  confounding  with  it  of  cratcegi,  pretiosa,  and  per- 
haps some  other  species.  —  Canadian  Entomologist  for  July, 
1876. 

Since  the  publication  of  the  above,  through  the  favor  of  Mr. 
G.  W.  Peck,  of  New  York,  I  have  been  able  to  see  additional 
examples  of  the  species,  which  show  some  variation  from  my 
type  specimens.  In  those,  the  marginal  black  band  of  the 
secondaries  is  continuous,  presenting  only  a  constriction  on 
the  submedian  fold,  acute  in  the  female,  and  approaching  to 
a  separation,  but  slighter  in  the  male.  In  a  pair  received  from 
Mr.  Peck,  the  band  is  disconnected  on  the  fold,  to  the  same 


214        THIETIETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [102] 

extent  in  each  sex.  They  also  show  variation  in  the  shape  of 
the  subreniform,  —  that  of  the  female  being  more  oval  than  in 
the  type,  and  of  the  male,  subquadrangular. 

It  is  believed  that  the  tawny  band  of  the  primaries  beneath, 
separating  the  marginal  and  median  black  bands,  may  afford 
valuable  differential  features  in  closely  allied  species  of  CATO- 
CALA.  Thus,  in  the  four  examples  above  referred  to,  the  band 
is  sharply  and  almost  rectangularly  reflected  on  vein  4,  thence 
running  direct  with  regular  contraction  to  the  internal  margin. 

In  C.  cratcegi,  the  form  and  course  of  this  band  are  similar 
to  that  of  C.  pretiosa,  but  its  breadth  is  less. 

In  one  example  of  (7.  prceclara,  the  band  is  less  acutely  bent 
between  veins  3  and  4,  and  again  sharply  between  veins  1  and 
2,  from  which  point  the  lower  portion  of  the  median  black 
band  is  continued  very  narrowly  to  the  inner  margin. 

In  one  C.  f rater  cula,  female,  the  tawny  band  is  regularly 
curved,  with  the  exception  of  a  moderate  outward  bending  on 
the  submedian  fold. 

Mr.  Peck  informs  me  that  he  captured  a  number  of  ex- 
amples (12)  oi  pretiosa  last  year  (1876)  at  Morristown,  N.  J. 
For  several  years  the  species  had  been  in  his  collection  under 
the  name  of  polygama.  This  latter  species  had  never,  to  his 
knowledge,  been  taken  in  the  vicinity  of  New  York,  but  he 
had  received  it  (not  identified  at  the  time)  from  Canada.  Two 
examples  of  C.  pretiosa  were  also  taken  by  Mr.  P.  Tepper,  at 
Flatbush,  L.  I.,  during  the  season  of  1876. 

C.  polygama,  thus  far,  has  proved  to  be  comparatively 
rare.*  Its  name  is  probably  misapplied  in  many  collections. 
The  reference  of  pretiosa  as  a  variety  of  that  species  may  be 
presumed  to  arise  from  erroneous  identification  of  one  or  both 
species. 

*  Both  C.  pretiosa  and  C.  polygama  were  collected,  at  sugar,  at  Center,  in  quite  a  num- 
ber of  examples,  during  July  and  August  of  1877.  The  former  species  was  not  at  all  rare 
throughout  the  month  of  July.  G.  pulygama  was  less  common,  but  of  longer  continuance, 
extending  into  August. 


[103]  ON  A  NEW   SPECIES  OF  HYPOCALA.  215 


XX.  ON  A  NEW  SPECIES  OF  HYPOCALA. 


Among  the  unequaled  collections  in  number,  variety  and 
rarity,  made  at  the  famous  Center  locality  during  the  season 
of  1877,  perhaps  the  most  interesting  capture  is  that  which 
gives  us,  for  the  first  time,  representation  of  a  genus  of  trop- 
ical insects  of  marked  beauty,  rivalling  the  Catocalas,  to 
which  they  are  closely  allied. 

Of  the  eight  species  of  HYPOCALA  described  by  Guenee  (two 
of  which  are  Fabrician  species),  five  are  from  the  East  Indies, 
one  from  Africa,  one  from  Honduras  (N.  Lat.  15°)  and  one 
from  Hayti  (N.  Lat.  19°).  That  a  species,  typical  of  the  genus, 
should  occur  in  the  State  of  New  York  (N.  Lat.  42°),  is  a  dis- 
covery of  exceeding  interest,  adding,  as  it  does,  to  our  list  of 
ISToctuas,  a  peculiar  and  beautiful  form,  which,  there  is  reason 
to  believe,  will  long  remain  a  rarity  in  our  collections. 

In  consideration  of  the  peculiar  characters  of  these  moths, 
Guenee,  in  his  Noctuelites,  Tome  III,  has  arranged  them  in  a 
separate  family  which  he  designates  as  Hypocalidse,  consist- 
ing of  the  single  genus  of  HYPOCALA.  The  genus  he  defines 
as  follows: 

"Caterpillars  unknown.  Moths  —  Antennae,  medium,  more 
or  less  pubescent  in  the  6  -  Palpi  very  projecting,  quite  large, 
compressed,  contiguous,  with  joints  indistinct  and  ordinarily 
of  triangular  form — the  last  as  scaly  as  the  preceding.  Tongue 
moderate.  Eyes  large  and  projecting.  Frontal  tuft  elongated, 
carinated,  thick  and  close  (serre).  Thorax  oblong,  scaly,  stout. 
Abdomen  long,  swollen,  not  carinated  above,  somewhat  hairy, 
yellow  with  black  spots,  bearing  a  small  tuft  at  the  base.  Legs 
strong,  slightly  hairy.  Wings  subdentate  ;  the  superiors  pul- 
verulent, the  subterminal  line  in  part  distinct :  the  inferiors 
yellow  with  a  black  border,  having  the  nervule-independent 
[disco- central  nervule  —  vein  5],  inserted  near  the  three  others, 
opposite  the  4th  inferior  [1st  median  nervule  —  vein  2]." 

Guenee  remarks  :  "  The  species  of  this  genus  are  of  medium 
size,  and  very  similar  to  one  another,  so  that  their  varieties 


216        THIRTIETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [101] 

would  be  absolutely  confounding  if  the  difference  in  the  cilia- 
tion  of  their  antennae  was  not  evident.  The  following  is  their 
general  description : 

"The  superior  wings  are  subdentate,  of  a  powdery  gray, 
bordering  on  a  yellow,  and  usually  dotted  or  striated  with 
brown  atoms.  The  orbicular  is  wanting,  but  the  reniform  is 
usually  present,  of  an  oval  form  and  blackish.  All  the  lines 
are  indistinct  except  the  subterminal,  of  which  the  inferior 
portion  is  always  visible,  blackish,  slightly  dentate,  and  fol- 
lowed by  a  contiguous,  parallel,  ferruginous  line.  The  in- 
ferior wings  are  yellow,  with  a  large  cellular  spot  and  a 
black  border,  irregular  and  interrupted  near  the  anal  angle 
by  a  spot  of  the  color  of  the  ground,  as  in  CATOCALA.  The 
under  side  of  the  same  wings  have  the  designs  black  and 
more  distinct,  and  the  costa  gray.  That  of  the  superior  is 
also  yellow,  with  two  black  bands  extending  from  the  costa 
and  terminating  before  the  internal  margin.  The  abdomen 
is  not  annulated  with  yellow  and  black  as  in  HYBL^EA,  but 
all  yellow  with  some  black  bands  occupying  only  the  upper 
side  of  the  segments,  with  the  anus  equally  black  above. 

The  Hypocalas  inhabit  India,  Africa  and  America.  They 
are  not  common  in  collections,  where  they  are  almost  always 
found  in  a  bad  state." 

The  honor  and  credit  of  the  discovery  of  this  moth  is  due 
to  Mr.  W.  W.  Hill,  of  Albany,  N.  Y.  I  do  not  deem  it  an 
accidental  discovery,  but  rather  the  direct  consequence  of  so 
persistent  and  thorough  a  "  working  up  "  of  a  favorable  locality 
by  the  aid  of  a  greatly  improved  method  of  sugaring,  that  I 
believe  I  may  venture  the  assertion  that  not  even  an  approxi- 
mation to  it  has  hitherto  been  made  in  the  annals  of  Lepidop- 
tera  collecting.  While,  therefore,  I  most  earnestly  deprecate 
the  frequent  introduction  of  names  of  individuals  in  our  En- 
tomological nomenclature, —  often  on  no  other  ground  than  as 
a  pretty  compliment,  an  incentive  to  the  enlargement  of  an 
amateur  collection,  or  as  a  means  of  securing  the  favor  of  a 
collector,  and  while  I  would  guard  the  honor  as  a  just  tribute, 
(valuable  only  from  its  rare  bestowal),  to  those  whose  labors 
constitute  a  portion  of  the  history  of  our  science,— in  the 
present  instance,  I  have  no  hesitancy  in  proposing  the  name 
of  the  discoverer  for  association  with  the  insect  below  de- 
scribed. The  results  obtained  at  Center  during  the  year  1877, 
hereafter  to  be  given  to  the  public,  will  assuredly  constitute 


[105]  ON  A  NEW  SPECIES  OF  HYPOCALA.  217 

an  epoch  in  the  collection  of  Noctuidse,  and  an  important 
chapter  in  their  history. 

Hypocala  Hilli  n.  sp. 

Antennae  scaled ;  under  a  microscope  clothed  with  numer- 
ous short  cilia  on  each  joint,  and  with  fascicles  of  longer 
ones,  of  the  length  on  the  basilar  joints  of  about  one-half  of 
their  diameter.  In  proceeding  from  the  base  toward  the  tip, 
these  fascicles  are  less  marked,  until  at  about  midway  of  the 
antennae  they  have  become  changed  into  spinules,  of  which 
there  may  be  three  or  more  on  each  joint ;  toward  the  tip 
these  spinules  extend  beyond  the  numerous  short  cilia  to 
about  once  and  a  half  the  diameter  of  the  joints,  and  are 
visible,  as  are  also  the  fascicles,  under  an  ordinary  magnifier. 

Palpi  triangular,  porrected,  pointed,  slightly  beaked,  pale 
brown  sprinkled  with  black  scales,  as  are  also  the  head,  pro- 
thpracic  tufts  and  thorax:  these  latter  tinged  with  ochraceous. 

Abdomen  yellow,  the  basal  segments  bearing  some  long 
dusky  hairs.  Segments  8-11,  with  a  fuscous  or  black  spot 
(black  on  the  posterior  ones)  on  their  anterior  two-thirds,  ap- 
proaching in  form  two  mesially  connected  small  segments  of 
a  circle.  On  the  last  segment  a  large  black  spot,  triangular 
in  front,  extending  on  the  sides  and  on  the  long  anal  tuft, 
of  which  the  terminal  portion  is  yellow,  tipped  with  dusky. 
Sides  of  the  abdomen  with  a  row  of  live  small  black  spots, 
and  with  its  under  surface  pale  yellow,  sprinkled  with  black 
scales. 

Wings :  primaries  sprinkled  with  black  scales  on  a  pale 
brown  ground,  which  shows  a  distinct  violet  shade  in  a 
certain  light,  especially  on  their  outer  half,  with  a  slight  pale 
green  reflection  near  the  bage  on  the  inner  portion  of  the  wing. 
Costa  delicately  striated  transversely  with  darker  brown. 
Median  lines  and  discal  spots  absent ;  the  reniform  traceable 
in  a  scarcely  perceptible  encircling  line  when  sought  for  with 
a  magnifier.  Subterminal  line  ferruginous,  bordered  on  each 
side  with  black,  extending  from  opposite  the  cell  just  above 
vein  4,  outwardly  in  two  or  three  teeth  to  near  the  margin, 
then  bending  backward,  and  with  some  gentle  curves,  reach- 
ing the  internal  margin  near  the  angle.  The  terminal  line 
black,  waved,  and  a  yellowish  one  at  the  base  of  the  fringe. 
The  fringe  brown,  tipped  with  a  darker  shade.  Secondaries 
of  a  luteous  yellow,  with  their  greater  portion  black,  as  fol- 


218        THIRTIETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.       [106] 

lows :  costal  region  blackish ;  apical  portion  broadly  bord- 
ered with  black,  continued  along  the  margin  to  vein  2,  divid- 
ing at  vein  3  where  it  runs  inward,  occupying  somewhat  the 
place  of  the  median  band  in  Catocala,  bending  downward  to 
the  internal  angle,  whence  it  runs  along  the  internal  margin  to 
the  base  :  within  this,  resting  on  the  submedian,  a  broad  black 
ray  not  reaching  the  band ;  a  large  black  cellular  spot,  con- 
nected in  its  upper  half  with  the  black  of  the  base  and  costal 
region,  but  disconnected  from  the  submedian  ray.  Beneath, 
the  black  border  and  its  inner  continuation  are  better  defined 
and  narrower  ;  the  cellular  spot  is  contracted  to  a  narrow 
elongated  subquadrangular  black  spot  between  veins  2  and  8; 
the  submedian  ray  is  wanting  ;  costal  region  of  both  wings 
dotted  with  black.  The  under  surface  of  the  primaries  is 
yellow,  with  a  broad  black  straight  band  extending  from  below 
the  costa  to  the  submedian  interspace,  and  another  of  the 
same  length  and  of  nearly  twice  the  breadth,  lying  in  the 
outer  third  of  the  wing,  slightly  indented  on  vein  5 ;  apex  and 
margin  beyond  this  band,  fuscous ;  costa  slightly  striated 
with  black. 

This  species  resembles  H.filicornis  Guenee,  from  Honduras, 
from  which  it  is  separable  by  its  larger  size,  its  non- striated 
primaries,  etc.  In  its  antennal  structure,  it  is  similar  to  H. 
Pierreti  Guenee,  from  Hayti. 

Expanse  of  wings,  1.90  in.  ;  length  of  abdomen,  .95  in. 

From  1  $  ,  taken  at  sugar  at  Center  on  Oct.  15,  1877.  In  the 
Collection  of  Mr.  W.  W.  Hill. 

Soon  after  the  capture  of  the  above,  Mr.  von  Meske  received 
from  Texas,  and  has  now  in  his  Collection  an  example,  which, 
notwithstanding  some  differences,  should  in  all  probability 
be  referred  to  the  above  species.  It  was  taken  at  Bastrop, 
Tex.,  (N.  Lat.  30),  by  Mr.  Heiligbrodt,  on  Sept.  2d,  in  per- 
fect condition.  It  is  of  the  same  sex  with  the  Center  specimen 
—  a  fact  deserving  special  mention,  since  all  the  descriptions 
of  Guenee  in  which  the  sex  is  indicated  (seven  species),  were 
drawn  from  $>  's. 

Both  the  reniform  spot  and  the  transverse  lines  are  present 
in  it:  the  former  is  conspicuously  outlined  in  black,  of  an  oval 
form,  inclosing  an  oval  ring  of  pale  scales,  of  which  the  half 
toward  the  base  of  the  wing  is  more  distinct.  Transverse  lines 
single,  brown,  toothed  :  the  anterior  line  moderately  toothed, 
its  general  course  nearly  direct  across  the  wing,  except  as 


[107] 


ON  A  NEW  SPECIES  OF  HYPOCALA. 


219 


strongly  exserted  outwardly  below  the  median  :  the  posterior 
line  more  prominently  dentate,  with  three  teeth  between  costa 
and  vein  3,  above  which  vein  it  is  strongly  bent  inward  so  as 
to  touch  the  lower  end  of  the  reniform  and  to  extend  beyond 
it  for  a  space  equal  to  its  transverse  diameter,  thence  curving 
outwardly,  and  with  two  ang illations  reaching  the  internal 
margin.  There  is  a  faint  trace  of  a  median  shade  running  as 
a  continuation  of  the  lower  half  of  the  posterior  transverse  line. 
The  thorax  is  concolorous  with  the  wings,  and  together  with 
the  prothoracic  tufts  and  head,  is  marked  with  a  median 
brown  line.  The  two  basal  segments,  have  each  a  small  black 
median  tuft,  a  trace  of  one  of  which  is  visible  in  the  Center 
example,  the  other  having  probably  been  lost  in  the  partial 
denudation  of  the  superior  portion  of  the  thorax.  The  an- 
tennal  structure  of  the  two  examples  is  the  same,  and  no 
material  difference  is  noticeable  in  a  comparison  of  the  pos- 
terior wings. 


220        THIRTIETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [108] 


XXI.  ON  THE  IDENTITY  OF  HOMOPTERA  LUNATA  AND  H.  EDUSA. 


Phalcena  (Noctua}  lunata  DRURY.    Illus.  Nat.  Hist.,  App.  vol.  ii.    1773. 
"  "        edusa       "  Illus.  Nat.  Hist,  App,  vol.  ii.    1773. 

Noctua  lunata  WESTW.-DRURY.  Illus.  Exot.  Entomol.,  v.  i,p.  37,  pi.  20.  f.  3.  1837. 
Erebus  edusa,  WESTW.-DRURY.  illus.  Exot.  Entomol.,  v.  ii,  p.  46,  pi.  24,  f.  4.   1837. 
Homoptera  lunata  GUENEE.     Sp.  Gen.  Lep.  Noct.,  vol.  iii,  p  12.    1852. 
Edusa        "  Sp.  Gen.  Lep.  Noct.,  vol.  iii,  p.  14.     1852. 

"  Saundersii  BETHUNE:  in  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  vol.  ii,  p.  215.     1865. 

H.  lunata  and  edusa  BEAN:  in  Canad.  Entomol.,  vol.  ix,  p.  174.    1877. 

More  than  a  century  ago  (in  1770),  Drury,  in  the  first  vol- 
ume of  his  admirable  work  cited  above,  illustrates  a  large  and 
beautiful'  Homoptera  from  examples  received  from  Virginia 
and  Carolina,  to  which, -in  the  appendix  to  the  second  volume, 
he  applies  the  name  of  Phalcena  (Noctua}  lunata.  In  the 
second  volume  (in  1773),  he  describes  and  figures  Phalcena 
(Noctua)  edusa,  a  form  from  New  York,  differing  from  the 
preceding  in  having  the  sub  terminal  space  of  the  brown  wings 
of  a  grayish  or  bluish  white,  which,  on  the  superiors,  is  gath- 
ered in  two  lunulated  spots. 

From  their  wide  distribution  through  several  of  the  United 
States,  their  comparative  abundance  and  their  marked  beauty, 
these  two  forms  have  found  place  in  nearly  every  one  of  our 
collections  of  Lepidoptera,  under  the  above  names,  and  not 
unfrequently  associated  with  their  presumed  companions  of 
the  opposite  sex.  Yery  recently,  the  interesting  discovery 
has  been  made  that  the  two  constitute  but  a  single  species. 

I  was  led  to  suspect  the  above  relationship  two  years  ago 
from  the  study  of  a  few  examples  in  my  collection,  and  accord- 
ingly requested  of  some  of  my  friends  the  careful  inspection 
of  their  future  captures,  with  a  view  of  determining  this  point. 

Since  that  time  numerous  examples  of  the  two  forms  have 
come  under  our  observation,  in  all  of  which  the  females  are 
lunata  and  all  the  males  " Edusa"  As  no  other  differences 
except  sexual  are  perceptible,  beyond  the  colorational  features, 
there  is  no  longer  reason  for  questioning  the  identity  of  the 


[109]  ON   HOMOPTERA    LUNATA   AND   H.   EDUSA.  221 

two  forms,  and  the  necessity  of  henceforth  dropping  the  name 
of  "edutfa  "  from  our  lists. 

It  is  fortunate  that  the  specific  name  which  is  to  be  retained 
will  now  indicate  a  marked  feature  of  the  species. 

There  has  always  been  an  annoying  incongruity  in  desig- 
nating as  lunata  that  one  of  the  two  closely  allied  supposed 
species  which  was  without  the  lunulated  spots. 

In  consideration  of  the  suggestion  and  careful  observations 
of  Mr.  Bean,  given  in  a  late  number  of  the  Canadian  Ento- 
mologist (ut  cit),  I  have  included,  with  doubt,  H.  Saundersii, 
in  the  synonymy  of  H.  lunata.  My  two  examples  ot  this 
form  are  both  males,  but  with  only  these  at  my  command  (the 
form  appears  to  be  quite  rare  in  the  Albany  district),  it  would 
not  be  proper  to  form  an  opinion  as  to  its  relations. 


222       THIRTIETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [HO] 


XXII.  ON  THE  IDENTITY  OF  TWO  FORMS  OF  HYPENIDJ!. 


In  the  Transactions  of  the  American  Entomological  Society 
Vol.  IV,  pp.  105,  106,  Sept.  1872,  Mr.  Gfrote  describes  Tortri- 
codes  bifidalis  and  T.  indimsalis,  provisionally  as  two  spe- 
cies. He  indicates  the  principal  difference  between  the  two, 
to  lie  in  a  cleft  in  the  outer  margin  of  the  primaries  of  bifidalis. 
Although  designating  them  by  different  specific  names,  he 
remarks,  < '  I  am  inclined  to  consider  the  two  forms  merely  as 
sexes  of  one  species,  with  the  fore- wings  cleft  in  the  male. 
And  with  four  specimens  of  T.  bifidalis  before  me,  and  eight 
of  T.  indimsalis ',  I  cannot  but  be  sure  that  most,  if  not  all,  of 
my  T.  bifidalis  are  males,  and  of  my  7.  indimsalis,  females. 
*  *  *  I  shall  then  not  be  disappointed  if  the  two  should 
prove  to  be  sexual  forms  of  one  species." 

Subsequently,  same  vol.,  page  308,  Jan.  1873,  Mr.  G-rote 
writes  :  "  Mr.  J.  A.  Lintner  informs  me  that  he  has  both  sexes 
of  Tortricodes  bifidalis  with  cleft  primaries.  I  then  refer  T. 
indimsalis  to  HETEROGRAMMA  Guenee,  believing  our  species 
not  to  differ  generically  from  the  Brazilian  species  which  M. 
Guenee  uses  for  his  type." 

In  accordance  with  the  above  reference,  the  two  forms  have 
been  known  up  to  the  present  as  Tortricodes  bifidalis  and 
Heterogramma  indimsalis. 

In  a  recent  study  of  a  considerable  number  of  examples  of 
each  of  the  above  two  forms,  collected  at  sugar,  during  the 
months  of  June,  July  and  August  of  1875,  I  was  surprised  to 
find  that  among  so  many,  all  having  the  cleft  wing  were  males, 
and  all  with  the  entire  wing,  females.  Suspecting,  from  this 
discovery,  that  the  two  were  but  one  and  the  same  species,  I 
examined  my  cabinet  example  of  T.  bifidalis  "  female,"  and 
found  that  I  had  been  misled  by  an  unnatural  position  which 
the  frenulum  had  assumed,  but  that  it  was  unquestionably 
simple,  not  yielding  even  to  pressure  after  having  been  de- 
tached from  the  wing,  and,  therefore,  indicating  a  male. 
There  was  then,  no  doubt  of  the  specific  identity  of  the  two 
differing  forms. 


[HI]  IDENTITY  OF  HYPENID^E.  223 

As  the  description  of  Tortricodes  bifidalis  precedes  that 
of  H.  indimsalis,  the  latter  must  give  way  as  a  synonym. 

In  some  of  its  features  this  species  does  not  conform  to  the 
definition  of  the  genus  to  which  it  has  been  referred.  It  will 
probably,  need  a  new  genus  for  its  reception. 

That  a  single  species  has  at  the  same  time  been  given  place 
in  two  genera,  'should  not  in  the  least  degree  reflect  upon  Mr. 
Grote.  The  author  of  the  erroneous  information  conveyed  to 
him,  as  above  quoted,  is  alone  responsible  for  the  mistake. 
That  two  forms,  so  very  unlike  in  construction  of  wing,  should 
have  been  believed,  at  the  first,  to  be  identical,  gives  assurance 
that  the  difficult  task  of  identification  of  species  often  imper- 
fectly described,  description  of  new  forms,  and  systemiza- 
tion  of  the  North  American  Heterocera,  has  been  undertaken 
by  one  peculiarly  fitted  for  the  work. 


224        THIRTIETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [112] 


XI1IL  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  TWO  NEW  SPECIES  OF  PHALMIM. 


Ac  id  alia  lacteola  n.  sp. 

Antennae,  vertex  of  head  and  thorax  white.  Abdomen 
white,  sprinkled  with  pale  brown  scales  and  with  bands  of 
the  same  color. 

Wings  white,  thinly  sprinkled  with  pale  brown  scales, 
marked  with  sinuous  dark  brown  bands  and  following  shade 
lines,  and  with  elongated  black  discal  spots ;  inner  margins 
with  long  white  hairs,  of  which  those  opposite  the  bands  are 
black  tipped  and  spatulate. 

Primaries  with  three  transverse  lines  dividing  the  costa  into 
four  nearly  equal  parts  —  the  two  interior  ones  somewhat  the 
shorter  :  the  extrabasilar  band  runs  outwardly  from  the  costa 
to  within  the  cell,  where  it  is  acutely  reflected  to  the  subme- 
dian  fold,  then  with  an  outward  angle  on  the  submedian  to  the 
internal  margin :  the  interior  line  is  strongly  reflected  out- 
wardly to  the  subcostal,  thence,  outside  of  the  discal  spot, 
with  sharp  angles  and  followed  by  brown  scales  to  the  inner 
margin  :  the  outer  line  is  more  sharply  defined,  less  sinuous, 
having  but  three  prominent  outward  reflections,  and  is  marked 
by  a  transverse  black  spot  on  each  vein.  The  shade-line  be- 
yond this  consists  mainly  of  brown  scales  between  the  veins, 
arranged  in  a  sagittate  form,  especially  seen  between  the  me- 
dian nervules  —  veins,  2,  3  and  4.  Terminal  margin  marked 
with  brown  scales  between  the  veins  (the  fringes  absent  in  the 
example). 

Secondaries  :  the  inner  and  outer  band  of  the  primaries  are 
continued,  and  present  much  the  same  character ;  they  divide 
the  wing  on  the  median  vein  in  three  nearly  equal  parts. 

Expanse  of  wings,  .87  in.     Length  of  body,  .25  in. 

Described  from  one  example,  a  female,  not  in  very  good  con- 
dition, in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Otto  von  Meske.  Received 
from  Mr.  L.  Heiligbrodt. 

Habitat. —  Bastrop,  Texas. 


[113]  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  PHAL^ENID^E.  225 

Cidaria  Packardata  n.  sp. 

This  name  is  proposed  for  the  species  described  and  figured 
by  Dr.  Packard  on  p.  124,  PI.  viii,  fig.  52,  of  the  Monograph 
of  the  Plialcenidce.  It  is  regarded  by  him  as  identical  with 
the  European  Phalcena  populata  Linn.,  and  a  generic  name 
applied  to  it  and  to  several  allied  species,  taken  from  the 
Tentamen  list  of  Hubner's  Stirps  —  PETROPHORA. 

The  two  forms  are  so  very  different  in  contour  of  wings, 
markings  and  color,  that  it  is  difficult  to  understand  how  they 
could  have  been  united.  In  PacJcardata,  the  primaries  are 
quite  excavated  from  the  apex  to  vein  4,  at  which  point,  in  one 
of  the  males  before  me,  they  are  distinctly  angulated  ;  the 
secondaries  are  slightly  angulated  on  vein  4.  In  populata, 
a  scarcely  perceptible  excavation  may  be  seen  below  the 
apex  of  the  primaries,  and  the  margin  of  the  secondaries  is 
regularly  rounded. 

In  Packardata,  the  broad  basilar  band  is  composed  of  three 
lines,  the  first  and  second  of  which  approximate,  and  are  sep- 
arated by  pale  yellow;  the  second  and  third  are  distant,  with 
dark  yellow  between.  In  populata,  the  band  consists  of  but 
two  lines  with  pale  yellow  between,  or  a  third  line  may  be 
faintly  seen  near  the  third. 

In  our  species,  the  whitish  band  between  the  basilar  and 
mesial  bands  is  more  sharply  angulated  toward  the  costa 
above  the  median  vein,  and  its  outer  border  is  more  strongly 
toothed.  The  outer  border  of  the  mesial  band  differs  very 
materially  in  its  course  from  the  same  line  in  populata,  in 
its  running  in  a  nearly  direct  line,  with  only  a  slight  bend- 
ing backward  between  veins  5  and  7,  to  near  the  outer 
margin  of  the  wing,  whence  it  proceeds  to  form  two  promi- 
nent produced  teeth  in  cells  2  and  3.  In  populata,  these 
teeth  are  comparatively  improminent;  they  are  at  nearly 
twice  the  distance  from  the  outer  margin  as  compared 
with  the  other  species;  the  excavation  on  vein  5  is  deep 
and  rounded,  and  thence,  the  course  of  the  line  to  the 
costa  is  nearly  parallel  to  the  hind  margin  instead  of  quite 
oblique  to  it.  The  distinctly  marked,  lunulated,  subter- 
minal  line  of  this  species  is  barely  indicated  at  its  extremities 
in  our  form,  in  which  there  seems  to  be  no  place  for  it 
medially,  from  the  approximation  of  the  dentations  of  the 
mesial  band  to  the  outer  margin.  The  subapical  patch  is 


226       THIRTIETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM. 

large,  uniformly  dark,  subsemicirctilar  in  outline,  while  in 
populata  it  is  reduced  to  nearly  a  blackish  oblique  streak, 
behind  which  is  the  uniform  shade  of  the  terminal  margin. 

In  color,  Paclcardata  is  of  a  pale  yellow,  with  great  contrast 
between  the  ground  color  and  the  interior  bordering  of  the 
two  bands  :  populata  is  more  uniform  in  its  darker  ochra- 
ceous  shading,  with  the  darker  yellow  tending  to  a  diffu- 
sion over  the  whole  of  the  mesial  band.  Our  species  is  also 
of  a  larger  size  than  the  European,  two  examples  measuring 
respectively  1.50  in.  and  1.38  in.,  while  the  examples  of  the 
latter  before  me  are  but  1.25  in.  in  expanse. 

Material  under  observation :  One  male  of  C.  PacTcardata, 
from  Collection  of  Otto  von  Meske,  made  at  Sharon  Springs, 
N.  Y.,  August  14,  1875  ;  one  male  from  Collection  of  W.  W. 
Hill,  taken  in  Lewis  county,  N.  Y.,  July  27,  1876.  Of 
C.  populata,  two  males  and  one  female  received  from  Dr. 
Speyer,  of  Germany,  from  Collections  of  Mr.  von  Meske, 
Mr.  Hill  and  my  own.  9 

C.  populata  is  very  well  represented  on  PL  22,  fig.  590  of 
Wood' s  Index  Entomologicus,  in  its  characteristic  shape  of 
wings  and  disposition  of  bands.  Its  habitat  and  apparition 
are  there  given  as  ' 4  common  in  the  north  of  England  and  in 
Scotland,  in  July."  It  is  referred  by  Stephens  to  the 
genus  ELECTRA. 


[115]  LOCALITY  FOR  BREPHOS  INFANS.  £27 


XXIV.  A  NEW  LOCALITY  FOR  BREPHOS  INFANS  M(ESCH. 


This  beautiful  moth,  possessing  peculiar  interest  from  its 
abnormal  characters,  its  northern  habitat,  and  from  its  close 
resemblance  to  the  B.  Parthenias  of  Europe,  is  rarely  cap- 
tured by  the  collector,  and  has  been  observed,  so  far  as  we 
know,  in  only  few  localities  in  the  United  States.  Mr.  Grote, 
in  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  I,  p.  189,  gives  as  its  range, 
Labrador,  southward  through  the  Eastern  States.  In  the 
Canadian  .Entomologist  for  1875,  VII,  p.  40,  we  have  the 
statement  that  "Mr.  Kuetzing,  of  Montreal,  has  discovered 
a  locality  for  B.  infans,  in  a  clump  of  white  birch,  north  of 
the  village  of  Hocheloga  —  the  first  record,  it  is  believed,  of 
its  occurrence  in  this  province  [Quebec]."  It  was  subse- 
quently taken,  in  a  number  of  examples,  at  Hyde  Park, 
Mass.,  among  white  birch. 

Its  association  in  the  above  instances  with  the  white  birch, 
coupled  with  the  knowledge  that  the  European  species  Par- 
ihenias,  mdua  (notha),  and  puella  (that  of  the  Siberian  Mid- 
dendorfii  not  stated),  also  feed  on  birch,  rendered  it  almost 
certain  that  our  species  would  be  found  to  have  the  same  food- 
plant. 

At  the  Center  locality,  and  extending  a  mile  or  more  in 
either  direction,  the  N.  Y.  Central  Railroad  is  bordered  or 
has  recently  been,  with  a  thick  growth  of  white  birch.  It 
occurred  to  me  .that  this  would  make  a  very  fitting  home  for 
B.  infans  if  its  range  extended  to  New  York,  and  I  accord- 
ingly suggested  the  probability  of  its  presence  there,  to  one 
of  my  entomological  associates,  Mr.  W.  W.  Hill,  who,  I  had 
reason  to  believe,  would  discover  and  capture  it,  if  my  sur- 
mises were  correct.  At  about  the  time  when  it  might  be 
expected  to  appear,  Mr.  Hill  visited  the  locality,  found  the 
moth,  and  was  able  to  secure  examples  for  his  cabinet. 

At  my  request,  he  has  kindly  furnished  me  with  a  state- 
ment of  its  discovery  and  capture,  which  I  find  to  contain 
so  many  interesting  particulars  of  the  habits  of  the  moth,  as 


THIRTIETH  KEPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        Q16] 

also  of  another  extremly  rare  species  (previous  to  1876),  that 
instead  of  extracting  from  it,  I  present  it  in  full : 

"In  accordance  with  your  suggestion  that  Brephos  infans 
might  be  found  at  Center,  on  the  3d  of  April  last  [1876],  I 
took  the  early  train  for  that  place.  From  7.  30  A.  M.  to 
12  M.,  I  searched  through  the  white  birch  swamps  without 
meeting  with  one,  but  on  emerging  in  a  clearing  on  the 
west  of  the  timber,  I  was  at  once  brought  in  view  of  a  half 
dozen  or  more,  sailing  around,  at  a  height  of  from  ten  to 
twenty  feet  above  the  ground.  In  striving  to  capture  a  speci- 
men, I  observed  that  it  would  manage  to  keep  from  fifty  to  a 
hundred  feet  distant  from  me,  except  when  flying  swiftly  by. 
They  were  evidently  well  aware  of  my  presence.  At  1.30  p.  M. 
when  moving  very  slowly  and  scanning  closely  the  ground 
and  brush,  a  B.  infans  rose  from  an  open  spot  surrounded 
by  some  newly  cut  birches.  To  my  great  delight,  I  captured 
it.  It  proved  to  be  a  fresh  and  perfect  specimen  —  taken, 
perhaps,  in  its  first  flight.  Although  they  continued  to  fly 
for  some  time  afterward;  I  failed  to  secure  another. 

April  17th,  I  again  visited  Center,  but  searched  in  vain  for 
more  of  the  infans ;  not  a  single  example  was  to  be  seen. 
The  day  was  colder,  with  more  wind  and  but  little  sunshine. 
As  the  weather  became  more  unfavorable,  I  left  the  birches 
and  devoted  the  remainder  of  the  day  to  examining  the  fences 
along  the  railroad,  and  was  well  rewarded  by  the  capture  of 
three  examples  of  the  rare  Xylina  fagina. 

April  20th,  visited  the  locality  for  the  third  time.  At 
1  P.  M.,  I  captured  my  second  infans  —  this  time  resting  on  a 
small  white  birch  —  the  wind  blowing  freshly  toward  me, 
with  the  sun  bright  and  warm.  I  observed  at  least  a  dozen 
others,  but  did  not  succeed  in  taking  another,  although  the 
chase  was  perseveringly  continued  for  several  hours.  I 
repeatedly  saw  them  alighting  on  small  birch  trees,  but  the 
moment  a  movement  was  made  toward  them,  although  at  a 
distance  of  a  hundred  feet,  it  was  noticed,  and  the  moth  at 
once  took  wing  again.  Later  in  the  afternoon,  the  fine  weather 
changed  to  cold  and  blustering,  with  snow,  and  as  not  a 
single  infans  was  to  be  seen,  I  went  in  search  of  Xylina 
fagina.  My  examination  of  the  fences  was  rewarded  by 
the  capture  of  nine  specimens  of  the  species  —  including 
those  previously  taken,  twelve  in  all.  Of  these,  ten  were 


[117]  LOCALITY  FOR  BREPHOS  INFANS.  229 

found  at  rest  on  the  upper  edge  of  the  fence-boards  (very 
singularly,  none  were  on  the  upper  board),  the  other  two 
were  on  the  more  exposed  north  side  of  the  fence.  It  seemed 
as  if  these  little  creatures  had  come  out  to  enjoy  the  cold 
and  driving  snow-storm,  which  certainly  failed  to  add  to  my 
comfort.  At  a  late  hour  in  the  afternoon  (5  P.  M.)  I  also  had 
the  good  fortune  to  secure  a  Lobophora  geminata  (Grote). 

Neither  of  the  above  three  species  had  before  been  found 
in  this  locality. 

Subsequent  trips  gave  me  no  additional  examples  of  B. 
infans,  although  I  saw  it  in  flight  —  quite  wild  —  so  late  as 
May  7th." 

Guenee,  in  his  Noctuelites,  II,  makes  some  interesting 
remarks  on  the  habits  of  the  European  species  of  BREPHOS, 
which  is  here  transcribed : 

The  caterpillars  live  on  the  tall  trees,  from  which,  letting 
themselves  fall,  they  hang  suspended  by  a  thread,  after  the 
manner  of  many  of  the  Geometers.  They  are  found  in 
autumn,  in  woods  of  considerable  extent,  and  their  moths 
fly  in  the  first  days  of  spring,  or  as  might  better  be  said, 
at  the  end  of  winter,  about  the  leafless  birches.  Their  flight 
is  lively,  jerky  (saccade)  and  rapid,  but  the  sun  is  indis- 
pensable to  draw  them  from  their  torpor.  Hardly  do  its 
rays  veil  themselves,  even  for  an  instant,  when  the  Brephos 
arrest  their  flight,  to  resume  it  as  soon  as  it  commences  to 
shine.  In  these  habits,  they  bear  much  resemblance  to  the 
Phalaenidse  which  like  them  fly  in  the  early  spring;  and 
there  is  also  a  resemblance  in  the  habits  and  forma  of  the 
caterpillars. 

Mr.  C.  P.  Whitney,  of  Milford,  N.  H.,  writes  me  in  relation 
to  the  habits  of  B.  infans:  "I  take  it  very  early  in  the  spring 
(this  year  [1877])  about  the  middle  of  April,  only  in  the  vicin- 
ity of  the  white  birch  (Betula  populifolia.)  Its  season  is 
about  two  weeks.  .  Their  flight  is  rapid  and  irregular,  so  that 
it  is  almost  impossible  to  capture  them  except  when  resting 
on  the  ground,  when  almost  every  one  discovered  can  be  easily 
taken.  Late  in  the  season  they  fly  high  and  alight  on  the 
twigs  of  the  birches." 


230       THIRTIETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        Q18] 


XXV.  NOTES  OF  CAPTURE  OF  LEPIDOPTERA  IN  1876. 

s '  • '. 

RARE  TO  THE  VICINITY  OF  ALBANY. 


Argynnis  Idalia  Drury  —  quite  rare  in  this  vicinity  —  was 
captured  at  Center  on  September  16th. 

Phyciodes  Batesii  Keak.,  was  abundant  at  Center,  on  the 
17th  of  June,  when  twenty -five  examples  were  collected  in  a 
short  time  —  the  sexes  in  about  equal  number. 

This  is  apparantly  quite  a  local  species,  and  so  far  as  known, 
occurring  in  limited  localities  in  New  York,  Pennsylvania 
and  Virginia.  It  may  usually  be  found  in  Center  during  the 
first  half  of  June  —  my  earliest  recorded  observation  of  it 
being  May  31st,  and  latest  June  22d.  It  has  also  been  taken 
by  me  in  limited  numbers  at  Schoharie,  N".  Y. 

Several  specimens  of  PTiolisora  Catullus  were  collected  in 
Bethlehem  on  the  12th  and  13th  of  July.  This  species  had 
been  so  diligently  sought  for  in  former  years  that  it  is  difficult 
to  see  how  it  could  have  escaped  detection  if  it  had  been  a 
habitant  of  the  locality  for  any  considerable  length  of  time. 
Its  ascribed  food-plant,  Monarda  punctata,  is  not  known  to 
the  State  Botanist  to  occur  in  this  portion  of  the  State.  Mr. 
Scudder  records  P.  Catullus  as  "  very  rare  in  New  England, 
found  in  southern  portions."  (Proc.  Ess.  Ins.,  Ill,  p.  170.) 

Eudamus  Lycidas  (Sm.-Abb.),  was  taken  by  Mr.  W.  W. 
Hill,  at  Center,  on  June  15th.  It  had  previously  been  found 
by  Mr.  Edwards  at  Newburgh,  N.  Y.,  ninety  miles  south  of 
Albany. 

Sphinx  luscitiosa  Clem. —  One  of  the  most  rare  of  our  N  ew 
York  sphinges  —  was  captured  in  perfect  condition,  at  Center, 
on  the  3d  of  June. 

Euchcetes  Oregonensis  Stretch,  was  not  at  all  rare  at  Center 
during-  the  month  of  May  —  a  single  collector  taking  thirty- 
three  examples  of  it,  viz  :  eight  examples  on  the  10th,  four  on 
the  13th,  twelve  on  the  16th,  four  on  the  19th,  three  on  the 
20th,  and  two  on  the  24th.  Mention  of  the  collection  of  two 


[1191  CAPTURE  OF  RARE  LEPIDOPTERA.  231 

examples  of  the  species  at  the  same  locality  is  made  in  the 
26th  Report  of  the  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  of  Nat.  Hist. 

Spilosoma  latipennis  Stretch  (see  Report  ut  cit,  p.  144), 
occurred  in  a  single  example  at  Center,  on  June  10th. 

Nephelodes  molans  Guen.,  in  forty  examples  were  taken  at 
Bath-on-the-Hudson,  between  August  80th  and  September 
15th,  by  Mr.  Hill.  It  had  not  been  observed  in  this  vicinity 
for  several  preceding  years. 

Among  the  above  are  several  examples  which  conform  to  the 
description  given  of  N.  minians,  but  its  separation  seems  to 
rest  on  no  other  ground  than  depth  of  color,  and  in  these,  all 
the  intermediate  grades  are  to  be  found. 
•  It  is  worthy  of  mention,  that  not  a  perfect  example  of  iV. 
molans  has  thus  far  been  captured,  or  is  present  in  any  of  the 
Albany  collections. 

Mr.  R.  Thaxter,  in  his  list  of  Noctuidse,  taken  at  Newton, 
Mass.  (Psyche,  II,  p.  36),  states  the  fact,  that  the  examples  of 
N.  minians  (probably  the  same  above  recorded  as  N.  molans), 
were  almost  always  in  poor  condition. 

Mr.  William  Grey,  a  collector  of  Lepidoptera  for  many 
years,  has  been  rewarded  for  the  additional  attention  which  he 
has  recently  given  to  Entomology,  by  the  capture  of  four 
species  of  CATOCALA,  never  before  taken  in  the  vicinity  of 
Albany,  viz.  :  C.  Epione  West.,  O.  flebilis  Grote,  C.  Robin- 
soni  Grote  and  C.  eoccinata  Grote  —  a  single  example  of  each 
species. 

That  graceful  and  beautiful  Sphinx,  Ckasrocampa  tersa 
(Linn.),  not  previously  taken  so  far  north  as  this,  it  is  believed, 
is  also  one  of  the  rarities  captured  by  Mr.  Grey. 

The  above  were  taken  upon  the  grounds  of  Mr.  Erastus 
Corning,  at  Kenwood,  near  Albany. 

COLLECTIONS  IN  1877. 

In  advance  of  a  more  extended  notice  of  the  extensive  and 
interesting  collections  recently  made  near  Albany,  the  follow- 
ing species  may  be  mentioned,  as  of  special  interest  from  their 
rarity.  Not  one  of  the  number  had  previously  been  taken  in 
the  Albany  district,  and  less  than  half  the  number  were  repre- 
sented in  the  Albany  collections,  from  other  localities.  With 
few  exceptions  they  are  from-the  Center  locality. 


232        THIRTIETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [120] 


Thyatira  pudens  Guen. 
Charadra  propinquilinea  Grote. 
Diphthera  fallax  H.-S. 
Acronycta  grisea    (Barn.}. 
Acronycta  tritona  (Hubn.}. 
Acronycta  lobeliae  Guen. 
Acronycta  Radcliffei  (Harvey). 
Acronycta  dactylina  Grote. 
Acronycta  luteicoma  Grote. 
Acronycta  subochrea  Grote. 
Acronycta  ovata  Grote. 
Acronycta  albarufa  Grote. 
Acronycta  exilis  Grote. 
Acronycta  lithospila  Grote. 
Agrotis  turris  Grote. 
Agrotis  albipennis  Grote. 
Agrotis  perpolita  Morr. 
Agrotis  opacifrons  Grote. 
Agrotis  dilucida  Morr. 
Agrotis  badicollis  Morr. 
Agrotis  janualis  Grote. 
Agrotis  phyllophora  Grote. 
Agrotis  mimallonis  Grote. 
Agrotis  Bostoniensis  Grote. 
Agrotis  fumalis  Grote. 
Agrotis  cupida   Grote. 
Agrotis  Hilliana   Grote. 
Agrotis  pressa  Grote. 
Mamestra  lubens  Grote. 
Mamestra  lilacina  Harvey. 
Mamestra  assimilis  Morr. 
Mamestra  vindemialis  (Guen.}. 
Mamestra  congermana  (Morr.}. 
Dianthoecia  modesta  Morr. 
Hadena  leucoscelis  (  Grote}. 
Hadena  arna($wew.). 
Hadena  algeus  Grote. 
Polia  diffusilis  Harvey. 
Dryobata  stigmata  Grote. 
Morrisonia  evicta  Grote. 
Morrisonia  vomerina  Grote. 
Conservula  anodonta  Grote. 
Phlogophora  v-brunneum  Grote. 


Gortyna  appassionata  Harvey. 
Gortyna  nebris  Guen. 
Gortyna  purpurifascia  Gr.-Rdb. 
Caradrina  bilunata  Grote. 
Crocigrapha  Normani  Grote. 
Orthosia  euroa  (Gr.-Rob.}. 
Glaea  tremula  Harvey. 
Glsea  apiata  Grote. 
Glaea  venustula  Grote. 
Glsea  pastillicans  Morr. 
Xanthia  togato  (Esp.}. 
Scopelosoma  ceromatica  Grote. 
Scopelosoma  Graefiana  Grote. 
Scopelosoma  devia  Grote. 
Scopelosoma  vinulenta  Grote. 
Scopelosoma  tristigmata  Grote. 
Xylina  ferrealis  (  Grote). 
Xylina  signosa  Walk. 
Xylina  semiusta  (Grote). 
Xylina  Georgii  (Grote}. 
Xylina  unimoda  Lintn. 
Xylina  Thaxteri  (Grote}.* 
Xylina  tepida  (  Grote}. 
Xylina  pexata  (Grote}. 
Xylina  Baileyi  (Grote}. 
Xylina  querquera  (  Grote}. 
Xylina  lepida  Lintn. 
Xylina  capax  (Gr.-Rob.} 
Calocampa  nupera  Lintn. 
Calocampa  cineritia  Grote. 
Calocampa  curvimacula  Morr. 
Lithomia  germana  (Morr.}. 
Xylomiges  tabulata  Grote. 
Abrostola  ovalis  Guen. 
Plusia  formosa  (  Grote}. 
Lygranthoecia  brevis  Grote 
Hypocala  Hilli  Lintn. 
Catocala  tristis  Edw. 
Catocala  minuta  Edw. 
Homoptera  unilineata  Grote. 
Homoptera  obliqua  Guen. 
Homoptera  benesignata  Harvey. 
Homoptera  Woodii  Grote. 


*  Stated  by  Dr.  Speyer  to  be  a  well  marked  variety  of  Xylina  lambda  Fabr. 


[121]  NOTES  ON  SOME  LEPIDOPTERA.  233 


XXVI.  NOTES  ON  SOME  LEPIDOPTERA. 


Orapta  Satyrus  Edw.:  in  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  II,  p.  374. 

An  interesting  discovery,  and  addition  to  our  New  York 
Fauna,  is  the  recognition  of  the  above  species,  among  the  col- 
lections made  by  Mr.  W.  W.  Hill,  at  Fenton's,  Lewis  Co., 
(Adirondack  region)  during  the  season  of  1877. 

The  type  specimens,  described  as  above  cited,  were  from 
the  Rocky  Mountains  in  Colorado.  In  1871,  the  butterfly  was 
reared  by  Mr.  Henry  Edwards,  from  examples  of  the  larvae 
found  by  him  on  a  species  of  Urtica,  at  Congress  Springs, 
Santa  Clara  Co.,  Cal.  The  larva  is  described  and  figured,  from 
a  MS.  and  drawings  by  Mr.  R.  H.  Stretch,  in  Edwards'  But- 
terflies of  North  America  I,  p.  120,  pi.  40.  On  the  same  plate, 
the  butterfly  is  beautifully  represented  in  both  surfaces  and 
sexes.  Mr.  Edwards  also  credits  the  species  to  New  Mexico, 
Oregon  and  British  America.* 

The  occurrence  of  this  species  in  Northern  New  York  is 
believed  to  be  but  the  second  instance  of  its  collection  east  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  larvae  were  found  by  Mr.  C.  W. 
Pearson,  of  Montreal,  Quebec,  feeding  on  nettle,  at  Chateau- 
gay  Basin,  about  fifteen  miles  south  of  Montreal.  The  butter- 
flies emerged  after  a  pupation  of  ten  or  twelve  days,  f 

Lycsena  Lucia  Kirby  and  L.  pseudargiolus  Bd.-Lec. 

In  consideration  of  the  interest  attaching  to  these  species, 
from  the  identity  shown  by  Mr.,  Edwards,  of  L.  molacea,  L. 
pseudargiolus  and  L.  neglecta,  (see  Canadian  Entomologist^ 
vol.  x,  pp.  9,  10),  and  the  suggestion  by  the  same  author,  that 
L.  Lucia  may  prove  to  be  but  a  northern  form  of  the  same, 
I  give  below  some  memoranda  kindly  furnished  to  me  by 
E.  C.  Howe,  M.  D.,  of  Yonkers,  N.  Y.,  of  observations  made 
at  that  locality : 

*  Catalogue  of  the  Diurnal  Lepidopterr.  of  North  America,  p.  28.    1877. 
t Canadian  Entomologist,  vol.  vii,  p.  216     1875. 


234        THIRTIETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [122] 

"  Lyccena  Lucia  was  first  observed  on  April  17th  [a  month 
earlier  than  its  Albany  record  —  see  p.  55],  and  lasted  until 
May  17th.  L.  neglecta  first  appeared  May  21st,  and  contin- 
ued throughout  June,  quite  common.  It  afterward  appeared 
in  September. 

"  During  the  latter  part  of  August,  two  specimens  of  L. 
Lucia  were  taken,  unless  they  were  the  var.  violacea.  The 
markings  on  the  underside  of  the  wings  were  dark  and  heavy, 
exactly  like  those  collected  in  the  spring.  It  was  not  observed 
again." 

The  occurrence  of  L.  Lucia  or  the  form  violacea  in  the 
month  of  August  has  never  before  been  recorded,  and  it  would 
seem  at  variance  with  the  idea  entertained  of  their  being  but 
spring  forms.  Mr.  Scudder  records  that  one  example  of  mo- 
lacea  has  been  taken  at  Walpole,  IS".  H.,  so  late  as  the  7th  of 
July,  but  it  has  ordinarily  been  confined,  in  this  latitude,  to 
the  months  of  May  and  June. 

Do  not  the  observations  of  Dr.  Howe  of  the  August  exam- 
ples rather  indicate  that  they  were  an  exceptional  second  ap- 
pearance of  L.  Lucia,  and  lend  additional  confirmation  to  the 
belief  hitherto  entertained  of  its  being  distinct  from  L.  pseud- 
argiolus. 

Agrotis  nigricans  Linn.,  var.  maizii  Fitch. 

Of  this  moth,  figured  and  described  at  considerable  length 
in  Dr.  Fitch's  Ninth  Annual  Report  (pi.  4,  figs.  2  and  3,  pp.  237- 
249,  Sixth-Ninth  Reports  :  1865),  there  are  five  examples,  la- 
belled as  above  by  Dr.  Fitch,  in  the  collection  of  the  Museum 
of  the  New  York  State  Agricultural  Society,  and  bearing  also 
the  additional  popular  name  of  the  corn  dart  moth. 

No  one  else  has  recognized  A.  nigricans  in  any  of  our 
American  forms,  nor,  very  strangely,  has  this  determination 
of  Dr.  Fitch  been  referred  as  a  synonym  to  any  other  species.* 

A  critical  examination  of  the  examples  above  mentioned 
has  enabled  me  to  refer  them  unhesitatingly,  although  'much 
faded  from  ten  or  more  years'  exposure  to  strong  sunlight  in 
an  exposed  table-case,  to  the  typical  form  of  A.  lessellata  Har- 
ris, as  recognized  in  the  collections  at  Buffalo  and  Albany. 
The  specific  name  "  A.  tesseUata"  embraces  at  present  a  vari- 
ety of  forms,  which  seem  to  me  to  vary  too  much  among 

*  Since  the  above  has  been  in  type,  the  reference  of  "  A.  nigricans"  to  the  A.  tesseliata 
of  Harris,  made  by  Prof  Grote  in  the  Canadian  Entomologist,  vol.  vi,  118  (1874),  has  come 
to  my  notice. 


[123]  NOTES  ON  SOME  LEPIDOPTERA.  235 

themselves  to  really  constitute  a  single  species.  I  do  not  doubt 
but  that,  from  these,  other  species  will  eventually  be  separated, 
and  it  is  probable "  that  ample  material  has  already  been 
accumulated  for  the  purpose,  in  the  two  hundred  or  more 
"  tessellata  forms"  in  my  possession  which  are  awaiting  a 
convenient  time  for  their  critical  study. 

Agrotis  perpolita  Morr. 

From  a  cursory  inspection  of  the  female  of  this  species,  it 
would  probably  be  referred  to  A.  seller  ipennis,  with  which 
it  is  compared  in  the  original  description.  A  closer  examin- 
ation, however,  would  disclose  several  points  of  difference, 
the  more  prominent  of  which  are  the  following  : 

The  head,  wings  and  thorax  are  nearly  black,  having  only 
a  brown  reflection  :  in  A.  velleripennis,  although  described  as 
coal-black,  they  are  of  a  dark  brown  shade  in  all  the  exam- 
ples before  me,  some  of  which  are  quite  fresh. 

The  usual  transverse  lines  in  velvety-black,  which  are  dis- 
tinctly to  be  seen  in  A.  velleripennis,  are  in  this  entirely 
wanting.  Its  orbicular  spot  differs  from  the  ordinary  shape, 
in  that  it  is  elongated  in  the  direction  of  the  cell,  and,  in  two 
of  the  three  examples  examined,  pyriform  in  outline,  having 
the  contracted  portion  directed  toward  the  base  of  the  wing : 
in  its  elongation,  it  resembles  that  of  A.  clandestine  but  the 
normal  shape  of  the  spot  in  that  species  is  acutely  ellipsoidal. 

The  legs  and  spines,  which  in  A.  velleripennis  are  distinctly 
annulated  with  pale  scales,  are  much  less  conspicuously  ringed 
in  this. 

The  males  of  the  two  species  —  from  the  contrast  presented 
in  their  secondaries  —  are  not  liable  to  be  confounded;  those  of 
A.  velleripennis  being  white,  subhyaline,  with  a  median  line  of 
nervular  spots,  more  or  less  distinct,  and  a  very  narrow  ter- 
minal bordering  of  brown,  and  in  A.  perpolita  smoky  brown, 
with  a  broad  darker  border.  There  is  also  a  marked  differ- 
ence in  their  antennal  structure  —  the  serrations  in  the  latter 
species  being  not  half  so  long  or  so  strong  as  in  the  former. 

This  species  seems  to  be  quite  rare.  The  original  specimen 
was  from  Orono,  Maine.  It  was  unknown  to  Prof.  Grote, 
previous  to  his  identification,  from  the  published  description, 
of  the  examples  from  Mr.  Hill's  collection.  Three  examples 
were  taken  by  Mr.  Hill  at  Center,  N.  Y.,  on  August  16th,  30th 


236       THIRTIETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        []24] 

and  31st.    No  other  examples  of  it  have  occurred  among  the 
very  large  collections  made  at  this  locality. 

Agrotis  cupida  Grote.* 

A  correspondent  of  the  Country  Gentleman,  from  Erie  Co., 
0.,  has  recently  discovered  the  food-plant  of  the  larva  of  this 
species.  From  his  communication  we  obtain  the  following 
facts:  In  1874,  $200  worth  of  grape-buds  were  destroyed  by 
some  unseen  enemy.  Repeated  and  careful  examinations  for 
many  days  throughout  the  season  failed  to  bring  to  light  the 
depredator.  The  following  year,  upon  examining  the  vine  at 
night  with  a  lantern,  a  caterpillar  was  seen  crawling  along 
the  vine,  and  to  stop  at  a  bud  and  commence  eating  it. .  After 
this  discovery,  searches  were  made  each  night,  by  six  or  eight 
persons  bearing  lanterns,  during  the  continuance  of  the  cater- 
pillar, and  two  thousand  caterpillars  were  taken  and  de- 
stroyed. It  was  calculated,  on  the  basis  of  one  caterpillar 
eating  a  single  bud  in  a  night,  that  the  buds  destroyed  by  the" 
two  thousand  which  were  killed,  might  have  produced  eight 
tons  of  grapes. 

As  one  bud  a  night  would  be  a  very  small  allowance  for 
a  half-grown  cut- worm,  it  would  be  safe,  we  think,  to  double 
the  above  estimate  of  possible  resulting  damages. 

Nothing  is  stated  of  the  appearance  or  habits  of  the  larva, 
except  that  it  is  of  the  color  of  the  vine,  and  commences  its 
depredations  as  soon  as  the  buds  begin  to  start. 

During  my  sugaring  operations  at  Schenectady,  larvae  were 
occasionally  seen  upon  the  grape-trellis  at  night,  feeding  upon 
the  bait,  but  from  my  recollection  of  them,  they  had  not  the 
aspect  of  such  of  the  Agrotis  forms  as  I  have  seen. 

A  single  example  of  the  moth  occurred  among  my  collec- 
tions at  Schenectady,  on  the  7th  of  August,  1876.  It  had  been 
a  rare  species  in  this  vicinity,  until  the  remarkable  Center  col- 
lections of  1877  made  it  a  common  form.  It  occurred  abund- 
antly at  this  locality  during  the  latter  part  of  August  and 
through  most  of  September. 

Mr.  George  Norman  (Canadian  Entomologist,  7,  p.  5)  re- 
cords it  frequent  at  sugar,  at  St.  Catharines,  Ont.,  from  17th 
July  to  August.  Mr.  Westscott  (op.  cit.,  8,  p.  12),  notes  a 

*Noctua  cupida  Grote  :  in  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phila.,  vol.  iii,  p.  535,  pi.  5,  flg.  7.  1864. 
Agrotis  cupida  Grote :  in  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  vol.  ii,  p.  309.  1869. 
A  new  grape-inseot:  The  Cultivator  and  Country  (ientlen^an,  vol.  xliii,  p.  166.     Albany, 
N.  Y.,  March  14, 1878. 


[125]  NOTES  ON  SOME  LEPTDOPTERA.  237 

single  example  at  May  wood,  111.,  on  September  15.  Mr. 
Thaxter,  in  his  List  (Psyche,  II,  p.  36),  mentions  it  as  rare,  at 
light,  in  August. 

The  moth  is  very  variable  in  its  features,  in  the  color  of  its 
wings,  form  arid  coloring  of  its  discal  spots,  etc.,  or  different 
species  are  included  under  that  name.  The  varieties  which 
Mr.  Grote  has  referred  to  this  species,  seem  to  me  to  differ  too 
much  to  really  constitute  a  single  species.  Another  season's 
collections  may  enable  us  to  determine  the  value  of  these  dif- 
ferences. 

Mr.  Grote  has  referred,  with  some  doubt,  an  Agrotis  received 
from  California,  to  this  species. 

Agrotis  brunneicollis  Grote.     (Noctua)  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phila., 

Ill,  p.  524,  pi.  5,  f.  5.     1864. 

This  species  has  been  captured  for  the  first  time  in  this  dis- 
trict, by  Mr.  S.  C.  Waterman,  at  Ten  Eyck's  woods,  near 
Albany,  on  the  15th  of  June,  1877.  An  example  has  also 
been  taken  at  Kenwood  during  the  same  month.  Mr.  Thaxter 
records  it  among  his  Newton  (Mass.)  collections,  as  rather 
rare,  at  light,  in  August. 

• 
Cucullia  intermedia  Speyer. 

Several  examples  of  the  larva  of  this  species  were  taken  at 
Center,  N.  Y.,  during  the  last  of  June  and  first  of  July,  in 
their  second,  third  and  fourth  stages,  feeding  on  Mulgedium 
leucophceum,  popularly  known  as  false-  or  blue  lettuce. 

The  young  larva  is  striped  laterally  and  dorsally,  and  bears 
a  strong  resemblance  to  that  of  C.  lucifuga  in  its  early  stages, 
as  described  by  Dr.  Speyer  in  the  Stettiner  Entomologische 
Zeitung  for  1870,  and  in  23rd  Rep.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
222.* 

I  regret  that  I  have  only  the  following  brief  notes  of  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  larva  —  a  part  of  what  was  intended  to  be  a 
detailed  description.  "  The  lateral  stripe  is  white,  of  about  one- 
third  the  diameter  of  the  body,  traversed  by  a  yellow  stripe 
of  about  one-half  the  breadth  of  the  white,  on  which  are  the 

*  To  the  kindness  of  Dr.  Speyer  I  owe  it,  that  the  two  specimens  of  the  lucifuga  larvse' 
prepared  by  Mr.  O.  Schreiner  of  Weimar,  Prussia,  from  which  his  descriptions  above 
referred  to  are  drawn,  have  place  in  my  collectio^i.  The  specimens  show  the  life-like 
appearance  which  may  be  imparted  to  larvae  when  prepared  by  inflation  (see  Scudder  in 
American  Naturalist,  vol.  viii,  p.  331),  and  also  illustrate  the  service  which  they  may  ren- 
der in  the  comparison  of  forms  from  widely  separated  localities  and  countries. 


238       THIETIETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        Q26] 

stigmata  and  a  number  of  black  spots,  as  follows" :  on  the  first 
segment,  a  black  spot  precedes  the -stigma;  on  segments  4-9 
and  11,  a  black  spot  behind  the  stigma,  bearing  a  black  hair; 
on  segments  4-9  each,  on  the  white  portion  of  the  band,  a 
larger,  rounded  black  spot  above,  and  a  little  in  advance  of, 
the  stigma,  having  within  it  a  longer,  black  hair," 

It  is  probable  that  the  larva  may  again  be  found  the  coming 
season,  to  afford  the  means  of  completing  the  above  descrip- 
tion, which  is  quite  desirable  in  consideration  of  its  close  re- 
semblance to  that  of  the  European  C.  lucifuga.  The  mature 
forms  taken  at  Center  bore  a  closer  resemblance  to  C.  lucifuga 
than  did  my  Schoharie  examples.  Dr.  Speyer  (St.  Mus.  Rep. 
ut  cit,  p.  222),  in  indicating  the  difference  between  the  two, 
states  "the  first  {intermedia^  has  thirteen  dorsal  spots,  the 
other  twenty-five."  The  examples  collected  as  above,  show 
that  the  number,  shape  and  division  of  these  spots  are  not 
constant,  and  that  therefore,  from  such  numerical  or  geome 
trical  features,  no  reliable  specific  characters  are  to  be  drawn. 
I  am  able  to  recall  my  enumeration  of  eighteen  dorsal  orange 
spots  on  one  of  the  larvae. 

In  some  notes  on  this  larva,  published  by  me  in  1873,  in 
the  S'Srd^Jtep.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  213,  its  probable  food- 
plant  is  given  as  the  common  burdock  (Lappa  officinalis), 
as  inferred  from  finding  several  examples  near  this  plant,  and 
some  of  the  larvae  having  fed  upon  it  in  confinement.  I  now 
incline  to  the  belief  that  their  eating  the  burdock  was  under 
the  provocation  of  hunger,  and  that  their  range  of  food  under 
natural  conditions  would  not  extend  to  a  plant  so  different  in 
character  from  that  of  the  blue  lettuce.  It  is  an  interesting 
fact  that  in  its  systematic  arrangement,  the  genus  Mulgedium 
stands  between  Lactuca  and  Sonchus,  the  two  genera  which 
embrace,  in  Europe,  the  food-plants  of  C.  lucifuga  (see  loc. 
cit,  p.  214).  As  two  of  these  plants,  Sonchus  oleraceus  and 
8.  arvensis  have  been  introduced  in  this  country  from  Europe, 
and  the  former  has  become  quite  common  around  dwellings 
and  by  roadsides  in  New  York,  it  is  not  improbable  that  the 
O.  intermedia  larva  may  hereafter  be  discovered  upon  them. 
I  Have  repeatedly  examined  the  burdock  for  the  larvae,  but 
without  success. 


[127]  NOTES  ON  SOME  LEPIDOPTERA.  239 

Xylina  lambda  (Fabr.),  var.  Thaxteri  Grote. 

The  reference  of  X.  Thaxteri  as  a  variety  of  X.  lambda,  by 
Dr.  Speyer,  has  been  noted  on  page  120.  *  From  the  examina- 
tion of  the  photograph  of  X.  Thaxteri  given  in  the  Grote 
Check  List,  Pt.  ii,  fig.  3,  Dr.  Speyer  was  led  to  express  his 
opinion*  that  it  was  but  a  variety  of  the  European  X.  lambda. 
Mr.  Grote,  in  its  description  (Bui.  Buf.  Soc.  Nat.  Sci.,  ii,  p. 
196),  had  instituted  a  comparison  between  it  and  Zinckenii, 
under  which  name  X.  lambda  was  formerly  known. 

The  recent  examination  by  Dr.  Speyer  of  a  number  of  ex- 
amples of  X.  Thaxteri  has  confirmed  the  opinion  above 
expressed.  He  finds  it  to  "  correspond  with  the  European 
species  in  all  particulars  except  in  that  its  primaries  are  a 
little  broader,  and  its  secondaries  somewhat  more  excavated 
on  vein  5.  X.  lambda  had  heretofore  been  known  under  three 
varieties  ;  Zinckenii  Treits.,  rufescens  Men.,  and  somni- 
culosa  Hering.  Thaxteri  is  now  the  fourth  well  marked 
variety ;  in  its  sharp  markings,  it  resembles  Zinckenii  var., 
and  in  its  color,  rufescens  var." 

Hypena  humuli  Fitch. 

In  Harris'  Report  on  the  Insects  of  Massachusetts,  p.  345 
(Edition  of  1841),  the  author,  after  describing  some  caterpil- 
lars infesting  the  hop-vine,  says  of  the  moths  proceeding 
from  them,  that  "they  have  been  named  [by  him]  the  Hypena 
humuli,  on  the  supposition  that  they  are  distinct  from  the 
Hypena  rostralis  or  hop-vine  snout-moth  of  Europe." 

"  These  moths  are  readily  known  by  their  long,  wide,  and 
flattened  feelers,  which  are  held  close  together,  and  project 
horizontally  from  the  fore  part  of  the  head  in  the  manner  of 
a  snout.  The  antennae  in  both  sexes  are  naked  and  bristle- 
formed.  The  wings  vary  in  color,  being  sometimes  dusky  or 
blackish  brown,  and  sometimes  of  a  much  lighter  rusty  brown 
color.  The  fore- wings  are  marbled  with  gray  beyond  the 
middle,  and  have  a  distinct  oblique  gray  spot  on  the  tip  ;  they 
are  crossed  by  two  wavy  blackish  lines,  one  near  the  middle, 
and  the  other  near  the  outer  hind  margin ;.  these  lines  are 
formed  by  little  elevated  black  tufts,  and  there  are  also  two 
similar  tufts  on  the  middle  of  the  wing.  The  hind  wings  are 
dusky  brown  or  light  brown,  with  a  paler  fringe,  and  are 
without  bands  or  spots.  The  wings  expand  about  one  inch 
and  a  quarter." 

*  Stettiner  Entomologische  Zeitung,  for  1876,  page  203. 


240       THIRTIETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [128] 

The  above  description  is  inapplicable  to  the  Hypena 
Tiumuli  of  our  collections  ;  it  applies  fully  to  Hypena  scabra 
Linn.,  and  to  no  other  species  with  which  we  are  acquainted. 
In  H.  scabra,  the  fore-wings  are  marbled  with  gray  beyond 
the  middle"  —  in  H.  humuli,  not :  "the  two  wavy  blackish 
lines,  one  near  the  middle,  and  the  other  near  the  outer  hind 
margin,  are  formed  by  little  elevated  black  tufts  ;"  in  humuli 
these  lines  do  not  consist  of  elevated  scales  or  tufts,  even  in 
examples  just  emerged  from  pupae.  The  "  two  similar  tufts 
on  the  middle  of  the  wing  "  of  scabra,  are  replaced  in  humuli 
by  four.  Of  the  former  species,  "  the  wings  expand  one  inch 
and  a  quarter  ;"  of  the  latter,  no  specimen  of  large  numbers 
under  my  observation,  have  equaled  that  expanse. 

From  the  above  it  seems  evident  that  the  description  of 
Harris  was  drawn  from  examples  of  H.  scabra  before  him : 
from  the  general  resemblance  of  the  two  species,  scabra 
examples  may  have  accidentally  replaced  those  which  he  had 
reared  from  the  hop,  and  which  he  intended  to  describe. 

An  earlier  reference  to  the  species  is  made  by  Harris  in  his 
Catalogues  of  the  Animals  and  Plants  of  Massachusetts^ 
1835,  page  74,  where  it  is  included  among  the  Tineidse  as 
Crambus  humuli. 

The  description  of  "Hypena  humuli"  is  also  given  in 
the  subsequent  editions  of  Dr.  Harris1  Report.* 

In  1855,  in  the  Transactions  of  the  N.  T.  State  Agricul- 
tural Society,  vol.  xv,  pp.  555-558,  pi.  1  fig.,  1,  Dr.  Fitch 
describes  and  figures  the  moth  obtained  from  the  hop-vine 
larvae  as  the  Hypena  humuli  of  Harris,  in  the  event  of  its  not 
proving  identical  with  the  European  H.  rostralis  L.  This 
being  the  first  description  of  the  species,  the  name  of  Dr. 
Fitch  will  hereafter  have  to  be  associated  with  it.  The  above 
is  also  to  be  found  in  the  volume  of  the  First  and  Second 
Report  on  the  Noxious  Insects  of  New  York,  pp.  323-326,  pi.  1, 
fig.  1,  printed  in  1856. 

In  the  Annals  of  the  Jjyceum  of  Natural  History  of  New 
York,  ix,  p.  311  (1870),  Mr.  Colernan  T.  Robinson  describes  a 
form  as  Hypena  evanidalis.  This  form  proves  to  be  the  female 
of  H.  humuli  —  the  sexes  differing  so  much  that  for  a  long 
time  they  were  regarded  as  distinct  species. 

*  Insects  of  New  England  Injurious  to  Vegetation,  p.  373.  1852.  Insects  In- 
jurious to  Vegetation,  p.  477,  f.  273.  1862. 


[129]  NOTES  ON  SOME  LEPIDOPTERA.  241 

Depressaria  Le  Contella  Clem.,  etc. 

Through  some  misunderstanding,  the  captures  of  the  follow- 
ing named  species,  which  were  added  to  the  proof  of  the  short 
list  of  Microlepidoptera  given  on  p.  51  of  these  papers,  were 
omitted  in  the  printing  : 

Depressaria  Le  Contella  Clem Aug.  10 

Acrobasis  nebulo  ( Walsh) July     8 

Tortrix  furvana  Rob June  27 

Tortrix  limitata  Rob July   10 

Tortrix  Pettitana  Gr.-Rob July     1 

Sericoris  campestrana  Zeller June  19 

Ditula  blandana  Clem June  26 

The  following  species  of  New  York  Tortricidse  have  also 
been  taken  by  me,  at  the  date  stated,  but  were  not  captured 
at  sugar,  as  were  the  preceding  species.  With  a  few  excep- 
tions they  were  collected  at  Schoharie,  Schenectady  and  Cen- 
ter. Most  of  the  determinations  were  made  for  me  by  Prof. 
Fernald : 

Tortrix  gurgit^na  Rob July  14 

f urvidana  Clem July  15 

f umosa  Rob July  4 

discopunctana  Clem June  30 

incertana  Clem July  18 

laevigana  S.-  V. , June  15 

nigridia  Rob June  21 

puritana  Rob Aug.  5 

sulfureana  Clem Aug.  21 

Penthina  albeolana  Zell. June  18 

chionosema  Zell June  13 

nimbatana  Clem Aug.  18 

Steganoptycha  flavocellana  Clem Aug.  15 

Phoxopteris  mediofasciana  Clem May  16 

nubeculana  Clem June  10 

spiresefpliana  Clem June  13 

Psedisca  dorsisignatana  Clem , Sept.  14 

otiosana  Clem July  12 

Sericoris  coruscana  Clem June  12 

constellatana  Zell June  18 

Exartema  fasciatanum  Clem July  30 


242        THIRTIETH  REPOKT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [130] 


XXVII.    ON  SOME  SPECIES  OF  COSSUS. 


Cossus  reticulatus  n.  sp. 

Allied  to  C.robinicB  in  shape  of  wings  and  markings,  having 
the  stronger  scales  and  reticulated  ornamentation  of  that 
species,  in  which  it  differs  from  the  minute  and  -sparse  scales 
and  transverse  lines  of  C.  querciperda  and  C.  Centerensis. 

Primaries  reticulated  with  black  on  a  pale  ash  ground,  the 
wings  lighter  than  n  C.  robinice,  from  the  absence  of  the  con- 
spicuous intran^rvular  black  spots  and  streaks  which  charac- 
terise that  species,  and  are  well  represented  in  fig.  205,  p.  413, 
of  Harris'  Insects  Injurious  to  Vegetation.  In  this  species,  only 
between  the  internal,  submedian  and  1st  median  nervule 
(veins  la,  Ib,  and  2),  at  the  outer  third  of  the  wing,  do  the 
reticulations  coalesce  so  as  almost  to  form  spots.  In  the  ter- 
minal and  subterminal  portions  of  the  wing,  the  small  ash 
spots  (sometimes  ocellated  with  a  black  dot  or  line)  for  the 
greater  part  rest  upon  the  veins  ;  between  2  and  5,  there  are 
other  spots  intermediate  to  these  venular  ones  —  elsewhere, 
with  a  few  exceptions,  the  spots  are  venular,  forming  two  in- 
tranervular  rows.  The  costal  region  is  pale  ash,  traversed  by 
black  lines  rather  than  reticulated.  The  median  portion  of 
the  wing  is  imperfectly  reticulated.  The  terminal  margin, 
and  the  unicolorous  fringe  is  conspicuously  marked  with  a 
black  spot  on  each  vein. 

Secondaries  thinly  clothed  with  fuscous  hairs,  permitting 
the  reticulations  of  the  lower  surface  to  be  seen  in  transpar- 
ency, except  between  the  margin  and  costal  nerve,  where  it  is 
scaled  in  pale  ash  as  the  primaries.  Terminal  margin  and  the 
pale  fringe,  black  spotted  as  the  primaries. 

Beneath :  primaries  much  as  above,  with  these  differences  : 
There  is  an  accumulation  of  blackish  elongated  scales  in  the 
basilar  region,  in  the  interspaces  of  the  internal,  submedian 
and  median  nerves  ;  also  between  veins  2  and  3  at  their  origin, 


[131]  ON  SOME  SPECIES  OF  Cossus.  243 

and  a  triangular  spot  having  its  apex  •  on  the  costa  at  its 
outer  third.  Costa  with  about  fourteen  black  lines  between  the 
base  and  vein  12,  and  three  lines  between  veins  12  and  11,  of 
which  the  outer,  at  the  junction  of  vein  11  with  the  costa,  is 
broad  and  extends  inwardly  to  vein  10  ;  another  broad,  black 
costal  line  each  at  the  junction  of  veins  10  and  9  with  the 
costa  —  these  last  three  spots  (also  shown  on  the  upper  sur- 
face of  the  wings)  are  the  equivalents  of  the  three  anteapical 
costal  white  dots  of  many  of  the  Noctuidse,  designated  by 
Guenee  as  the  virgular  spots  (traits  virgulaires). 

Secondaries,  from  inner  margin  to  vein  1  b,  clothed  with 
fuscous  hairs  as  above  ;  thence  to  costal  margin  with  ash 
scales,  nearly  plain  between  Ib.  and  2  ;  reticulated  between 
the  median  nervules  (veins  2-5)  and  to  vein  7  as  on  the  prima- 
ries above ;  thence  to  costal  margin,  the  interspaces  barred 
by  black  lines,  of  which  about  eighteen  are  seen  on  the  mar- 
gin. A  fuscous  cloud  borders  the  median  nerve  from  the 
base  to  within  its  branches.  Thorax  above  and  beneath 
covered  with  pale  ash  scales.  Tibiae  and  tarsi  ash,  annulated 
with  black.  Abdomen  above,  apparently  (the  body  of  the 
example  is  much  greased)  concolbrous  with  the  secondaries 
above.  Antennae  black,  strongly  bipectinate,  like  those  in 
G.  robinice. 

Expanse  of  wings,   3.35  inches ;  length  of  body,  1.75  inch. 

Habitat,  etc.,  Texas,  Rio  Grande.  Described  from  one  fe- 
male, in  the  collection  of  Mr.  B.  Neumo3gen,  New  York  city 

Cossus  undosus  n.  sp. 

A  Cossus  was  taken  by  Mr.  S.  H.  Scudder,  at  Green  River 
Station,  Union  Pacific  Railroad,  Wyoming,  resting  on  a  "  cot- 
ton-wood" (Populus  balsamifera,  probably),  together  with  a 
pupa  case  projecting  from  the  same  trunk.  Through  the 
kindness  of  Mr.  Scudder,  these  have  been  placed  in  my  pos- 
session. The  moth  unfortunately  is  a  wreck,  in  no  condition 
for  accurate  description,  having  lost  its  antennae,  one-half  of 
one  pair  of  wings,  and  one-third  (the  apical  portion)  of  the  ' 
other. 

It  differs  from  any  of  our  known  species  in  markings  and 
sqnammation.  Both  pair  of  wings  in  their  ground  color  are  white, 
and  are  crossed  by  numerous,  narrow,  black,  transverse  lines. 
Of  these  the  most  prominent  one  crosses  the  outer  third  of 


244       THIKTTETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        []32] 

the  cell,  with  an  outward  inflection  from  the  costa  to  the  sub- 
costal nervure,  an  inward  inflection  in  the  cell  to  the  first 
median  nervule  which  it  follows  for  a  short  distance,  and 
thence  proceeds  in  a  double  curve  to  the  internal  margin. 
Another  black  line,  less  heavily  marked,  runs  irregularly 
from  the  costa  to  the  internal  margin,  passing  over  the  middle 
of  the  cell.  Between  the  stronger  transverse  lines  are  fainter 
ones,  which  sometimes  reticulate  with  the  former.  The  thorax, 
abdomen,  basal  and  internal  portion  of  the  hind  wings,  are 
thickly  clothed  with  pale  gray  hairs  or  elongated  scales : 
the  remaining  portion  of  the  hind  wings  (the  portion  preserved 
in  the  example)  is  as  thickly  scaled  as  the  primaries,  and  nearly 
as  distinctly  lined ;  beneath  they  are  stronger  lined  than  above. 
Palpi  barely  extending  beyond  the  eyes,  clothed  with  white 
scales  interspersed  with  narrow  black  ones.  Thorax  beneath, 
with  long  gray  hairs.  Legs  similarly  clothed,  with  their  tibiae 
and  tarsi  banded  with  black. 

Length  of  body,  with  extruded  ovipositor,  1.50  inch.  Ex- 
panse of  wings,  entire,  unknown ;  from  one  discal  cross-vein 
to  the  opposite,  1.85  inch. 

The  pupa-case  projecting  from  the  tree,  was  that  of  a  moth 
t  differing  in  sex  from  the  captured  example,  but  presumably  of 
the  same  species.  It  measures  1.40  in.  in  length  and  0.3  in. 
in  its  broadest  diameter.  Its  color  is  about  that  of  the  ?  of 
C.  robinice,  but  of  a  paler  brown  than  the  $  of  that  species. 
Its  terminal  segment  and  rows  of  teeth  on  the  segments  are 
darker  brown,  approaching  fuscous,  but  presenting  quite  a 
contrast  with  the  black  terminal  segment  and  wing-cases  of 
C.  Centerensis.  Its  armature  (transverse  rows  of  teeth)  is 
much  stronger  than  in  the  ?  C.  roMnice,  and  a  little  more  so 
than  in  the  $  .  It  is  stronger  than  in  C.  Centerensis  (in  which 
the  armature  is  nearly  equal  in  the  sexes),  having  the  teeth 
longer,  although  not  so  broad  at  their  base  :  on  the  8th,  9th  and 
10th  segments,  the  teeth  continue  quite  prominent  in  their  ex- 
tension below  the  stigmata,  where  in  C.  Centerensis  they  are 
weak. 

The  armature  of  the  pupa-cases  of  Cossus,  unquestionably 
presents  excellent  specific  characters.  From  its  study,  I  am 
able  to  announce  the  existence,  in  the  State  of  New  York,  of 
another  species  of  Cossus,  boring  in  the  white  birch  (Betula 
populifolia\  the  imago  of  which  has  not  yet  been  detected. 


[133]  ON  SOME  SPECIES  OF  Cossus.  245 

From  near  the  base  of  a  prostrate  birch  at  Center  which  had 
been  extensively  mined,  I  took,  in  1876,  a  pupa-case,  clearly 
differing  from  any  known  species.  Unfortunately  the  speci- 
men has  been  mislaid,  or  I  should  not  hesitate,  from  the  char- 
acters it  presented  to  describe  it  and  give  the  species  a  name. 
Other  trunks  of  birch  have  been  observed  by  me,  similarly 
mined,  and  evidently  by  the  same  Cossus. 

The  species  above  described  as  Cossus  undosus,  may  pos- 
sibly be  the  O.  populi  of  Walker  (Cat.  Lep.  Br.  Mus.,  vii,  p. 
1515),  from  Hudson's  Bay,  which  has  not  yet  been  identified. 
The  very  general  terms  in  which  its  brief  description  is  given, 
will  not  admit  of  its  separation  from  allied  forms,  and  unless 
the  type  is  preserved  in  the  British  Museum,  and  comparison 
be  made,  it  must  be  handed  over  to  the  long  list  of  undeter- 
mined and  indeterminable  species  of  Walker. 

It  cannot  be  the  Cossus  nanus  of  Strecker,  from  its  non-re- 
semblance to  Cossus  Hgniperdi)  which  C.  nanus  is  said  closely 
to  resemble*  ;  and  from  ^differing  markedly  from  a  Colorado 
example  of  a  $  Cossus  which  I  refer  to  the  $>  named  by  Mr. 
Strecker  but  unfortunately  accompanied  by  the  mention  of 
only  a  few  specific  features. 

Cossus  plagiatus  Walker. 

This  species,  briefly  indicated,  loc.  cit.,  p.  1515  (1856),  is 
another  unknown  species.  Mr.  Grote  in  his  List  of  the  North 
American  Platypterices,  Attaci,  etc.,  p.  8  (1874), f  refers  it  as 
a  synonym  of  Mac  Murtrei  (Boisd.),  Icon.  Regne  An.,  pi.  85, 
f.  2, —  marking  it,  however,  as  an  unrecognized  species.  It 
does  not  appear  why  this  reference  is  made,  and  we  may  pre- 
sume that  it  is  based  on  a  citation  of  Dr.  Packard,  in  his 
Synopsis  of  the  Bombycidce  of  the  United  States  £  where  un- 
der the  synonymy  of  Xyleutes  plagiatus,  he  quotes  from  the 
Systematic  List  of  Canadian  Lepidoptera  by  W.  S.  M.  D' Ur- 
ban, §  the  following  : 

*Cossus  nanus  n.  sp.— Expands  1£  inches.  Has  the  appearance  «f  a  minature 
Cossus  ligniperda,  is  gray,  of  lighter  and  darker  shades,  and  reticulated  with 
black  lines  which  are  most  noticeable  across  the  disk  and  on  the  terminal  part  of 
wing.  Secondaries  uniform  grayish.  Beneath  grayish,  faintly  reticulated.— Hab. 
Colorado.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1876.  p.  151. 

f  Read  before  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  Nov.  20th,  1874. 

j  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phila.,  vol.  iii,  p.  390.  1864. 

§Can.  Nat.  and  Geol.,  Aug.  1860,  p.  247 


246       THIRTIETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        []34] 

"  Cossusplagiatus  Walk.    Rare,  July. 

"  In  1857,  Mr.  T.  R.  Peale,  of  the  U.  S.  Patent  Office,  named 
this  species  Cossus  McMurtrici  [sic],  and  informed  me  that 
it  was  common  south  of  Pennsylvania,  but  rare  in  the  Middle 

States." 

Cossus  crepera  Harris. 

This  name  appears  in  Dr.  Harris'  Catalogues  of  Animals 
and  Plants  of  Massachusetts,  p.  72.  1835,  but  is  not  con- 
tinued in  his  subsequent  reports.  In  1839,  Doubleday,  having 
suspected  its  true  relationship,  writes  to  Dr.  Harris  of  this  spe- 
cies :  "  There  is  a  true  Cossus  with  mottled  upper  wings, 
and  yellow  under  wings,  black  at  the  base  and  inner  margin, 
— RobinicB  &  1 "  It  is  decribed  by  Dr.  Packard,  loc.  cit,,  p.  388, 
as  Xyleutes  crepera,  and  catalogued  by  Grote  in  his  List  above 
cited,  as  an  unrecognized  species,  under  the  new  generic  name 
proposed  by  him  of  Xystus.  It  is  now  known  to  be  but  the 
$  form  of  C.  robinice,  from  the  ?  of  which  it  differs  so  greatly 
in  the  angulated  form  of  its  posterior  wings  and  their  yellow 
color,  as  to  have  been  mistaken  for  another  species. 

« 

Cossus  querciperda  Fitch. 

The  species  described  under  this  name  by  Dr.  Packard,  loc. 
cit.,  p.  389,  is  not  the  one  so  named  and  briefly  described  by 
Dr.  Fitch,*  but  some  other  form  —  possibly  C.  Center  ensis.\ 
The  types  are  the  only  pair,  so  far  as  known,  in  existence,  and 
are  in  my  Collection.  A  male  and  female  were  taken  in  copu- 
lation, June  27,1857,  at  Schoharie,on  the  trunk  of  a  young  black 
oak  (Quercus  tinctoria),  -four  inches  in  diameter.  A  second 
male  was  taken  at  the  time,  from  the  same  tree,  a  short  dis- 
tance from  the  attached  pair.  One  of  these,  together  with  the 
female,  it  is  believed,  were  subsequently  given  to  Mr.  J.  W. 
Weidemeyer,  of  New  York,  with  other  duplicates  from  my  boxes, 
without  statement  of  their  rarity,  which  at  the  time  was  not 
known.  As  Mr.  Weidemeyer' s  Collection  is  no  longer  in  his 
hands,  the  examples  have  probably  been  destroyed. 

In  March  following  the  capture  of  the  above  examples,  two 
Cossus  larvae  were  found  in  burrows  in  some  pieces  of  black 

*  Trans.  N.  Y.  State  Agricul.  Soc.,vol.  xviii,  p.  790.  1859.  Fifth  Report  of  the 
Insects  of  New  York,  p.  10  (section  294  of  the  volume  of  the  Third,  Fpurth  and 
Fifth  Reports). 

f  Canadian  Entomologist,  vol.  ix,  p.  129.  1877. 


[135]  ON  SOME  SPECIES  OF  Cossus.  247 

oak  which  had  been  prepared  for  fuel.  They  were  both  frozen 
rigidly  when  discovered.  One  was  lying  in  a  cell,  in  its  burrow, 
formed  by  some  slight  threads  in  which  its  cuttings  had  been 
thinly  woven  above  and  below  it:  the  other  had  constructed 
a  cell  of  about  the  capacity  of  its  body,  branching  off  from  its 
main  burrow — its  entrance  closed  by  a  thin  wall  of  the  cuttings. 

The  smaller  of  the  two  larvae  measured  one  inch  and  a  half 
in  length.  It  was  of  a  pale  green  color,  with  a  darker  green 
dorsal  stripe,  bordered  faintly  with  yellow.  Head  flat,  sub- 
triangular,  dark  brown,  clouded  with  black.  First  segment 
with  two  brown  spots  extending  across  it,  narrowed  laterally, 
and  of  nearly  the  length  of  the  segment  medially,  where  they 
unite  to  inclose  on  the  dorsal  line  an  elongate-elliptical  green 
spot.  The  anterior  segments  are  flattened,  and  broader  than 
the  following,  which  gradually  diminish  in  breadth  toward 
the  posterior  end.  The  segments  are  marked  dorsally  with 
four  rose-colored  elevated  points  —  the  trapezoidal  spots  of 
Ghienee;  on  the  10th  and  llth  segments  they  form  a  square  : 
a  similar  spot  is  present  above  each  stigma,  a  smaller  one  be- 
low, and  another  in  front — each  of  these  bearing  a  short  brown 
hair.  The  stigmata  are  oval,  orange  color.ed,  centered  with 
dark  brown.  The  legs  are  tipped  with  chestnut  brown,  and 
the  prolegs  armed  with  brown  plantse. 

One  of  the  larvae  escaped  from  its  burrow  by  gnawing 
through  the  stick  of  wood  in  which  it  was  inclosed  and  its 
paper  box,  and  was  found  some  weeks  thereafter,  dead  within 
a  roll  of  clothing.  The  other  disclosed  a  perfect  imago  on  the 
29th  of  April— the  female  type  of  the  rare  C.  querciperda  of 
my  Collection.  The  larva  had  constructed  within  its  burrow 
a  very  slight  cocoon  of  delicate  silk.  The  long  ovipositor  of 
the  moth  was  a  marked  feature  of  it,  when  alive,  measuring 
in  its  full  extrusion,  three-tenths  of  an  inch.  It  displayed  a 
tenacity  of  life  remarkable  even  in  a  gravid  Bombycid,  as  it 
lived  for  twenty -four  hours  after  a  strong  solution  of  cyanide 
of  potassium  had  been  pricked  in  its  thorax. 

The  most  interesting  character  of  this  species  is  not  referred 
to  in  its  description,  viz. :  the  great  disparity  in  the  size  of  the 
sexes.  The  <$  measures  in  length  of  body  0.55  in.,  and  in 
expanse  of  wings,  1.23  in.  The  body  of  the  ?  ,  exclusive  of 
its  ovipositor,  is  1.25  in.  long,  and  the  expanse  of  wings  is 
2.62  in.  Their  comparative  weight  is  as  one  to  four,  even 


250       THIRTIETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        Q4Q] 


Page. 

Argynnis  Idalia. 118 

montinus 30 

Myrina 31 

Asopia  devialis 37 

farinalis 37,52,58 

squamealis 37 

Aspidiotus  concMformis 22 

Aspilates  Lintneraria 37 

Blatta  orientalis 22 

Bleptina  caradrinalis 36 

Boarmia  liumaria 36 

Boarmia  pampinaria 36 

Bombyx  dictsea 76 

Bombyx  tremula 76 

Bomolocha  abalienalis 48 

Botis  badipennis 38 

generosa 38 

hircinalis. 38 

marculenta 37 

plectilis 37 

subolivalis 38 

theseasalis 37 

Brepb.es  infans 90,  115-117 

Middendorfii 115 

notha 115 

Partbenias 115 

paella 115 

vidua 115 

Briopbila  lepidula 33 

Brotolomia  iris 34 

Cabera  erythemaria 36 

variolaria 36 

Callidryas  Eubule 53 

Callimorpba  militaris 32 

Calocampa  cineritia 120 

curvimacula . .  120 

nupera 120 

Caradrina  bilunata 120 

llanda... 90 

Callisto 89 

cubicularis 89,  91,  92 

fidicularia 35,  89-92 

leucoptera 90 

multifera 89,91 

quadripunctata 89 

segetum 89 

super stes 90 

Caripeta  divisaria 37 

Carpocapsa  pomonella 5,  22 

Carterocepbalus  argyrostigma 73 

Palsemon 71,  73 

Silvius 73 

Catocala  amatrix 48 

antinympba 48,  49 

Briseis 47,49,51 

cara 48,51 

cerogama 48 

Clintonii 48 

coccinata 119 

concumbens 48 

cratsegi 100, 102 

Epione 119 

flebilis..  ....  119 


Page. 

Catocala  fratercula 102 

gracilis 48,49 

•  habilis 48 

Ilia 35,  47 

Meskei 47 

minuta 120 

neogama 48,  51 

nuptula 48,  51 

parta 47,  50,  51 

polygama 35,  48,  100,  102 

prseciara 35,  102 

pjetiosa 48,  100-102 

Robinsoni 119 

eerena 48 

tristis 120 

ultronia 35,  47,  50,  51 

Catodaulis  Tethys 74 

Cecidomyia  destructor 22 

Cerura  aquilonaris 82,  83,  85 

bicuspis 85 

bifida 82 

borealis  83,  84,  86 

Candida 87 

cinerea 83,85,86 

furcula 83,84 

multiscripta 86,  87 

occidentalis  82 

scitiscripta 87,  88 

Chamyris  cerintba 47,  48 

Cliaradra  propinquilinea 120 

CMonobas  semidea 30 

Clioerocanipa  tersa 119 

Choerodes  transversata 36 

Chrysopbanus  Americana 32 

Tboe 32 

Cidaria  albolineata. 37,  40 

cunigerata 37,  39 

hersiliata 37,39 

Packardata 37,  39,  40,  113 

populata 113,  114 

testata 37 

truncata 37, 39 

Clanyma  angulalis 48 

Clisiocampa  Americana 33 

Ccelodasys  unicornis 33 

Colias  PMlodice 31 

Condylopeza  nigrinodis 51 

Conservula  anodonta 120 

Copaeodes  minima. ". 71 

Waco 71 

Coremia  designata.  4 . . . 37 

ferrugaria 37,39 

Cosmia  inf  umata 47,  49 

Cossus  Centerensis 132,  134,  136 

crepera 134 

ligniperda 133 

MacMurtrei 133 

nanus 133 

plagiatus 1 

populi 133 

querciperda 134 

reticulatus 130 

robinise 130,  132, 134 

undosus 131 

Crambodes  talidiformis 47 


[1411 


INDEX  TO  ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTEIBUTIONS. 


251 


Page. 

Crambus  girardellus 38 

praefectellus  . .  v 38 

Crioceris  asparagi. . .  .*. 22 

Crocigrapha  Normani 120 

Crocota  ferrugiuosa 33 

Ctenucha  virginica    32 

Cucullia  absynthii 99 

asteris 99 

asteroides 35,  99 

convexipennis 35 

intermedia 35,  99, 125 

laetifica 99 

lucifuga 125,126 

postera ' 35,  99 

Speyeri 98,  99 

Cyclopides  Morpheus 71,  73 

ornatus 73. 

SUviua 71 

Steropes 71,73 

Danais  Archippus.  .» 31,  53 

Daremma  undulosa 32 

Depressaria  atrodorsella 51 

Fernaldella 51 

Le  Contella 129 

pulvipurella 51 

Desmia  raaculalis 37 

Dianthoecia  lustralis 34,  40 

inodesta 120 

Dicranura  borealis 84 

Diphtliera  fallax 33,  120 

Diplosis  tritici 22 

Dipterygia  pinastri 46 

Ditula  blandana .  . .    38,  129 

Doryopliora  decemlineata 22 

Drasteria  erechtea .' 35,  47 

Dryobata  stigmata 120 

Dryopteris  rosea 33 

Ectobia  germanica ...     22 

Electro,  populata 114 

Ellopia  fiscellaria. 36 

Endropia   bilinearia 36 

effectaria 36 

serrata 36 

Ennomos  alniaria 36 

magnaria 36 

Ennychia  octomaculalis 37 

Ephestia  interpunctella 53 

Ephyra  pendulinaria 36 

Epizeuxis  aemulalis 35,  48 

americalis 36 

Erastria  albidula 35 

carneola 35,  47,  50 

muscosula 35 

nigritula 47 

sy  nochites 47 

Erebus  odora 53 

Eriopus  mollissima ' .     34 

Eucliaetes  Oregonensis 118 

Eucirroedia  pampina 35,  47 

Eudamus  Bathyllus 69,  72 

Cellus 72 

Epigena 69 

Lycidas 69,72,118 


Page. 

Eudamus  Orestes 69, 70 

Proteus 72 

Pylades 32,72 

Tityrus 69,  72 

Eufitchia  ribearia 37 

Eumacaria  brunnearia 36 

Euparthenos  nubilis 47 

Eupithecia  miserulata 4 ....     37 

Euplexia  lucipara.   . .    34,  46 

Eustrongylus  papillosus 11 

Exartema  fasciatanum 129 

permundanum 51 

Filaria  anbingae 11 

boae  constrictoris 13 

canis  cordis 13 

hominis  oris 12 

Mendinensis 12 

Galleria  cereana 22,  38 

Glaea  apiata 120 

pastillicans 120 

tremula 120 

venustula 120 

Gordius  aquaticus 14 

Gortyna  appassionata 120 

nebris 120 

nictitans 46,  51 

purpurifascia 120 

sera 46,  51 

Grapta  comma 31 

Faunus 31 

j-album 31 

Satyrus 121 

Habrosyne  scripta 44 

Hadena  adusta 14 

algeus 120 

apamiformis 34,  46 

arctica 34,  46,  49,  51 

arna 120 

devastatrix 34,  45,  49,  51 

Hillii 34,  40 

impulsa 34,  45 

lateritia 34 

leucoscelis 120 

lignicolor 34,  46,  49,  51 

loculata 34,45 

modica 34,  46 

sectilis 34,  46 

sputatrix 34,  45,  49,  51 

suffusca 46 

verbascoides 34.  46 

Haematopis  grataria 37 

Heliothis  armiger 52,  53 

Hesperia,   see    Pampbila,  Pyrgus, 

etc 73,74 

Heterophleps  triguttata 37 

Homohadena  badistriga 93 

Homoptera  benesignata 120 

Edusa 108,  109 

lunata 48,  108,  109 

obliqua 120 

Saundersii 108 

unilineata 120 


252        THIRTIETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        Q42] 


Page. 

Homoptera  Woodii 120 

Homopy  rails  tactus 35,  48,  50,  51 

Hydrcecia  sera 34 

Hypena  humuli 86,  48, 127 

scabra 128 

Hypocala  filicomis 106 

Hilli 103-107,  120* 

Pierreti 106 

Hyppa  xylinoides  34,  46,  50,  51 

Isosoma  hordei 25 

vitis 24-28 

Lapliygma  frugiperda 46 

Larentia  csesiata 37,  39,  40 

flanicinctata 40 

infrequentata, 40 

Leiocampa  dictcea 76 

Leptosia  concinnimacula 35 

Leucania  adonea 34,  46 

commoides 34,  46 

extranea 53 

Harvey  i 34 

lapidaria ,.34,46 

pallens 34,46 

pliragmitidicola 34, 46 

pseudargyria 46 

unipuncta 35,  46,  50,  53 

Limenitis  Arthemis 32, 38 

disippus 32 

Litliacodia  bellicula 35 

Lithomia  germana 120 

Litognatha  nubilifascia 36 

Lobophora  geminata 117 

Luperina  reniformis 46,  50 

ren.  v.  atra 46 

Lvcaena  comyntas 56 

Lotis 57 

Lucia ...55,56,121 

neglecta 32,  55,  56, 121 

pseudargiolus 55, 121 

Scudderii 57 

violacea 55,  122 

Lycomorpka  pholus 32 

Lygranthcecia  brevis 120 

Macaria  enotata 37 

granitata 37 

Mamestra  adjuncta 45 

albifusa 45 

assimilis 120 

chenopodii 45 

congermana 120 

Godelli 45 

imbrifera 34 

latex 45 

legitima 34 

lilacina 120 

lorea 34,45 

lubens 120 

nimbosa 34,  45 

olivacea 34,  45 

purpurissata 34 

renigera 34,  45,  49 

subjuncta 34,  45 


Page. 

Mamestra  trifolii 34 

vindemialjs 120 

Melanippe  basaliata 37 

tiuctuata 39,  40 

hastata 37,  39 

lacustrata 37 

ruficillata '. 37 

sociata 37 

Melitaea  Phaeton 31 

Mermis  acuminata 5-12 

albicans .7,  14 

Microccelia  diphteroides 33 

fragilis , 33 

obliterata 33 

Morrisonia  evicta 120 

vomerina 120 

Musca  domestica 13,  22 

Nadata  gibbosa 32 

Nematocampa  filamentaria 36 

Nematus  ventricosus 22 

Neonyinplia  Canthus 32 

Eurytris 32 

Nephelode's  minians 119 

violans 34,  46,  49, 1 19 

Nisoniades  Afranius 63 

Ausonius 63,  64 

Brizo 62,  63,64,  72 

funeralis 61,62 

Icelus 62,64,  72 

Juvenalis 65,  72 

Lucilius 67,  68, 72 

Martialis 60,  63, 64, 65,  72 

montanus 74 

Pacuvius 60 

Persius 60,  63,65,72 

Petronius 64 

Rutilius 64 

Tages 72,74 

tristis 61,  62,  63,  72 

Nolaphana  Zelleri 35 

Nomophila  hybridalis 53 

Notodonta  Calif ornica 76,  81 

dictgea 76-81 

tremula 76 

Odezia  albovittata 37 

Ophiusa  bistriaris 47 

Oporabia  cambricaria 37,  39,  40 

12-Hneata  37 

Orgyia  nova 32 

Orthodes  candens 46 

infirma 35,46 

Orthosia  euroa 120 

ferrugineoides 47,  50,  51,  96 

helva 47,50 

Psedisca  dorsosignata 129 

'  otiosana 129 

Palthis  angulalis 36 

Pamphila  .Etna 72,  73 

Ahaton 72 

Alcides 73 

bimacula 72 

Brettus 71 


[143]         INDEX  TO  ENTOMOLOGICAL  CONTRIBUTIONS.        253 


Page. 

Pamphila  Cernes 32.  72 

comma 71,  73 

conspicua 72 

Ulan  na 72 

Hobomok . .     71 

Huron 71 

luachus 73 

Iowa   72 

Leonardus 32,  71 

Manataaqua 72 

Massasoit 71 

Mathias 73 

Metacomet 32,  59,  72 

Metea    71 

Mystic 32,72 

nostrodamus 73 

ochracea 73 

Osceola 58 

Osyka 72 

Peckius 32,72 

Phylaeus 53,  71 

Sassacus 71 

Sylvanus 71,  73 

verna 72 

Vitellius 72 

Zabulon 32,71 

Zelleri 73 

Pangrapta  decoralis 35 

Pnpilio  species,   see 73,  74 

Papilio  Turnus 31 

Paraphia  subatomaria 36 

Parorgyia  Clintonii 32 

Pentliina  albeolana 129 

cliionosema 129 

nimbatana i29 

Perigea  luxa 46 

Phasiane  mellistrigata 37 

trifasciata 37 

Pheosia  rimosa 76 

Philampelus  labruscae 53 

vitis 53 

Philometra  longilabris  ............     36 

serraticornis 48 

Plilogophora  Iris 46 

periculosa 34 

v-brunneum 12Q 

Pholisora  (Catullus. 61,  72,  118 

Haylmrstii 72 

Phoxopteris  mediofasciana 129 

nubeculana 129 

spireaefoliana  129 

Phyciodes  Batesii 31,  118 

Nycteis 31 

tharos 31 

Pieris  oleracea 31,  67 

rapae.. 22,  31 

Piopliila  casei 22 

Placodes  cinereola 47 

Plagiomimicus  pityocliromus 47 

Plastenis  pleonectusa 35,  47 

Platliypena  scabra 48 

Plusia  aeroides 35 

ampla 35 

balluca 35 


Page. 

Plusia  bimaculata 35,  40 

epigaea 35,  40 

formosa 120 

mortuorum 35,  40 

precationis 35 

Putnami , 35,  90 

simplex 35 

u-aureum  . .    35t  40 

Plutella  cruciferarum 22,  53 

xylostella 53 

Polia  difFusilis 120 

Pseudaglossa  lubricalis 35,  48 

Pseudothyatira  cymatophoroides .  33,  44 

expultrix 33,  44, 50 

Pterophorus  leucodactylus 53 

Pyrameis  Atalanta 32 

Carye 53,  54 

huntera 32,53 

huntera  v.  lole 53 

Pyrgus  Alceae 72, 74 

Altli838B 72, 74 

Alth.  v.  Baeticus 74 

alveolus 72 

aliens 72 

andromedcB 72 

cacalicK 72 

carthami 72 

centaurece 72 

cribellum 74 

floccifera 74 

Inachus 73 

lavaterae 73,  74 

malvcB 72 

malvarum 72,  74 

montanus 74 

orbifer 72,  74 

phlomidis 74 

Poggei 74 

proto 72,  74 

Sao 72,74 

serratulcK 72 

Sertorius 72 

tessellata 72 

tessellum 74 

tess.  v.  Nomas 74 

Tethys 74 

Pyrrhia  angulata. 47 

Renia  Belfragei 36,  48 

centralis 48 

discoloralis 36 

Isevigata 48 

Rivula  propinqualis 36 

Satyrus  Alope ' 32 

Nephele 32 

Scelothrix  alveus 74 

alv.  v.  carlinae 74 

alv.  v.  cirsii 74 

alv.  v.  fritillum 74 

andromedse 74 

cacalise 74 

carthami 74 

centaureae , , , ,  ,  74 


254        THIRTIETH  REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  MUSEUM.        [144] 


Page. 

Scelothrix  cirsii 74 

cy  narae 74 

maculata 74 

malvae 74 

mal.  v.  malotis 74 

mal.  ab.  Taras 74 

serratulae 74 

ser.  v.  cgeca 74 

sid33 74 

Scoliopteryx  libatrix 47 

Scoparia  centurialis 38 

Scopelosoma  ceromatica 120 

devia 120 

Grsefiana 120 

tristigmata    120 

vinulenta 120 

Scotosia  undulata 37 

Segetia  fidicularia 89 

Sericoris  ceesialbana 38 

campestrana 129 

constellatana  . , 129 

coruscana 129 

Sesia  uniformis   32 

Sicya  truncataria 36 

Sitophilus  granarius 22 

Smerinthus  geminatus 32 

Spargania   maguoliata 37,  39,  40 

Sphinx  luscitiosa 118 

Spilosoma  latipennis 119 

textor 32 

Stegania  pustularia 36 

Steganoptycha  flavocellana 129 

Steropes  argyrostigma 73 

Synchlora  rubivoraria 36 

Syrichtus  androinedse 74 

Syrichtus  maculatus 74 

Taeniocampa  oviduca 35,  47 

Taeniosea  gentilis 35 

perbellis 35 

Tenebrio  molitor. 22 

Thamnonoma  brunneata 37,  39 

pinitaria 39 

Thanaos  Marloyi 74 

Thecla  strigosa 33 

Titus 32 

Thyatira  pudens 120 

scripta  ... 33 

Thymele  Epigena 69 

Thymelicus  Actaeon 71, 73 

Hyrax 73 

lineola 71,  73 

Thaumas 71, 73 

Tinea  pelionella 22 

tapetzella  ...  , 15,22 


Page. 

Tinea  vestianella 22 

zese 53 

Tortricodes  bifidalis 48..  110,  111 

indimsalis .110,  111 

Tortrix  cerasivorana 38 

discopunctana. 129 

f  umosa 129 

f  uryana ; 129 

furvidana 129 

gurgitana 129 

incertana 129 

Igevigana 129 

limitata 129 

nigridia 129 

puritana 129 

Pettitana - 129 

rosaceana 51 

sulf  ureana 129 

Tmetocera  ocellana 51 

Vanessa  Antiopa 31 

Milbertii 31 

Xanthia  togata 120 

Xylina  Baileyi 120 

Bethunei 47,  50,  51 

capax 120 

cinerea 47 

conformis 96 

disposita 47,  51 

fagina 116 

ferrealis 47,49,  120 

Georgii 120 

laticinerea 47,  50,  51,  97 

lepida 95,  120 

petulca 47,51 

pexata 47,  49,  120 

querquera 120 

semiusta 120 

signosa 120 

tepida 120 

Thaxteti 95,  120 

unimoda 96,  120 

lambda  v.  rufescens 127 

lambda  v.  sonmiculosa 127 

lambda  v.  Thaxteri 127 

lambda  v.  Zinckenii 127 

Xylomyges  tabulata 120 

Xyleutes  crepera 134 

plagiatus i 133 

Xystus  crepera 134 

Zanclognatlia  laevigata 36 

marcidilinea 36,  48 

ochreipennis 36 


APPENDIX   SS.  1843 

SKCTION  1. 
ORTHOPTERA. 

BY  PROF.  CYRUS  THOMAS. 
Letter  of  tratiamltlal. 

WASHINGTON,  July  8,  1878. 

DKAR  SIR:  The  collection  of  <)rtlt<>i>t(>ni  which  you  have  submitted  to  me  for  exam- 
ination and  determination,  although  small,  is  quit*'  interesting  and  valuable,  and  will 
aid  the  United  States  Entomological  Commission  in  fixing  the  southern  limit  of  the 
range  of  Caloptenns  ftpratiix. 

Although  containing  nothing  positively  new  to  science,  it  is  of  great  importance  in 
determining  the  range  of  species,  color,  &c. ;  its  chief  value  consisting  in  showing  the 
characteristics  of  the-orthopteral  fauna  of  the  region  in  which  the  collection  was 
made,  Northern  and  Northwestern  New  Mexico  and  Southern  Colorado.  I  think  I 
could  locate  the  collection  from  the  specimens  alone. 

From  its  examination  one  tact  appears  to  be  brought  out,'  viz,  that  as  we  move 
south  along  the  Rocky  Mountain  range,  especially  after  passing  south  and  beyond  South 
Park,  in  Colorado,  the  effect  of  the  altitude  on  the  specimens  becomes  less  marked. 

From  the  list  of  species  given  in  the  annexed  report,  it  will  be  seen  that  no  specimens 
of  Caloptenus  apretus  were  captured,  from  which  I  infer  that  the  section  visited  was 
entirely  free  from  this  pest.  As  the  species  was  abundant  from  British  America  to 
Texas  during  the  season  tjie  collection  was  made,  we  may  reasonably  conclude — what 
1  have  long  suspected  to  be  the  case — that  its  southern  limit  along  the  east  flank 
of  the  mountain  is  about  the  southern  line  of  Colorado. 

I  am  a  little  surprised  at  rinding  no  specimens  of  Tropidolophus  formosus  in  the  col- 
lection. I  am  inclined  now  to  believe  this  species  has  a  very  limited  range. 

Want  of  time  has  prevented  me  from  studying  the  collection  with  the  care  I  would 
like  to.  The  following  report  is  herewith  forwarded  to  you  for  such  use  as  you  may 
desire  to  make  of  it. 

Yours,  very  respectfully, 

CYRUS  THOMAS. 

Lieut.  C.  A.  H.  McCAULKY,  IT.  S.  A., 

I'\ni  Ltmvenwortk,  Kans. 


REPORT. 


ACKIDID./E. 
TRUXALINI. 

1.  OXYCORYPHl  S  OCCIPITALIS,  TllOS. 

Syn. — Stenobnthrus  occipitalis,  Thos.,  Syn.  Acrid.  X.  Am.  81. 

One  female  in  color,  hind  femora  wanting.  From  this  specimen  I  am  able  to  add" 
the  following  to  the  original  description:  Head,  antenme,  and  lower  margin  of  the 
pronotum  dull  ashy-purple  color;  a  green  stripe  on  each  side,  starting  at  the  eye,  ex- 
tends-backward  along  the  upper  part  of  the  side  of  the  pronotum  and  the  lower  margin 
of  the  elytron  to  about  the  middle  of  the  latter.  In  this  specimen  the  discal  dots  are 
fused  into  a  median  dark  stripe.  The  disk  of  the  pronotum  rusty-yellow.  (No.  86.)* 

2.  STEXOBOTHRUS  COLORADUS,  Thos. 

This  species  is  so  well  marked  that  it  is  easy  to  distinguish  it  even  in  the  pupa  state. 
The  dark  lateral  lines  are,  in  this  pupa,  shining  black,  and  can  be  traced  upon  the 
disk  of  the  reversed  wing-pads;  there  is  a  dark  line  margined  each  side  by  yellow, 
running  from  the  lower  end  of  the  eye  along  the  lower  margin  of  the  pronotum;  the 
rest  of  the  head  and  pronotum  dull  yellow.  (No.  1.)  One  pupa,  dry.  (No.  6.) 

NOTE. — The  appended  statement  l>y  Lieutenant  MK.'auley  will  explain  these  figiuvs. 


1844  REPORT    OF    THE    CHIEF    OF    ENGINEERS. 

3.  STENOBOTHRUS  CURTIPENXIS,  Harr. 

Syn. — Locusta  curtipennis,  Harr.,  Cat.  Ins.  Mass.  56. 
Chloealtis  curtipennis,  Harr.,  Rep.  3d  ed.  184. 
Stenobothrus  longipennis,  Scudd.,  Boat.  Jour.  Nat.  Hist.  1862,  vol.  vii,  457. 

At  various  points. 

4.  STENOBOTHRUS  MACULIPEXNIS,  (No.  86. ) 

(EDIPODINI. 

5.  TRAGOCEPHALA  VIRIDIFASCIATA,  Harr. 

In  the  Rio  Conejos  Valley  numbers  were  observed. 

6.  TRAGOCEPHALA  PACIFICA  ?,  Thos. 

Tragocephala pacified,  Thos.,  Syn.  Acrid.  N.  Am.  161. 

From  camps  along  the  Rio  Conejos  and  Rio  Chama,  July,  1877.  Elevations  7,000  to 
9, 000  feet;  abundant.  9  probably  viridifaaciata,  but  possibly  jpaci^ca,  as  the  disk  of 
the  pronotum  is  distinctly  granulated;  the  median  carina  in  the  foveola  of  the  vertex 
is  distinct,  extending  into  the  sulcus  of  the  frontal  costa.  No.  10,  98-109  inclusive. 

7.  TOMONOTUS  SULPHUREUS,    £  . 

Colors  very  strong  (the  dark  portion  of  the  wings  apparently  larger  in  proportion 
to  the  yellow  than  usual?).  63-65;  64  9 . 

8.  TOMONOTUS  TENEBROSUS,  Scudd.,  <£. 

Syn. — (Edipoda  tenebrosa,  Scudd.,  Hayden's  Geol.  Surv.  Neb.  251 

Tomonotus  pseudo-neietanuj,  Thos.,  Proc.  Acad  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1870,  80. 

Tomonotus  tenebrosw,  Thos.,  Syn.  Acrid.  N.  Am.  107. 

Arphia  sanguinaria?,  Stal,  Kecen.  Orth.  119. 

Arphia  tenebrosa,  Scudd.,  Bui.  TJ.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  1876. 

Arphia  simplex?,  Scudd.,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat  Hist,  xvii,  1874,  5. 

Arphia  conspersa?,  Scudd.,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  xvii,  1874,  5. 

Arphia  luteola?,  Scudd.,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  xvii,  1874,  5. 

There  is  really  but  little  difference  between  this  species  and  T.  sulplnirea  except  the 
color  of  the"  wings,  and  T.  carinata  of  Scudder  appears  to  form  a  connecting  link.  66. 
(95-60  &  77-57 9.)  (81  <?.) 

9.  ARPHIA  NEGLECTA. 

Syn.— (Edipoda  neglecta,  Thos.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1870,  276. 

Arphia  neglecta,  Scudd.,  Bui.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  1871,  46.     (No.  12.) 

10.  ClRCOTETTIX  UNDULATA. 

Syn.— (Edipoda  undulata,  Thos.,  Geol.  Surv.  Terr.  1871,  46.     (Nos.  62  &73.) 

11.  MESTOBREGMA  PLATTEI,  1? , 

Syn.— (Edipoda  plattei,  Thos.,  Syn.  Acrid.  123 

The  specimens  being  in  c"olor  show  the  wings  to  be  a  bright  yellow  at  the  base ;  the 
dash-band  is  very  distinct  black,  and  occupying  about  |  of  the  length  of  the  wings. 

12.  MESTOBREGMA  KIOWA,  Thos.,-<?. 

Syn.— (Edipoda  Kioiva,  Thos.,  Geol.  Surv.  Terr.  1871,  461. 

Psinidia  Kiowa,  Thos.,  U.  S.  Geog.  Surv.  West  100th  Merid.  vol.  iv,  885. 

Two  or  three  specimens.  These  specimens  enable  me  to  make  the  following  addition 
to  the  description  as  given  in  my  ' '  Synopsis  of  North  American  Acrididae. "  The  median 
carina  of  the  pronotum  may  properly  be  described  as  somewhat  prominent,  the  wings 
pale  lemon-yellow  at  the  immediate  "base,  the  remaining  portion  of  the  wings  being 
transparent  with  dark  nerves  and  nervules.  It  would  probably  have  been  better  to 
have  made  the  specific  nameplatteana,  (No.  72. )  Do.  9  • — Usually  a  broad  flesh-colored 
band  extends  obliquely  across  the  face  from  the  middle  of  the  clypeus  upward  and 
backward  across  the  cheek  toward  the  occiput.  A  black  stripe  runs  obliquely  down- 
ward and  forward  from  the  lower  and  hinder  margin  of  each  eye  to  the  middle  of  the 
lower  part  of  the  face,  where  those  from  the  opposite  sides  meet.  The  vertex  above  this 
is  a  dull  flesh-color.  88-58.  Do.  9,  (84-57),  (93-59). 

13.  SPHARANGEMON  COLLARE,  Scudd. 

Syn.— (Edipoda  collaris,  Scndd.  Hayden's  Geol.  Surv.  Neb.  250. 

Spharangemon  collar -e,  Scudd.,  Proc.  Bost.  Nat.  Hist,  xvii,  1874,  5. 


APPENDIX    S  S.  1845 

14.  (EDIPODA  CAROLINA,  (7),  (96-60),  (96-74). 

15.  HlPPISCUS   CORALLIPES,  Hald.,    $. 
Syn. — (Edipoda  corallipes,  Thos.,  Syn.  Acrid. 

Rather  small  specimens.  One  specimen  that  approaches  somewhat  near  to  (E.  mon- 
tana.  (12.)  Do.  f  ?.—  Badly  damaged  (16,  47). 

ACRIDINI. 

16.  PEZOTETTIX  DODGEI,  Thos. 

Syn.— Caloptenus  Dodgei,  Thos.,  Can.  Ent.  1871,  168. 

Several  specimens,  males  and  females,  some  of  which  approach  so  near  to  my  Fez. 
unieolor  that  it  is  impossible  to  distinguish  the  two.  (Nos.  20,  46, 48, 35, 24,  &c.) 

17.  PEZOTETTIX  ALBA,  Dodge. 

The  only  specimen  in  the  collection  is  without  antenna?  or  posterior  legs,  and  varies 
somewhat  from  Mr.  Dodge's  description,  yet  I  am  satisfied  belongs  to  that  species.  It 
is  of  an  ashy-green  color,  and  the  stripe  on  the  side  of  the  pronotum  is  black.  (79.) 

18.  HESPEROTETTIX  VIRIDIS,  Thos. 

Syn.— Caloptenus  viridis,  Thos.,  Geol.  Surv.  Terr.  1871,  450. 
Ommatolampis  viridis,  Thos.,  Synop.  156. 

This  varies  from  the  original  description  in  being  very  short-winged,  the  elytra  not 
more  than  one-third  the  abdomen. 

19.  CALOPTENUS  FEMUR-RUBRUM,  De  Geer. 

Specimens  vary  somewhat  from  the  type  in  the  marking  of  the  elytra,  and  the  slight 
variation  of  the  cerci  of  the  male.  (No.  92. ) 

20.  CALOPTENUS  ATLANIS,  Riley.     (69.) 

21.  CALOPTEXUS  OCCIDENTALS,  Thos.     (90.) 

22.  CALOPTENUS  BIVITTATUS,  Say. 

A  number  of  specimens  from  different  sections,  some  of  more  than  ordinary  size  and 
others  are  unusually  small. 

LOCUSTITLE. 

23.  SCUDDERIA  CURVICAUDA,  De  Geer. 

One  specimen  from  Camp  55,  female.     (No.  75.) 

24.  ANABRUS  PURPURASCENS,  Uhler. 

A  number  of  specimens,  mostly  females,  from  various  sections ;  some  of  these  so 
closely  resemble  A.  simplex  that  were  it  not  for  the  locality  I  should  place  them  in  that 
species.  (Nos.  110-108  and  120-122.) 

25.  ANABRUS  COLORADUS,  Thos. 

A  very  distinctly  marked  specimen.     (From  Lot  11.)    No.  119. 


1846 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  ENGINEERS. 


» i  i ;  ;ti  <  >  K  A  \  i »  \  . 


ENTOMOLOGY. 

Special  collection. 

ORTHOPTERA. 

(Dry  and  in  alcohol.) 

Made  during  the  San  Juan  reconnaissance  in  Southwestern  Colorado  and  Northern 

New  Mexico. 

1877. 
Lieut.  C.  A.  H.  McCAULEV,  Third  Artillery,  in  charge. 


Nos. 

Collector. 

Date. 

Locality. 

Elevation. 

Remarks. 

1-12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17-22 
23-48 

49-61 

62-64 
65 

66 
67-69 

70-72 
73-74 
75 
76 
77-86 
87-92 

93-94 
95-97 

McCauley. 
.,..do  
....do  
....do  
....do  
....do  
....do  

....do  

...  .do  
....do  

....do  
....do  

....do  
....do  
....do  
....do  
....do  
....do..... 

....do  
....do  

July  22 
July  27 
Aug.    7 
Aug.  14 
Aug.  29 
Aug.  31 
Sept.  1-3 

Sept.    4 

Sept.  12 
Sept.    3 

Aug.  20 
Aug.  23 

Aug.  25 
Aug.  27 
Sept.  11 
Sept.  14 
Sept.  15 
Sept.  16 

Sept.  17 
Sept.  18 

Pagosa  Hot  Springs,  San  Juan 
River,  Colorado. 
Weeminuche  Creek,  tributary 
to  Rio  Piedra,  Colorado.  • 
Lower  Rio  Blanco,  Colorado, 
near  wagon-road. 
Upper  part  Rio  Blanco,  Colo- 
rado. 
Upper  part  of  Rio  de  los  Pinos, 
Colorado. 
Valley  Vallecito  Creek,  above 
its  mouth. 
Upper  part  of  Vallecito  Creek, 
Colorado,  between  camps  51 
and  52. 
Near  Lake  Columbine,  above 
or  near  headwaters  of  West 
Fork  of  Vallecito  Cr'k,  in  the 
Needle  of  Quartzite  Moun- 
tains, Colorado. 
Rio  Florida,  Colorado,  cross- 
ing of  upper  wagon-road. 
"West  Fork  of  Vallecito  Creek, 
Colorado,  upper  part. 

7,084  feet  

Needle  or  Quartz- 
ite  Mountains, 
Colorado,  upper 
regions. 

Above  12,  000  feet.. 

Rio  Piedra,  Colorado,  at  bridge 
on  upper  road. 
Rio  de   los   Pinos,   Colorado, 
camp  at  bridge  on  upper  road. 
Park  on  Rio  de  los  Pinos,  Col- 
orado, at  mouth  of  Vallecito. 
Rio  Florida,  Colorada,  camp  55, 
at  upper  -road  crossing. 
Canon,  upper  waters  Rio  Blan- 
co, Colorado. 
Camp  57,  on  the  Lower  Florida, 
Colorado. 
Camp  58,  on  Rio  de  las  Animas, 
Colorado,  near  mouth  of  the 
Florida. 
Lower  Rio  de  las  Animas,  New 
Mexico,  near  mouth. 
Camp  60,  Rio  de  las  Animas, 
Colorado,  near  camp  58. 

NOTE,— The  above  specimens  are  all  dry. 

SPECIMENS  IN  ALCOHOL. 


98-109 
110  119 

McCauley. 
do 

July.... 
July  and 

Camps  along  the  Rio  Conejos 
and  Rio  Chama,  all  in  Colo- 
rado. 
Pa°'osa  Springs  Colorado  

7,  000  to  9,  000  feet.. 
7  084  feet  

Numbers  also  in  the 

120-122 

....do  

August. 

Aug.  25 
to 
Sept.    6 

Along  Rio  de  los  Pinos  and 
Vallecito,  Colorado. 

7,  000  to  9,  000  feet.. 

valleys  of  the  San 
Juan  and  Navaio, 
7,000  to  10,000  ft. 

APPENDIX    SS.  1847 

NOTKS  OX  THK  OUTUi  H'TKllA. 
Pagosa  Springs. 
No.  7.  This  species  of  the  Acrydii  \v;is  iiliuii<l:i]il  on  sonic  of  the  grassy  liottoin-liiiuts  along  1  lie  rivers 


"No.  1.   Xumerous  at  and  about  Pagosa  Springs. 
Nos.  2.  I!.  4.  .">,  and  ti.  Same. 


in  parts  of  July  and  August,  and  was  particularly  useful  in  supplying  the  morning  table,  being  highly 
pri/,ed  by  the  large-sized  speckled  trout  (»V.  fontinalis)  of  the  rivers.  It  is  peculiarly  aggravating  to  a. 
lover  ol'  sport  to  find  that  his  tine  Scotch  or  Kuglish  tlies  are,  for  a  few  \\ceUs  of  the  season  at  least,  hut 
of  little  value,  and  that  the  ordinary  "cattle  boy"  can  have  almost  as  good  "luck"  with  sometimes  a 
manufactured  hook  and  home-made  appliances,  capturing  his  bait  near  the  river-bank,  as  he  with  his 
imported  and  costly  rods  and  fishing-tackle.  With  the  passage  of  the  hottest  summer  days,  the  trout 
lose  their  liking  therefor,  and  artificial  flies,  as  a  novelty,  can  be  strongly  brought  into  play  with  general 
good  results. 

Nos.  8,  9,  10,  11,  and  12.  Same  note  as  to  No.  1. 

No.  lf>.  Numerous  in  the  valley  of  this  and  the  Xavajo,  and  also  on  "Weeminuche  Creek,  a  large  trib- 
utary of  the  Piedra.  They  were  more  frequently  observed  in  the  early  morning  than  at  any  other  time. 
As  we  rode  along  the  trail,  through  the  high-grassed  valley,  with  the  morning  sun  scarcely  over  the 
mountain  tops,  they  could  be  seen  upon  every  side,  dropping  on  the  approach  of  the  train  from  their 
look-out  stations  upon  a  blade  of  urass. 

No.  ](i.  Numbers  observed.  Altitude.  9,000  feet.  All  the  large  trout  ($.  fontinalis)  were  at  this  time 
in  this  altitude  or  vicinity,  being  taken  plentifully  every  evening,  and  all  of  good  size,  with  this  and 
other  large  orthoptera  as  a  bait.  1.200  feet  down,  near  Camp  4.3,  all  trout  were  small. 

Nos.  17  and  18.  Plentiful. 


No.  19.  Species  similar  to  No.  16.     Lost  in  transit. 
Xo.  20.   Very  numerous  in  this  va 


i-ry  numerous  in  this  valley. 

No.  21.  Specimen  similar  to  Xo.  20.    Lost  in  transit. 

No.  23.  Same  as  No.  20. 

No.  24.  Same  as  No.  20. 

Nos.  23-48.  Were  taken  along  a  stream  tributary  to  the  Vallecito,  at  an  altitude  of  10,000  feet.  The 
region  was  a  mass  of  quartzite  rocks,  strewn  everywhere  along  the  track  of  the  water,  rip  which  we  had 
to  hug  our  way  to  find  a  foothold,  cutting  the  trail  as  we  went.  Coming  upon  a  small  patch  of  high 
grass  on  a  "  bench"  by  the  river,  an  isolated  spot  amid  rocks  and  fallen  timber,  the  place  was  so  covered 
with  almost  a  cloud  of  orthoptera  that  it  was  a  subject  of  remark  by  every  one. 

Nos.  49-61.  These  specimens  were  taken  on  top  slopes  and  grassy  places  of  the  crags  above  Camp  52, 
the  highest  camping  place  but  one  occupied  during  the  entire  trip.  They  are  interesting  from  the  fact 
of  their  occupying  an  altitude  of  over  12,000  feet,  and  some  nearly  or  quite  13,000  feet.  This  was  a  con- 
siderable height  above  timber-line  and  in  the  region  of  the  strictly  Alpine  flora. 

No.  64.  None  of  these  were  taken  in  the  lofty  elevations  where  were  those  numbered  49-61. 

No.  67.  Frequently  seen  in  this  vicinity. 

No.  74.  Seen  often  during  marches  along  the  Rio  de  los  Pinos  and  Rio  Florida. 

No.  75.  Observed  also  along  the  San  Juan  and  Los  Pinos  Rivers. 

No.  76.  This  specimen  was  similar  to  No.  74.    Lost  in  transit. 

No.  77.  Plentiful  in  bottom-land  near  the  River  Rio  Grande. 

No.  79.  Numerous  on  plain  or  mesa  bench  above  the  River  Florida,  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  water. 

Nos.  80,  81,  82,  and  83.  Same  remarks  as  above. 

No.  86.  More  observed  here  than  at  any  other  point  along  the  river. 

No.  87.  Abundant  in  the  most  fertile  idealities  along  this  river  and  others  traversed  during  the  last 
month,  as  the  Rio  Piedra,  I)e  los  Pinos,  &c.  The  peculiar  color  of  the  wings  of  this  species  of  the  Acry- 
dii makes  it  easily  distinguishable  and  perhaps  more  readily  observed  on  the  march  than  any  other. 

No.  97.  Very  numerous  in  the  bottom-lands  along  this  part  of  the  river  valley. 

SKCTIOX  ii. 

I,EPIJ>OPTERA. 

BY  PROF.  HERMAN  STRKCKKR. 
Letter  of  transm'ittal. 

BEADING,  PA.,  August  9,  1878. 

SIR  :  I  transmit  herewith  a  classified  list  of  the  Hymenoptera,  Lepidopiera,  and  Coleop- 
tera  collected  by  you  in  Southwestern  Colorado  and  the  adjoining  border  of  New- 
Mexico  during  the  San  Juan  reconnaissance  made  under  your  charge  in  1877.  With 
a  few  exceptions,  which  I  have  designated,  the  examples  are  all  from  Colorado. 

A  few  reptiles  were  sent  to  me  along  with  the  collection  of  insects,  these  I  have 
identified  and  classified  at  the  end  of  this  paper. 

The  collection  of  Lepidoptera  is  very  rich,  including  a  number  of  rare  and  new  species ; 
prominent  among  the  former  are  the  aberrant  $  examples  of  Argynnis  Nokomis,  the 
beautiful  Melitcea  Alma,  the  second  known  example,  and  Hemileuca  Juno,  the  only  exam- 
ples of  which  previously  known  were  taken  by  Dr.  Palmer  on  the  borders  of  Arizona, 
and  are  now  in  the  museum  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture. 

The  Heteroceres  were  rich  in  new  species,  there  being  no  less  than  eleven,  most 
of  them  being  more  or  less  conspicuous  for  beauty,  these  I  have  figured  on  the  accom- 
panying plates;  prominent  among  them  is  the  superb  Ctcnucha  Sanyuinaria,  the  most 
splendid  of  its  genus  yet  found  in  North  America. 

Among  the  Coleoptera  are  some  rare  species,  but  none  new. 

In  the  Hymenoptera  are  several  rare  and  one  new  species,  the  latter  a  Smicra,  which  I 
have  herein  described. 

For  aid  in  determining  the  Hymcnoptem  I  give  thanks  to  Mr.  Chas.  A.  Blake  and  E. 
T.  Cresson,  for  the  Coleoptera  to  Mr.  A.  S.  Fuller,  and  for  the  Eeptilia  to  Mr.  John  Ryder. 
Very  respectfully,  yours,  truly, 

HERMAN  STRECKER. 
Lieut.  CIIAS.  A.  H.  MCCAULEY,  U.  S.  A., 

In  charye  of  the  San  Juan  Reconnaissance,  Fort  Lcarcmcortli,  Kans, 


1848 


REPORT   OF   THE    CHIEF   OF   ENGINEERS. 


KEPOKT. 


HYMENOPTERA. 

TENTHREDINID^E  . 
UROCERUS. 


Urocerus  Flavicornis,  Fab.  $  . 
(Sirex  Bizonatus  Steph.) 


Apatlms  Elatus  Fab.  $.. 

Bonibus  Fervidus  Fab.  $   $  var. 
JBombus  Ternarius  Say. 

Megachile  Bucephala  Smith. 
Melissodes  Trifasciata  Cress. 
Anthidium  Formosum  Cress. 

Vespa  Occidentalis  Cress. 
Polistes  Sulpliurea  Sauss. 

Pompilus  ^Elhiops  Cress. 
Ichneumon  Longulus  Cress., 


OpMon  Purgatus  Say. 
Ophion  BiUneatus  Say. 


Tliyreopus  Vicinm  Smith, 


Smicra  Bimaculata,  n.  sp. 


APIDJE. 

APATHUS. 

BOMBUS. 

MEGACHILE. 

MELISSODES. 
ANTHIDIUM. 

YESPID^E. 
VESPA. 

POLISTES. 

POMPILID^. 

POMPILUS. 


ICHNEUMON. 
OPHION. 

THYREOPUS. 

CHALCIDID^E. 

SMICRA. 


Black;  face  prolonged  beneath  eyes,  closely  punctured,  on  each  side  at  base  of  an- 
tennae a  subtriangular,  lemon-yellow  spot;  mandibles  castaneous  at  tips;  scape  of 


APPENDIX    SS.  1849 

antennae  black,  finely  punctured  (nagellnm  broken  on").  Prothorax  with  a  minute 
dorsal  carina,  on  each  side  of  which  is  a  yellowish-brown  spot;  nieso-  and  in<-t;i- 
thorax  coarsely  punctured,  sparsely  clothed  with  whitish  pubescence;  trgub'  dark 
honey-yellow.  Wings  yellowish  hyaline,,  siib-irideseent.  Four  anterior  legs  blackish 
externally,  honey-yellow  deepening  to  castaneons  within;  tarsi  yellowish-brown. 
Posterior  coxad  black;  femora,  lemon-yellow,  with  an  ovate  castaneons  stain  at  mid- 
dle; femoral  teeth  nine  in  number,  tipped  -\vith  black;  tibia1  blackish,  with  a  yellow 
spot  on  each  side  near  base;  tarsi  pale  brown.  Abdomen  snb-globose,  shining,  cas- 
taneons, paler  above  on  tirst  segment;  petiole  long,  lemon-yellow,  with  a  lateral 
castaneons  streak  extending  to  middle.  Length  6|  mm.  Ilab.  Colorado. 

FOKMICIDJE. 

FORMICA. 
Formica  Fenn*ylr<urica  De  Geer,  $  %  . 

RHOPALOCERA. 
Family  PAPILIOXID^. 

Genus  PAPILIO  Linn. 
Papilio  Daunus. 

Papilio  DaunuK.  BOISDUVAL,  Species  Gen.  des  Lepidtipteres.  i,  p.  342  (1836). — RIDINGS  Proc. 
Ent,  Soe,  Phila.  i,  p.  278.  fisr.  2  (1862).— STKKCKEU,  Lep.  Rkop.-Het.  i,  p.  45,  t.  vi,  1873.— ED- 
WAHDS  (\V.  H.),  Butt.  X.  Am.  ii,  t.  2,  Papilio  (1874). 

Three  males  taken  August  17  near  the  Rio  de  los  Pinos  present  no  difference  from 
those  found  in  other  parts  of  Colorado  and  New  Mexico,  which  are  smaller  than  those 
from  Mexico  and  Central  America. 

It  is  easily  distinguished  from  its  near  allies  Rn-fuliis,  Turmix,  and  Eurymedon  by  the 
narrowness  of  the  black  bands  of  wings  and  by  the  three  tails  to  primaries. 

Papilio  Rutulus. 

Papilio  Itutulus.  BOISDUVAL,  Annales  tie  la  Societe  Entomologique  de-France,  x,  2e  aerie,  p. 
279  (1852).— MORRIS,  Syii.  Lep.  N.  Am.  p.  3  (1862).— EDWARDS  (Hy.j,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  JS'ut. 
Sci.  v,  p.  161  (1873).  ' 

One  male,  much  worn,  taken  July  27  at  Weerninuche  Creek,  head  of  Tule  Valley. 

This  is  the  common  representative  of  P.  Turnm  on  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  Pacific 
slope,  from  which  it  differs  in  the  greater  elongation  of  the  wings,  in  the  submarginal 
row  of  yellowr  spots  being  confluent,  and  in  the  absence  of  the  dimorphic  black  female. 

Papilio  Zolicaon. 

Papilio  Eutulus,  BOISDUVAL,  Annales  de  la  Soci6t6  Entomologique  de  France,  x,  2e  s6rie.  p. 
281  (1852).— MORRIS,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.,  p.  4  (1862).— STRKCKRR,  Lep.  Rhop.-Het.  i,  p.  46.  t, 
6  (1873).— EDWARDS  (MY.),  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  v,  p.  163  (1873).— EDWAKDS  (W.  H.) 
Butt.  ii.  t.  vi,  Pap.  (1875). 

Papilio  Zelicaon,  LUCAS,  Rev.  Zool.  p.  136  (1852). 

Papilio  Machaon  var.  California,  MENETRIES,  Cat.  Mus.  Petro.  Lep.  i,  p.  69  (1855). 

At  Pagosa  Springs,  July  21,  two  males. 

This  is  closely  allied  to  P.  Machaon,  one  of  the  most  obvious  points  of  difference 
being  in  the  black  pupil  of  the  anal  ocellus,  which  is  absent  in  the  latter. 

It  feeds,  in  the  larval  state,  011  the  umbelliferse,  as  do  also  its  allies  Machaon  and 
Asterius. 

Papilio  Asterius. 

Papilio  Asterius,  CRAMER,  Papillons  Exotiques  des  Trois  Parties  du  Monde,  etc.,  iv,  t.  385- 

(1782). 

Papilio  Asterias,  FABRICIUS.  Mant.  Ins.  ii,  p.  1787;  Ent.  Syst.  iii,  p.  6  (1793). 
Papilio  Ajax,  CLERCK,  Icones,  t.  33  (1764). 
Papilio  Troilus,  DRURY,  Til.  Ex.  Ent.  i,  t.  11,  f.  2,  3,  5  (1773). 
Papilio,  Polyxenes,  FABR.,  Syst.  Ent.  p.  444  (1775). 

Near  the  crossing  of  upper  road  at  the  Rio  Blanco,  July  7,  one  female. 

This  example  is  very  large,  and  bears  no  traces  whatever  of  the  mesial  band  of  yel- 
low spots  on  either  wing. 

The  species  was  frequently  seen,  though  this  was  the  only  one  captured. 

It  has  a  wide  range,  occurring  from  Newfoundland  south  to  Central  America,  and 
from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific,  and  is  subject  to  great  and  remarkable  variations. 


1850        KIP  JET  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  ENGINEERS. 

Genus  PARNASSIUS  Latr. 

Parnassius  Delias  var.  Smintheus. 

Parnassius  Delius  var.  Smintheus,  DOUBLEDAY  <fc  HEWITSOX,  Genera  of  Diurnal  Lepidoptera, 

t.  4  (1847).— EDWARDS  (W.  H.),  Butt.  N.  Am.  i,  t.  2-4,  Paruassius  (1872). 
Parnassius  Sayii,  EDWARDS  (W.  H.),Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil,  ii,  p.  78  (1863). 

Three,  two  males  and  one  female,  on  July  4,  at  the  waterfall  on  San  Juan  River,  not 
far  below  Camp  32.  Two  of  these  were  of  the  ordinary  form,  but  one  male  was  remark- 
ably aberrant  in  that  the  secondaries  were  entirely  destitute  of  the  usual  red  spots  on 
both  surfaces.  This  remarkable  example  I  have  figured  on  one  of  the  plates  which  ac- 
companies this  report. 

This  species  is  found  along  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  North  America  generally,  and  in 
the  Old  World  in  the  Swiss  Alps  and  Ural  and  Altai  regions.  The  American  lepi- 
dopterists  have  made  the  most  strenuous  eiforts  to  prove  this  a  distinct  species  from  the 
European  forms,  but  the  futility  of  such  efforts  are  palpably  shown  by  comparing  the 
Altai  |from  Intennedius  Men.  with  our  Colorado  examples,  so  close  are  the  two  that 
no  examination,  however  critical,  can  discover  any  difference  that  would  allow  specific 
separation. 

Family  PIEEIDJB. 

Genus  NEOPHASIA  Behr. 
Ifcophasia  Mcnapia. 

Neophasia  menapia,  FELDER,  (Pirns  M.),  "Wiener  Entomolqsdache  Monatschrift,  iii,  p.  271 
1859) ;  ReiseNov.,  Lep.  ii.  p.  181,  t.  25  (1865).— EDWARDS  (W.  H.),  Butt.  N.  Am.  i,  1. 1,  Pieris  rf 
(1871).— STRECKER,  Lepidoptera  Rhop.  Het.  i,  p.  14,  t.  2,  f.  49  (1873). 

Pieris  Tau,  SCUDDEE,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  viii,  p.  183  (1861).— MORRIS,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am. 
p.  322  (1862). 

Pieris  Ninonia,  BDL.,  Lep.  Cal.  in  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Belgique,  xii,  p.  38  (1869). 

Several  of  both  sexes  taken  August  11,  at  the  Rio  Florida  Colorado. 

This  species  was  only  seen  in  the  southwestern  corner  of  Colorado,  toward  New  Mex- 
ico and  Arizona  ;  it  is  the  most  beautiful  and  delicate  looking  of  all  our  Pieridce,  and 
in  ornamentation  approximates  to  some  Malayan  groups.  It  is  found  in  Utah,  Ari- 
zona, California,  Oregon,  and  Vancouver's  Island. 

Mr.  Henry  Edwards  discovered  the  Chrysalis  attached  to  the  trunks  of  pine-trees  in 
Vancouver's  Island;  the  larva  is  as  yet  unknown,  but  it  doubtless,  as  Mr.  Edwards  sug- 
gests, feeds  on  some  species  of  pines. 

The  male  was  first  figured  in  Dr.  Folder's  great  work,  the  Lepidoptera  of  the  Reise 
der  Novara ;  subsequently  three  figures,  all  males,  though  curiously  given  as  male  and 
female,  were  represented  in  Mr.  W.  H.  Edwards's  Butt,  of  N.  Am.  ;  the  only  figures  of 
the  female  are  those  by  myself  in  the  Lepidoptera  Rhop.-Het.  (1873). 

Genus  PIERIS  Schrk. 
Pieris  jViyn. 

Pieris  Napi,  LINN.  (Papilio  N.),  Systema  Xatime,  ed.  x.  1,  p.  468,  u.  60  (1758) ;  ed.  xii,  1,  2,  p. 

760,  n.  77  (1767) ;  Faun.  Suec.  p.  271  (1761).— STRECKER,  Lepidoptera  llhop.-Het.  1,  t.  8,  p.  61 

(1873). 
Pieris  Venosa,  SCUDDER,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  viii,  p.  182  (1861).— MORRIS,  Syn.  p.  320 

(1862). 
Pieris  Nasturtii,  BDL.,  Lep.  Cal.  in  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Belgique,  p.  38  (1869). 

Common  along  Weeminuche  Creek  to  Rio  Piedro,  on  San  Juan  River  to  Pagosa 
Springs,  in  the  Rio  Navajo  Valley,  at  upper  part  of  the  river,  at  Park,  in  the  canon  of 
the  Upper  Rio  de  los  Piuos,  and  at  other  points  along  the  route,  from  July  18  to  Au- 
gust as. 

This  is  a  species  having  an  immense  range,  being  found  in  Labrador,  British  Co- 
lumbia, Colorado,  Utah,  &c.,  California,  Oregon,  Alaska,  Japan,  Siberia,  and  all  over 
Europe  (?  ex  Reg.  Pol.).  It  is  subject  to  many  variations,  among  which  are  Oleracea 
Harris,  Frigida  Scudder,  Hulda  W.  H.  Edwards,  and  Pallida  Scudder.  Owing  to  the 
little  attention  paid  by  American  entomologists  to  the  fauna  of  other  countries,  this 
insect  was  supposed  to  be  distinct  from  the  European  species  until  I  established  their 
identity  in  1873.* 

Pieris  Napi  var.  Pallida. 

Pieris  Napi  var.  Pallida,  SCUDDER,  Proceedings  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  History,  viii,  p.  183  (1861).— 
MORRIS.  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.  p.  321  (1862).— STRECKER,  Lepidoptera  Rhop.-Het.  p.  62,  t.  8 
(1873). 

Pieris  Iberidis,  BDL.,  Lep.  Cal.  in  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Belgiqne,  xii,  p.  39  (1869). 

Pieris  Castoria,  REAKIRT,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  p.  238  (1866). 

Pieris  Besedce,  BDL.,  Lep.  Cal.  in  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Belgique,  xii,  p.  39  (1869). 


*  Lepidoptera  Rliopaloceres  and  Heteroceres,  I,  p.  61-63,  1873. 


APPENDIX    SS.  1851 

This  is  a  variety  of  the  preceding,  in  which  the  dark  scales  which  accompany  the 
venations  of  the  under  surface  are  wanting,  and  generally  destitute  of  the  dark  marks  of 
the  other  form  ;  the  male  has  sometimes  a  distinct  black  spot  in  the  middle  of  the 
tipper  surface  of  primaries,  but  is  frequently  without  it.  It  was  observed  and  taken 
inconsiderable  numbers  in  most  places  along  the  route. 

Pieris  Prolodicc. 

Pieris  Frotodice.    lioisnrv.u,  &•   LK('O\TK.   Histoire  (u'nerale  et    Ie >!_rnipliie  di-s  Lepidop 

teres  et  des  ( 'henilles  dc  1'  Ameriqiie  Septent rionale.  ]».  4.~>.  (.17  (]*'.'>'<>)  •  Spreie>  » Jeneiai,  i.  p 
543  (1836).— Mouuis,  Syn.  Le]>.  ^".  Am.  p.  17  (1K62). 

This  is  another  species  of  wide  distribution,  occurring  in  the  Canadas  and  in  all  part* 
of  the  rnited  States  and  Territories  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific. 

The  survey  captured  many  examples  at  Pagosa  Springs,  along  the  Rio  Piedro,  and 
at  other  points  where  it  was  in  abundance,  from  middle  of  July  to  end  of  August. 

Pierix  Occiden lali*. 

Pit-,-!*  Oceiileiitalix.  UKAKIKT,  Proeeedhms  ot'the  Entomological  Soeietv  of  Philadelphia,  vi,  p 

133  (1866). 
Pieris  Calyce  W.  II.  KPWAIJDS,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  iii,  p.  189  (1870). 

A  single  male  was  taken  July  21  at  Pagosa  Springs,  Colo.  Though  not  as  common 
as  Protodioe,  to  which  it  is  nearly  allied,  it  is  by  no  means  a  rare  species  in  Colorado, 
California,  and  Oregon  ;  its  position  is  between  the  preceding  and  the  European  Alpine, 
Callidicc  Esper. 

Genus  NATHALIS  Bdl. 
Nathalis  lole. 

Xnthalis  lole.  Boisi.rvAi,  Species  General  des  L6pidopteres,  i,  p.  589  (1836). 
\athalis  Felicia,  POKY,  Mem.  Cuba,  i.  p.  443,  t,  18  (1851). 

Nathalis  Irene,  FITCH,  3d  Report  X.  York  State  Agr.  Soe.,  snppl.  p.  485  (1856). 
Nathalis  Luteolus,  REAKIUT,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phila.  ii,  p.  350  (1863). 

One  female,  August  8,  in  Rio  Navajo  Valley,  at  upper  part  of  the  river. 
This  pretty  little  insect  is  found  in  Texas,  Louisiana,  Antilles,  Colorado,  California, 
Mexico,  and  Central  America. 
Nathalie  is  closely  related  to  the  exotic  genera  Idmais  Bdl.  and  Teracolus  Swains. 

Genus  COLIAS  Fabr. 
CoUait  Philodice. 

Colias  Philodice.  <}OI»AHT,  Encyelopedie  M6thodique,  ix,  p.  100  (1819).— SWAIN-BOX  (Eurymus 
P.),  Zool.  111.  ii,  2d  ser.  t,  60  (1831).—  BOISDUVAL  &.  LxCOKTK,  Lep.  Am.  Sept.  p.  64,  t.  21 
(1833). 

Papilio  Palcrno,  CRAM.,  Pap.  Exot,  i,  t.  14  (1875). 

Zerene  Anthyale,  Hiin.,  Zutr.  Ex.  Sehmett.  f.  307.  308  (1823). 

Colias  Europome,  STEPH.,  111.  Brit.  Ent.  Haust.  i,  p.  10.  t,  1  (1828). 

Colias  Chrysotheme,  Xastes  et  Sautes,  FITCH,  Rejp.  X.  York  State  Apr.  Soe.  viii,  p.  378  (1854). 

Colias  Eriphyle,  \V.  H.  EDWARDS,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  v,  p.  202  (1876). 

A  number  of  examples  of  both  sexes,  July  21  to  September  15,  at  Pagosa  Springs  ; 
along  Weeminucne  Creek  to  Rio  Piedro  and  at  Rio  de  los  Piuos  near  crossing  of  the 
upper  road. 

The  Colorado  examples  in  some  instances  are  exactly  like  those  found  east,  while 
others  present  some  differences,  being  of  a  more  delicate  shade  of  yellow  and  having 
the  disk  of  under  side  of  primaries  suffused  with  pale  orange.  Some  are  of  a  more 
greenish  tint  on  under  surface  of  secondaries.  Examples  agreeing  with  these  latter 
occur  in  British  Columbia,  and  were  described  by  W.  H.  Edwards  as  a  distinct  species 
under  the  name  Eriphyle.  One  of  the  reasons  he  gives  for  their  distinctness  was  that 
they  invariably  have  the  orange  spot  of  upper  surface  of  secondaries  present ;  two 
males  of  the  present  suite  show  no  trace  whatever  of  these  orange  spots. 

He  further  says  in  allusion  to  Colorado  examples:  "Mr.  Mead  brought  from  Colo- 
rado in  1871  a  Colias  very  close  to  this  (Eriphyle}  from  Lake  Labache,  and  which  in 
Reakirt's  paper  on  the  Butterflies  of  Colorado  (Proc.  Eiit.  Soc.  Phil.  1867,  p.  14*)  is 
doubtless  the  one  called  Philodice.  The  same  form  was  brought  from  Montana  by  Dr. 
E.  .Coues,  when  engaged  in  the  boundary-line  commission.  For  the  present  I  shall 
give  no  opinion  as  to  these,  but  they  seem  to  me  nearer  to  Eriphyle  than  to  Philodice." 

The  examples  of  Reakirt's  above  alluded  to  passed  into  my  keeping ;  they  are  in  no 
wise  different  from  those  found  in  Pennsylvania,  &c. ;  systematists  have  created  by 
far  TOO  many  species  of  our  Coliades,  making  of  every  local  variety  a  different  species. 

*  Should  be  p.  135,  not  14,  as  Edwards  erroneously  cited. 


1852        REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  ENGINEERS. 

Colias  var.  Eurytheme. 

Colias  var.  Eurytheme,  BOISDUVAL,  Annales  Soci6t6  Entomologique  de  France,  2e  s«rie.  x,  p. 

286  (1852).— MORRIS,  Syn.  Lep.  X.  Am.  p.  29  (1862).— EDWARDS  (W.  H.),  Butt,  N.  Am.  i,  t.  3 

(1869). 

Colias  Chrysotheme  var.,  BOISDUVAL,  Sp.  Gen.  i,  p.  644  (1836). 
Colias  Amphidusa,  BDL.,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  FT.,  2e  ser.  x,  p.  286  (1852). 
Colias  Edusa  var.  Californiana,  MEN.,  Cat.  Mus.  Petr.  Lep.  i,  p.  80  (1855). 

This  common  form,  the  summer  brood  of  C.  Ckrysotheme,  was  found  in  numbers  almost 
everywhere  on  the  route.  The  larva  feeds  on  buffalo-grass  and  other  species  of  clover. 
It  not  only  occurs  in  Colorado,  but  all  over  the  Southern  and  Western  States  from  the 
Atlantic  to  the  Pacific,  and  is  occasional  in  Pennsylvania,  and  even  in  New  York  and 
the  Canadas. 


Thecla  Crysaliis. 


Family 

Genus  THECLA  Fabr. 


Thecla  Cry  solus,  EDWARDS  (W.  H.),  Transactions  American  Entomological  Society,  iv,  p.  344 
(1873). 

One  male  example  of  this  beautiful  insect  was  taken  on  the  Rio  Florida.  It  is  found 
also  in  Utah  and  Arizona  and  probably  in  New  Mexico.  It  belongs  to  or  near  the  same 
group  as  T.  Quercus  L.,  to  which  species  it  bears  some  resemblance.  . 

Thecla  Melinus. 

Thecla  Melinus,  HUBXER  (Strymon  M.),  Zutrage  znr  Sammlung  Exotischer  Schmetterlinge, 

fig.  121,  122  (1818). 
TtieclaHyperici,  BOISDUVAL  &  LECoNTE,  Lep.  Am.  Sept.  p.  90,  t.  28  (1833).— MORRIS,  Syn.  Lep. 

N.  Am.,  p.  94  (1862). 
Thecla  Favonius,  BDL.  &  LEG.,  Lep.  Am.  Sept.  p.  95,  t.  30  (1833).— MORRIS,  Syn.  Lep.  X.  Am. 

p.  95  (1862). 
Thecla  HumuK,  HARRIS,  Ins.  Inj.  Veg.  1st  ed.  "p.  215  (1841) ;  2d  ed.  p.  235  (1852) ;   3d  ed.  p. 

276,  t.  4  (1862). 

Thecla  Pan,  HARRIS,  Hitch.  Report  Geol.  Min.  etc.  Mass.  p.  590  (1833). 
Thecla  Silenus,  DOUBLEDAY,  List  British  Museum,  ii,  p.  31  (1847). 
Thecla  Melinus  var.  Pudica,  HY.  EDWARDS,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  vii,  p.  172  (1826). 

One  example,  a  male,  July  28,  near  the  Rio  Piedro.  Found  in  all  parts  of  the  United 
States  and  Territories,  from'  Maine  to  Florida,  and  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific. 

Thecla  Titus. 

Thecla  Titus,  FABRICIUS  (Hetperia  T. ),  Entomologia  Systematic^,  iii,  1,  p.  297  (1793). 
Strymon  Mopsus,  HUBNER,  Verz.  Bek.  Schmett.  p.  74  (1816) ;  Chrysophanus  M.,  Zutr.  Ex 

Schmett.  fig.  135,  136  (1818). 
Thecla  Mopsus,  BOISDUVAL  &  LECOXTE,  Lep.  Am.  Sep.  p.  109,  t.  34  (1833).— MORRIS,  Syn.  Lep. 

N.  Am.  p.  102  (1862).— HARRIS,  Ins.  Inj.  Veg.  3d  ed.  p.  278  (1862). 

Three,  August  25,  Rio  de  los  Pinos,  near  crossing  of  upper  road.  Likewise  a  species 
of  wide  range ;  the  larva  feeds  on  various  species  of  Quercus. 

Genus  LYC.ENA  Fabr. 
Lyccena  Acmon. 

Lyccena  Acmon,  DOUBLEDAY  &  HEWITSON,  Genera  of  Diurnal  Lepidoptera,  ii,  p.  294,  t.  76 

(1852).— STRECKER.  Lept.  Rhop.-Het.  p.  88  (1874). 
Lyccena  Antcegon,  BDL.,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Fr.  2e  ser.  x,p.  295  (1852).— MORRIS,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am. 

p.  87  (1862). 

Taken  September  15,  in  the  Lower  Florida  Valley,  above  the  Indian  reservation.  This 
is  one,  of  the  commonest  of  the  Western  species,  abounding  in  Colorado,  Utah,  Cali- 
fornia, Oregon,  and  adjacent  Territories,  and  is  found  in  all  parts  from  May  to  end  of 
September. 

Lyccena  Melissa. 

Lyccena  Melissa,  EDWARDS,  ("W.  H.)  Transactions  American  Entomological  Society,  iv,  p.  346 
(1873).— STRECKER,  Lepidoptera  Rhop.-Het.  p.  88,  t.  10  (1874) ;  Catalogue,  p.  '93  (1878).— 
MEAD,  Wheeler's  Report,  v,  p.  783,  t.  36  (1875). 

One  male  taken;  a  number  seen  in  July  at  Pagosa  Springs.  It  resembles  very  much 
the  preceding,  but  is  larger,  and  not  of  as  common  occurrence. 

Lyccena  Battoides. 

Lyccena  Battoides,  BEHR.,  Proceedings  California  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  iii,  p.  282 

(1867).— STRECKER,  Lep.  Rhop.-Het.  p.  87  (1874) ;  Catalogue,  p.  94  (1878). 
Lyccena  Glaucon,  EDWARDS,  (W.  H.),  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  iii,  p.  210  (1871). 

At  Eio  ^Tavajo  Valley,  at  upper  part  of  river,  August  8,  and  at  Kio  de 
los  Pinos,  at  the  park,  at  mouth  of  the  Vallecito,  August  27,  several  ex- 
amples, all  males,  were  taken. 


APPENDIX    SS.  1853 

This  is  a  rarer  species  than  cither  of  the  preceding;  it  is  also  found  in 
Nevada  and  California. 

Lycirna  Oro. 

Lycfena  Oro.  SrrnoF.i;  (\n»t!a<l<'x  <).),  Canadian  Entomologist,  viii,  p.  23  (1876);  Buffalo  Bul- 

letin, iii,  p.  117  (1876).—  STRECKKR.  Syii.  Catalogue,  p.  !»(i  (1M78). 
Lyccena  Lygdamus,  MEAD  (nee.  Dbldy.),  Wheeler's  Kept,  v,  p.  784  (187')). 

Two  males  at  Pagosa  Springs.  This  species  is  closely  allied  to  Lygdamus  Dbldy.. 
from  which,  however,  it  (lifters  in  many  points,  which,  when  taken  collectively,  enti- 
tles it  to  specific  distinction.  It  is  one  ol'  the  early  species,  and  the  two  above  were, 
much  worn,  and  were  the  only  ones  noticed. 


Danaia 


Family  DAXAID^B. 
Genus  DANAIS  Latr. 

Danais  Plexippus,  LJ.NNE  (Pap.  P.),  Systema  Natura\  ed.  x.  p.  47-1  (1758)  ;  ed.  xii,  1,  2,  p.  767 
(1767)  ;  Miw.  Lud.  Ulr.  p.  262  (1764).—  CRAMER,  Papulous  Exotiques  iii,  t.  206,  E,  F.  (1782).— 
Herbst.  Nat.  Schmett.  vii,  p.  19,  t.  46,  f.  1,  2  (1794).—  DKBBAUVOI8,  Ins.  Afr.  et  Ani.  p.  172, 
t.  4,  f.  1,  a,  1  b  (1805).—  STUECKEU,  Syii.  Catalogue,  p.  105  (1878). 

Danaus  Plexippus,  SAY,  Am.  Ent.  iii,  t.  54  (1828).—  PEALE,  Lep.  Am.  i,  t.  7  (1833). 

Papilio  Erippus,  CRAMKK,  Pap.  Ex.  i.  t.  3,  A,  B  (1779). 

Papilio  Archippus,  FABK.,  Ent.  Syst.  iii,  1,  p.  49  (1793).—  ABBOT  &  SMITH,  Ins.  Ga.  i,  t.  6 
(1797).—  SHAW  &  NODDER,  Nat.  Miss,  xxiii,  t,  1006  (1790-1813). 

Danais  Archippus,  BDL.-LEC.,  Lep.  Am.  Sept.  p.  137,  t.  40  (1833).—  MORRIS,  Syn.  Lep.  X.  Am. 
p.  38  (1862). 

Danais  Archippe,  GODART,  Enc.  Meth.  ix,  p.  184  (1819). 

Anosia  Megalippe,  HLTHXER,  Sam.  Ex.  Schmett.  ii  (1806-1824). 

Anosia  Menippe,  HUBNER,  Verz.  Bek.  Schmett,  p.  16  (1816). 

-  CATEHBY,  Is'at.  Hist.  Car.  ii,  p.  88. 

One  female,  July  8,  at  Rio  Navajo  Valley,  on  upper  part  of  river.  One  male,  July  21, 
at  Pagosa  Springs.  Many  more  were  seen  at  various  parts  of  the  route. 

This  insect  is  not  only  found  in  all  parts  of  the  United  States  and  Territories  and 
Canada,  but  also  in  Mexico,  Central  and  South  America,  and  in  Australia  and  other 
islands  of  the  Pacific.  Its  larva,  as  is  well  known,  feeds  on  Asclepias. 

Family  NYMPHALID^. 

Genus  EUPTOIETA  Dbldy. 

Euptoutta  Claudia. 

Euptoieta  Claudia,  CRAMER  (Papilio  C.),  Papillons  Exotlques,  i,  t.  69,  f.  E,  F  (1779).—  STRECKER, 

Syii.  Catalogue,  p.  109  (1878). 

Papilio  Daunius.  HEBBBT,  Natursyst.  Schmett.  ix,  p.  184,  t.  256,  f.  1,  2  (1798). 
Papilio  Clausius,  HERBST,  Nat.  Schmett,  ix,  p.  189,  t.  257  (1798). 
Papilio  Nigrosignatus,  GOEZE,  Ent,  Beyt.  iii,  1,  p.  183,  n.  87  (1779). 
Argynnis  Columbina.  GODART,  Enc.  Meth.  ix,  p,  260  (1819).—  BOISDUVAL  &  LECONTE,  Lep. 

Am.  Sept,  p.  153,  t.  44  (1833).—  MORRIS,  Syn.  Lep.  X.  Am.  p.  44  (1862).—  GLOVER,  Agr.  Kept, 

p.  61  (1854);  p.  66,  105,  t.  ix  (1855). 

M  ales  and  females  at  Pagosa  Springs  July  21  ;  somewhat  smaller  than  those  from 
Georgia,  Florida,  &c.  ;  otherwise  not  differing  materially. 

Larva  feeds  on  violets,  sedum,  passion-flower,  and  May-apple  (PodophyUwn).  It  is 
found  throughout  the  Southern  and  Western  States,  in  Central  America,  Chili,  Buenos 
Avres,  and  Patagonia. 

Genus  ARGYNNIS  Fabr. 

Aryytini*  .Edicardxii  var.  Meadii. 

Argynnis  Meadii,  EDWARDS    (W.  H.),  Transactions  American  Entomological  Society,  iv,  p. 

67  (1872)  :  Butt.  X.  Am.  ii,  t.  2,  Arg.  (1875). 
Argynnis  Edwardsii  var.  Meadii,  STKECKER,  Syn.  Catalogue,  p.  110  (1878). 

Examples  were  taken  and  seen  in  some  abundance,  July  28  to  September  1,  along  Wee- 
minuche  Creek  to  Rio  Piedra,  and  between  the  Upper  Rio  Piedra  and  the  Rio  Nutrias, 
and  at  the  upper  part  of  Vallecito  Creek  at  Needle  Mountains. 

This  is  a  small  variation  of  Edu'drdnii  KYak,  confined  probably  to  Montana  and  some 
parts  of  Colorado.  Independent  of  the  small  size,  the  only  difference  of  any  note  is 
the  somewhat  brighter  green  of  under  sin-face  of  secondaries. 

Argynniit  Xokomi*. 

A  rgijnni*  Xokomis,  EDWARDS  (\V.  H.).  Proc.  Academv  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  p. 
221  (1862);  Butt.  N.  America,  i.  t.  4.  Ar«r.  (18(58).—  MEAL..  Wheeler's  Report,  v,  p.  751,  t,  35 
(1875).—  STRECKEK,  Syn.  Catalogue,  p.  110  (1878). 

Two  examples,  both  females,  taken  September  15,  at  the  Lower  Florida  River,  in  the 
valley  above  the  Indian  reservation. 


1854  REPORT   OF    THE    CHIEF   OF   ENGINEERS. 

I  was  greatly  surprised  to  find  this  splendid  insect  in  the  present  collection,  it  hav- 
ing never  before  been  received  from  Colorado ;  the  single  original  (male)  type  was 
said  to  have  been  captured  in  the  Bitter  Root  Mountains,  which  divide  Montana  and 
Idaho ;  subsequently  the  expedition  in  1871,  under  Lieutenant  Wheeler,  brought  in 
five  males  and  two  females  from  Arizona,  and  in  1877  Mr.  Neumoegen,  of  New  York, 
received  a  number  of  both  sexes  from  a  correspondent  in  inner  Arizona. 

The  present  two  examples  from  Colorado  differ  notably  from  all  those  from  Arizona 
in  the  following  particulars :  On  under  surface,  the  red  color  of  primaries  is  darker,  and 
covers  evenly  the  whole  wing  except  toward  and  at  the  apex  :  on  the  secondaries,  the 
whole  space  interior  to  the  second  of  the  two  outer  rows  of  silver  spots,  which  in  the 
Arizona  examples  is  powdered  with  grayish-green,  is  deep  reddish-brown,  nearly  of  the 
same  color  as  in  the  female  of  Aphrodite  or  the  male  of  Leto;  they  are  larger  than  most 
of  those  I  have  seen  from  Arizona.  On  the  upper  side  it  presents  no  differences.  I 
have  always  contended  that  Nokomis  was  a  pale,  abnormal  form  of  Cybete,  of  which 
we  have  so  many  other  like  instances  in  other  species  from  the  dry  salt  regions  of  Utah 
and  Arizona,  and  those  intermediate  examples  from  Colorado,  with  their  dark  reddish 
undersides,  seem  to  strengthen  my  opinion.  I  can  but  regret  th.it  no  males  were  cap- 
tured (unless  the  following  be  really  its  male),  as  I  consider  this  by  far  the  most  inter- 
esting insect  in  the  whole  collection. 

Argynnis  Cybele. 

Argynnis  Cybele.  FABRICINS  (Pap.  C1.),  Systema  Entomologica,  p.  516  (1775);  Ent.  Syst.  iii,  p. 
145  (1793).— HEBBST,  Natursyst.  Schmett.  ix,  p.  178,  t.  255  (1798).  • 

Argynnis  Cybele,  BL>L.,  Lee.  L'ep.  Am.  Sept.  p.  151,  t.  45  (1833).— MORRIS,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am. 
p.  42  (1862).— EDWARDS  (W.  H.),  Butt.  N.  Am.  i,  t,  2,  Arg.  (1868).— STKECKER,  Syn.  Cata- 
logue, p.  Ill  (1878). 

Papilio  Daphnis,  CRAMER,  Pap.  Ex.  i,  t.  57  (1779). 

One  male  at  the  Rio  Blanco,  near  its  headwaters.  This  expands  2£  inches ;  the  pri- 
maries are  more  elongate  and  pointed  apically  than  in  the  Eastern  examples,  and  the 
two  black  lines  that  form  the  border  or  upper  surface  of  wings  are  diffuse,  nearly  filling 
the  space  between  them  with  blackish  ;  the  other  of  the  black  markings  are  all  nar- 
rower ;  the  ground-color  above  and  the  under  surface  generally  are  precisely  as  in 
Eastern  examples. 

I  must  confess  to  considerable  astonishment  at  receiving  this  insect  from  Colorado, 
it  being  the  first  example  known  to  have  been  taken  so  far  west,  and  I  am  strongly 
inclined  to  the  belief  that  it  is  the  male  of  the  above-described  form  of  Nokomis. 

Argynnis  Atlantis. 

Argynnis  Atlantis,  EDWARDS  (W.  H.),  Proceedings  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of 
Philadelphia,  p.  54  (1862);  Butt,  X.  Am.  i,  t.  5,  Arg.  (1869).— STRKCKER,  Syn.  Catalogue,  p. 
112  (1878). 

A  number  of  examples,  male  and  female,  taken  July  25,  at  Weeminuche  Pass,  head 
of  Rio  de  los  Finos,  and  one  male,  August  1,  in  the  valley  of  Upper  San  Juan  River. 
These  are  all  somewhat  paler  beneath  than  the  more  Northern  and  Eastern  examples. 

Argynnis  Myrina. 

Argynnis  Myrina,  CRAMER  (Pap.  Jf.),  Papillons  Exotinues,  ii,  t,  189  (1779).— GODART,  -Enc. 

Meth.  p.  268,  806,  ix  (1819).— SAY,  American  Entomology,  iii,  t.  46  (1828).— BOISDUVAL  &. 

LECONTE,  Lep.  Am.  Sept.  p.  155,  t,  45  (1833).— KIRHY,  Fauna  Americana-Boreali,  iv,  p.  290 

(1837).— HARRIS,  Insects  Inj.  Veg.  3d  ed.  p.  286,  f.  112  (1862).— MORRIS,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am. 

p.  43  (1862).— STRECKER,  Syn.  Catalogue,  p.  115  (1878). 
Papilio  Myrinus,  HERBS.T,  Xatursyst.  Schmett.  ix,  p.  178,  t.  255  (1798). 

One  male  taken  July  26,  at  Upper  Weeminuche  Creek  (a  tributary  of  the  Rio  Piedra) 
does  not  differ  from  those  from  other  parts  of  the  United  States  and  British  Columbia. 

Argynnis  KriemUld,  nov.  sp. 

Female,  size  and  shape  of  A.  EpUliore  Boisd.  On  upper  surface  not  quite  as  dark 
as  in  that  species,  the  black  markings  not  as  heavy,  and  there  is  no  dark  suffusion  at 
the  basal  parts ;  the  under  surface  much  paler  than  in  Bellona,  Epithore,  or  any  of  the 
allied  species,  though  of  the  same  style  of  ornamentation ;  the  broad  irregular  mesial 
band  and  basal  spots  of  secondaries  are  of  a  uniform  clear,  rather  pale  yellow,  and  all 
save  the  basal  spot  at  costa  are  edged  with  a  sharp  dark  brown  line ;  this  is  the  species 
which  I  have  cited  in  my  catalogue  on  p.  117  as  Bellona  var.,  there  described  from  a 
single  example  received  from  Utah.  The  reception  of  other  examples  since  from  Ari- 
zona as  well  as  the  present  ones  from  the  Rio  Florida  Colorado,  all  of  which  examples 
are  remarkably  coiistanf,  has  led  me  to  the  conclusion  that  this  is  a  form  entitled  to 
specific  distinction. 


APPENDIX    SS.  1855 

Genus  MELITCEA  Fabr. 

Melittra  Fratensis  var.  Fallida. 

Melitfea  Pallida.  KDWAUDS  (W.  IT.),   Prom-dings  of  the  Fnt.miolo-ieal  Sorii-tv  of  Philadel- 

phia. ii.  p.  50")  (1864).—  MEAD,  \\'  heeler's  Report,  v,  p.  763  (1875). 
Melitcea  Pratensis  var.  Pallida,  STRKCKKR,  Syn.  Catalogue,  p.  121  (1878). 
Phyciodes  Cainillus,  EDWARDS  (W.  H.),  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  iii,  p.  268  (1871).—  Mr  \i>  Wheel- 

er's Kept.  ]>.  7(>4  (1ST.".). 
Phyciodes  Emisxa,  EDWARDS  (W.  H.),  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  iii,  p.  269  (1871). 

Taken  latter  part  of  July  and  beginning  of  August  at  \Ve4>minuche  Creek  and  other 
localities  along  the  route;  it  is  the  Colorado  form  of  the  Califomian  /'/•«/<•//*/*  IJelir.. 
and  is  also  found  in  Utah,  Kansas,  and  Texas. 

Jfelifwa  A 


Melitwa  Xi/ctfift.  Dorni.EDAY  \-  HKWITSON.  C.enera  of  Diurnal  Lepidoptera.  p.  181.  t.  23,  f.  3 
(184t>-1850).—  MoiiRis.  Syn.  Leji.  N.  Am.  p.  325  (1862).—  STRKCKKR,  Syn.  Catalogue.  p.'  122 
(  187o)  . 

Melittra  Ocnone.  ScrnnKH,  Pror.  Kssex  Tnst,  iii,  p.  166  (1862). 

Melitoea  Nyctit,  BOISDI  -\.\\..  Lep.  Cat.  Ann.  Sor.  Ent.  Beljiiqne.  p.  53  (1869). 

Melitcea  llarrixii,  EDWARDS  (W.  11.),  Canadian  Entomologist,  ii,  p.  Kili  (1870). 

Two  examples,  male  and  female,  taken  near  the  headwaters  of  the  San  Juan  Kivrr. 
AngustS;  these,  as  are  all  the  Colorado  examples  I  have  yet  seen,  are  niueli  darker 
than  those  from  more  eastern  localities.  It  is  a  species  found  from  Canada  to  Virginia 
and  from  the  Atlantic  westward  to  the  Kooky  Mountains. 

MeUUm  Nlnuia. 


Kept,  v,  p.  760  (1875). 

One  male,  September  15,  in  the  Lower  Florida  Valley,  above  the  Indian  reservation  ; 
this  beautiful  and  somewhat  rare  species  belongs  to  the  same  group  as  the  European 
Cinjcia  L.  and  Phoebe  Knoch,  which  latter  it  much  resembles  on  both  surfaces  in  color 
and  ornamentation. 


^[€^^t(<ea  Anicia  var.  Xnbifjena. 

Melitcea  Nubigena,   BKHK.,  Proceedings  of  the  California  Academy  ol  Natural  Sciences,  iii, 

p.  91  (18(5:!). 
Melitcea  Anicia  var.  Nubigena,  STHKCKKU,  Syn-.  Catalogue,  p.  124  (1878). 


Several  males  and  females  taken  July  SI  at  Pagosa  Springs,  and  observed  previously 
at  other  places. 

Mditiva  Alma. 

Melitcea  Alma.  STKKCKKH.  Lepidoptera  Khopaloceres  and Heteroceres,  i,  p.  135, 1. 15,  f.  1  (1877)- 
Syuonymieal  Catalogue  p.  189  (1878). 

One  male  of  this  beautiful  and  rare  insect  was  taken  at  the  Rio  Florida  above  the 
Indian  Reservation.  It  is  nearly  allied  to  Leamra  Bill.,  but  differs  from  that  species 
remarkably  on  the  upper  surface,  in  which  the  black  ground-color  is  replaced  by  bright 
fulvous.  The  type  was  received  from  Arizona;  it  was  also  a  male. 

Genus  VANESSA  Fabr. 
Vanessa  Antlopa. 

Vanessa  Antinpa.  LTXXK  (Papilio  A.),  Svstema  Xatnrse.  ed.  x,  p.  476  (1758);  ed.  xii,  i.  2.  p. 
776  (1767).— HtJHNKK,  Europiiische  Sclnnetterlinge,  i,  f.  79,  80  (1805).— HKKUST,  Natursyst. 
Schmetterlinge,  vii,  p.  96,  t.  166  (1794).— GODAKT  (Vanessa  A.),  Enc.  Meth.  ix,  p.  308  (]81<)).— 
BOISD.  &  LEC.,  Lej).  Am.  Sept.  p.  173  (1833).— HARRIS,  Ins.  Inj.  Veg.  3d  ed.  p.  296.  f.  ll'l.  12'J 
(1862).— MORRIS.  Svu.  Lep.  N.  Am.  p.  57  (1862).— STRECKKR,  Syn.  Catalogue,  p.  133  (1878). 

Papilio  Morio,  LINNE.  Fauna  Sueeiea.  ed.  i,  p.  232  (1746). 

Papilio  Pompadour,  POLUCH,  Beinerk.  Churpf.  Oek.  Ges.  (1779). 

Of  this  cosmopolitan  species  one  female  was  captured,  September  15,  at  the  Lower 
Rio  Florida.  There  was  no  note  of  any  more  having  been  noticed  1>\  the  expedition. 

Genus  PYRAMEIS  Hub. 
Pyrawdx  Alalavta. 

I'i/rameis  Atalanta.  LINNE  (Papilio  A.).  Systema  Xatune.  ed.  x.  ]>.  478  (1758);  ed.  xii.  1.  2  p. 

779(1767) :  Faun.  Suee.  p.  279  (1701).  —  HKKUST.  Xatursyst.  Selmiett.  vii.  j,.  171,  t.  180  (1794).— 

B(.)isi>.  &  LEC.  (Vanessa  A.).  Lep.  Am.  Sejit.  p.  175  (1833).— HARRIS  (Ci/ntltia  A.),  Ins.  Inj. 

Veg.  3d  ed.  p.  294,  f.   120  (1862).— MOKKIH  (Pyrameis  A.),  Svu.   Le]>.  \'.  Am.  p.  f>8  (l8tiL>).— 

STRECKER.  Syn.  Catalogue,  p.  135  (1878). 
Papilio  Ainiralix.  Kicr/Ji  s.  (Jen.  et  Sp.  Ins.  31  (1783). 

One  male,  July  21,  at  Pagosa  Springs.    Others  were  seen  here  and  there  on  the  route. 


1856        REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  ENGINEERS. 

Pyram  cis  Hun  tera . 

Pyrameis  Hunter  a,  FABRICIUS  (Papilio  H.),  Systema  Eutomologiae,  p.  499  (1775);  Sp.  Ins.  ii, 
p.  83  (1781);  Mant.  Ins.  ii,  p.  45  (1787);  Ent.' Syst,  iii,  1,  p.  104  (1793).—  HERBST,  Natursyst. 
Schmett.  vii,  p.  165,  t.  178  (1794).— ABBOT  &  SMITH,  Ins.  Ga,  i,  t.  9  (1797).— GOD  ART  (Va- 
nessa H.),  Enc.  Meth.  ix,  p.  324  (1819).— BOISD.  «fc  LEC.,  Lep.  Am.  Sept.  p.  180,  t.  48(1833).— 
HARRIS  (Cynthia  H.),  Ins.  Inj.  Veg.  3d  ed.  p.  292,  f.  119  (1862).— MORRIH  (Pyrameis  H.), 
Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.  p.  60  (1862).— STKECKEK,  Syn.  Catalogue,  p.  138  (1878). 

Papilio  Belladonna  Virginiana,  PETIVER,  Gazoph.  iv,  t.  33,  f.  5  (1711). 

Papilio  Cardui  Virginiensis,  DRURY,  HI.  Ex.  Ent.  i,  t.  5  (1770). 

Papilio  lole,  CRAMER,  Pap.  Exot.  i,  t.  12  (1779). 

Two  examples  taken  in  September  at  the  Rio  de  las  Animas,  near  month  of  the  Rio 
Florida,  both  small,  and  differing  in  nothing  from  those  from  other  parts  of  North 
America. 

Genus  LIMENITIS  Fabr. 
Limeniti-8  Ephestion. 

Limenitis  Ephestion,  STOLL.  (Papilio  E.),  Supplement  to  Cramer's  Papillons  Exotiques,  p.  121, 

t.  25,  f.  1,  la  (1790).— GODART,  Enc.  Meth.  ix,  p.  42  (1819).— HARRIS  (Nymphalis  E.),  Ins.  Inj. 

Veg.  3d  ed.  p.  283  (1862).— STRECKER  (Litnenitis  E.),  Syn.  Catalogue,  p.  143  (1878). 
Papilio  Astyanax,  FABRICIUS,  Syst.  Ent.  p.  447  (1775) ;  Sp.  Ins.  ii,  p.  7  (1781) ;  Mant.  Ins.  ii,  p. 

4  (1787). 
Papilio  Ursula,  FABRICIUS,  Ent.  Syst.  iii,  1,  p.  82  (1793).— ABBOT  &  SMITH,  Ins.  Ga.  i,  t.  10 

(1797).— GODART  (Nymphalis  V.),  Enc.  Meth.  ix,  p.  380  (1819).— BOISD.  <fc  LEC.,  Lep.  Am. 

Sept.  p.  199,  t.  53  (1833).— MORRIS,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.  p.  64  (1862). 
Callianira  Ephestiaena,  HUBXER,  Verz.  Bek.  Schmett.  p.  38  (1816). 

One  female,  September  14,  on  the  Rio  Florida.  This  example  was  not  large,  and  the 
under  surface,  especially  of  secondaries,  was  suffused  with  reddish-yellow  to  an  ab- 
normal extent ;  but  I  have  seen  an  example  from  Guauaxuato,  Mexico,  partaking  of 
this  same  peculiarity. 

Limcnitis  Weidemeyerii. 

Limmitis  Weidemeyerii,  EDWARDS  (W.  H.),  Proceedings  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of 
Philadelphia,  p.  162  (1861);  Butt.  N.  Am.  i,  t.  2,  Lim.  (1869).— MORRIS,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.  p. 
327  (1862).— MEAD,  Wheeler's  Kept,  v,  p.  770,  t.  38  (1875).— STRECKEH,  Syn.  Catalogue,  p. 
145  (1878). 

On  August  8  three  examples  were  taken  in  the  Rio  Navajo  Valley,  near  the  upper 
part  of  the  river,  and  a  number  observed  during  that  day's  march.  These  are  larger 
than  any  I  had  previously  seen  from  Colorado,  in  this  assimilating  to  those  found  in 
Arizona. 

Family  SATYEID^. 

Genus  EREBIA  Dalm. 
Erebia  Tynclarus. 

Erebia  Tyndanis  ESPR.  (PapiMoT.),Schmetterlinge,i,2,p.  97  (1781).— OCHSENHEIMER,  Schmett. 

Eur.  i,  1,  p.  299  (1807) ;  Erebia  T.,  Staudinger's  Catalogue  Eur.  p.  25,  1871.— STRECKER,  Syn. 

Catalogue,  p.  151  (1878). 

Papilio  Herse,  BORKHAUSEN,  Nat.  Schmett.  i,  p.  94  (1788). 
Papilio  Cawioides,  ESPR.,  Schmett.  Eur.  i,  2,  t.  103,  f.  2,  3  (1790). 
Papilio  Dromus,  FABRICIUS,  Ent.  Syst.  iii,  1,  p.  224  (1793).— GODART  (Satyrus  D.),  Enc,  Meth. 

ix,  p.  528  (1819).— LUCAS,  Pap.  Eur.  p.  85,  t.  39  (1834).— HERRICH-SCHAFFER  (Erebia  D.), 

Schmett.  Eur.  i,  p.  59,  t.  37,  f.  169, 170  (1843). 

Papilio  Tyndarellus,  HERBST,  Natursyst  Schmett.  riii,p.  135,t.  202  (1796). 
Papilio' Cleo,  HUBNER,  Eur.  Schmett.  i,  f.  209-212  (?  1796).— GODART,  Hist.  Nat.  Lep.  Fr.  ii, 

17,  5,  6  (1822). 

Hipparchia  Neleus,  FREYER,  Neu.  Beyt.  i,  t.  80,  f.  3,  4  (1833). 
Erebia  Callias,  EDWARDS  (W.  H.),  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  iii,  p.  274  (1871).— MEAD,  "Wheeler's 

Kept,  v,  p.  775  (1875). 

Examples  taken  July  27  at  head  of  the  Tule  Valley,  and  on  31,  Pagosa  Springs  and 
other  points  not  directly  stated. 

This  species  is  also  found  in  the  Old  World  in  Switzerland,  and  the  mountainous  parts 
of  Hungary,  Italy,  and  France  ;  it  presents  but  little  variation  regardless  of  locality. 

Erebia  Epipsodea. 

Erebia  Epipsodea,  BUTLER,  Catalogue  Satyrida?  in  the  British  Museum,  p.  80,  t.  2,  f.  9  (1868).— 

STRECKER,  Syn.  Catalogue,  p.  151  (1878). 
Erebia  Rhodia,  EDWARDS  (W.  H.),  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  iii,  p.  273  (1871). 

July  15,  taken  at  head  of  South  Fork  of  Rio  Chama ;  July  27,  head  of  Tule  Valley  ; 
August  1,  waterfall  on  San  Juan  River;  August  23,  Rio  Piedro,  near  the  bridge  on 
upper  road. 

There  is  no  doubt  but  that  this  is  a  form  of  E.  Medusa  Fab.,  in  which  view  I  am  sus- 
tained by  Dr.  Staudinger. 


APPENDIX    S  S.  1857 

Genus  CHIOXOBAS  IJ.ll. 
Chionobas  Vhlfri. 

('hi»ii»l>iig  rhlcrl.  REAKIRT.  Proceedings  F.iitciiicloL'iful  Society  of  Philadelphia  vi  p  143 
iisiir.i.— S-IKKC-KKK.  Lepidoptexa  Rhop.-Het.  i>.  M,  t.  4,  £5(1873);  Syii.  Catalo-tu-,  p.  154 

Several  taken  July  13  at  the  Rio  Xavajo.  Tliis  is  a  very  variable  species,  as  are  many 
of  the  Cltionob<tf>.  in  the  number  of  oeelli.  Of  Reakirt'a  original  types  no^V  in  my  po^ses- 
sion,  one  has  three 'on  the  primaries  and  four  on  the  .secondaries;  the  other  has  four 

on  the  primaries  and  five  on  the  secondaries,  one  of  which  is  quite  small,  and  \vas 
overlooked  in  the  original  descri])Tioii ;  I  have  also  other  examples  with  only  one  spot 
on  primaries  and  two  or  three  on  secondaries.  This  species  is  closely  allied  to  Sculda  Kv. 

Genus  SATYRUS  Latr. 
'Satyrus  Charon. 

Hutu  nix  Charon.  EDWARDS  ("NY.  H.),  Transactions  of  the  American  Entomological  Society  iv 
p.  69  (ls7L'i.— STUKCKKR.  Syii.  Catalouu.-.  ]..  ]:><>  (1878). 

Cercyoni*  Of  tux.  SCUDDEB  (nee  BoiBDUVAt /),  Bulletin  of  the  Buffalo  Society  of  Natural  Sci- 
ences, ii.  p.  -.'42  (1875). 

July  1">,  at  Deer  Creek,  a  branch  of  the  Upper  Rio  Blanco;  July  21,  Pagosa  Springs; 
July  28.  Weeminuehe  Creek  to  the  Rio  Piedro  :  August  '->*.  park  in  canon  of  the  Upper 
Rio'  de  los  Finos.  A  large  number  of  this  species  were  taken  at  the  above  localities, 
and  were  the  only  Satyr  us  noted  by  the  expedition. 

'Genus  COEXOXYMPHA  Hub. 

Coenonyvyilut  Tiplion  var.  Ochracea. 

Coenonyinpha   Ochracea,  EDWARDS  ("NY.  H.),  Proceedings  of  the  Academy  of  Xatural  Sci- 
ences of  Philadelphia,  p.  163  (1861).— MORRIS,  Syu.  Lep.'X.  Am.  p.  328  (1862). 
Ooen,  Tipfmit-  var.  Ochracea.  STRECKER,  Syn.  Catalogue,  p.  160  (1878). 

Several  taken  at  Pagosa  Springs  July  21,  and  others  "were  seen  at  different  places; 
I  have  also  received  it  from  Montana,  Xew  Mexico,  Oregon,  &c. 

There  can  be  no  doubt  but  that  this  is  a  variation  of  Tiphon  Rott.,  a  species  ranging 
all  over  Europe  and  Northern  Asia,  and  of  Avhich  Davus  Fabr.  is  a  synonym. 


Pampliila  Snou'i. 


Family  HESPEKID.E. 
Genus  PAMPHILA. 


Pamphila  Snowi.  EDWARDS  ("W.  H.),  Canadian  Entomologist,  ix,  p.  29  (1877).— STRECKER.  Svn. 
Catalogue,  p.  169  (1878). 

Two  examples  at  Pagosa  Springs  July  21. 

A  species  somewhat  allied  to  the  Eastern  Lconardus  Har.,  but  not  as  large,  or  as  dis- 
tinctly marked  beneath. 

PampliUa  Napa. 

Pamphila  Napa,  EDWARDS  (TV.  H.),  Proc.  Entomological  Society  of  Philadelphia,  iv,  p.  202, 
Hesperia  Dacotah,  EDWARDS  (W.  H.),  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  iii,  p.  277  (1871). 
Several  males  and  one  female  at  Pagosa  Springs. 

Genus  ANCYLOXYPHA  Feld. 
Ancyloxypha  Garita  var.  ffylax. 

Thitmeticit*  Hi/lax.  EDWARPS  (W.  H.).  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Society,  iii,  p.  274  (1871). 
Aneyloaypha  Garita  var.  Hylax,  STRECKEK.  Syn.  Catalogue,  p.  175  (1878). 

A  number  taken.  July  28,  along  Weeminuehe  Creek  to  the  Rio  Piedro,  also  between 
the  Upper  Rio  Piedro  and  the  Rio  Nutrias;  it  was  quite  common  flying  abound  among, 
the  grass  in  numbers. 

Genus  PYRGUS. 
Pyrgus  Syrichtus. 

Pyrtms  'Syrithtus.  FABRICIUS  (Papilloi  Systcina  Entomologia?,  p.  534  (1775);  Sp.  Ins.  ii  p. 
137  (1781):  Mant.  his.  ii.  p.  Oo  ,17*7,  :  Ent.  Sysf.  iii.  1.  p.  349  (1793).— DOUBLBDAT  &  llKWIT- 
80V(Pyrgu*  S.),  Gen.  Dim-.  Lt-p.  ii.  p.  :,i«  (1850-1852).— STRBOKEB,  Syn.  Catalogue,  p.  17G 

(18/8). 


Papilin  Ornifi.  ('KAMI:!:.  Pap.  Ex.  iv.  t.  334.  I.  K.  L.  (17>j|. 

/'.//'•,'."•'•*  <>il<  ax.  \VE>r-\viM«it  A;  Hr.MciiKi.vs  (nee  LIN.VE).  Urit.  Butt.  t.  38,  f.  14,  15  (1841). 
Si/i'ii'ltti.'M  Oilus.  Mi'K'i;!-.  S\u.  Lep.  N.  Am.  ]>.  VJ1  Hsr.-Ji. 
Papilio  Tartarus.  HCBNKB,  Eur.  M-lnnt-tT.  f.  71(i.  717  (1803-1818). 
Hi'#jn'rii-t  Texsellrita  Scri'HEi;.  Sy<t.  Ki-v.  Am.  Ilutt.  j>.  7:;  (1872). 

Synchtus  Communit.  (iimn;.  Canadian  Kntonniloi;ist.  iv.  )».  69  (1872):  (Hesperia  C.),  I,  c.  p. 
220  (18*-). 

117  E 


1858  REPORT    OF    THE    CHIEF   OF    ENGINEERS. 

This  widespread  and  common  species  was  observed  on  the  route  generally.  Besides 
being  found  in  all  parts  of  the  United  States  and  Territories ;  it  is  common  in  Mexico, 
Central  America,  and  most  parts  of  South  America,  down  to  Patagonia  inclusive. 

Genus  NISONIADES  Hub. 
Nisoniades  Per  sins. 

Nisoniades  Persius,  SCUDDER,  Proceedings  Essex  Institute,  iii,  p.  170  (1862). 

One  male  at  Rio  Chania  July  7.  This  is  another  of  those  species  having  a  range 
from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific. 

HETEROCERA. 

Family  SPHINGID^E. 

Genus  MACROGLOSSA  O. 
Macroglossa  Senta,  n.  sp. 

Male  expands  1|  inches ;  above,  the  head,  thorax,  and  first  two  and  part  of  third  seg- 
ment of  abdomen  heavily  clothed  with  olivaceous  hair ;  beneath  the  first  three  seg- 
ments of  abdomen  are  black;  the  remaining  ones  pale  sulphur-yellow  with  black  in 
the  middle ;  anal  tuft  black ;  antennae  black. 

Beneath,  head  and  body  are  yellowish-white;  legs  clothed  with  yellowish- white  hair. 

Upper  surface,  wings  hyaline,  with  the  veins  dark  brown.  .  Primaries,  costa  blackish ; 
exterior  margin  of  moderate  width,  widest  at  apex,  scalloped  on  its  inner  edge,  but  not 
deeply,  Indian-red  in  color,  brighter  at  apex  and  between  the  last  two  cells  at*and  near 
the  inner  angle:  in  the  middle  this  border  is  sprinkled  or  suffused  with  brownish; 
fringe  dark  brown ;  inner  margin  Indian-red,  narrow  at  and  near  the  inner  angle, 
becoming  very  broad  from  middle  of  inner  margin  to  base. 

Secondaries  have  a  narrow  exterior  margin  of  dark  brown,  slightly  scalloped  inwardly, 
and  showing  traces  of  red  toward  inner  half ;  abdominal  margin  broad  and  reddish, 
brightest  at  anal  angle. 

Under  surface,  wings :  Primaries,  costa  pale  yellowish  from  base  to  over  or  about 
half  its  length ;  terminal  half  sprinkled  heavily  with  dark  brown ;  exterior  margin 
with  the  red  not  as  dark  as  above,  but  brighter ;  inner  margin  also  not  as  dark  at  its 
outer  half,  and  pale  yellow  toward  and  at  base. 

Secondaries  with  basal  part,  costa,  and  inner  margin  pale  yellow ;  exterior  margin 
red ;  fringes  of  all  wings  brown. 

One  male" ;  Fierra  Amaiilla,  New  Mexico,  July  10. 

This  beautiful  little  species  is  far  more  slender  and  delicate  than  Diffinis  or  allies,  and 
its  position  would  be  between  the  group  of  which  Diffinis  B.  is  typical  and  the  other 
composed  of  such  species  as  Tliysbe  F.  Gracllis  Grote,  &c.  It  can  be  distinguished  at  a 
glance  from  any  other  known  American  species. 

Family  ZYGJEXID^E. 

Geims  CTENUCHA  Kirby. 

Ctenucha  Matthcm. 

Scepsis  Mattheivii,  EDWARDS  (Hv.),  Proceedings  of  the  California  Academy  of  Sciences,  v,  184 
(1873). 

August  13,  several  near  the  headwaters  of  the  Rio  Blanco. 

This  is  closely  allied  to  Ctennclia  Fulvicollis  Hub.,  but  is  of  larger  size  and  paler  color 
throughout.  It  is  a  species  having  considerable  range,  the  type  from  which  Mr.  Hy. 
Edwards  described  it  having  been  taken  in  Vancouver's  Island. 

Ctenuclia  Cressonana. 

Ctenucha  Cressonana,  GROTE.  Proceedings  Entomological  Society  of  Philadelphia,  ii,  p.  64,  t. 
8,  f.  5  (1863).— STRETCH,  Illustrations  of  Zygsenidae  and  Bombycidae  of  IS".  America,  i,  p.  28, 
t.  1,  f.  14  (1872). 

Several  examples  taken  along  \Veemiimche  Creek  to  the  Rio  Piedro  and  between 
Upper  Rio  Piedro  and  Rio  Nutrias  July  28. 

This  species  is  rare  in  collections.  It  is  nearly  the  size  and  color  of  the  Eastern  C. 
Virginica  Charp.,  but  has  the  pale  yellow  marks  or  lines  on  tegulae  and  primaries  like 
C.  Fenosa  Wlk.,  excepting  that  the  latter  species  has  one  more  pale  line  on  primaries 
toward  the  apex. 

Ctenncha  Sangmnaria,  n.  sp. 

Female  expands  not  quite  two  inches;  head  bright  blood-red  or  scarlet,  shining 
blue  between  the  eyes;  prothorax  above  same  lustrous  blue,  beneath  and  at  sides 


APPENDIX    SS.  1859 

scarlet;  thorax  also  blue,  the  same  color  as  in  C.  Yirg'inica  Charp.  ;  patagi;«>  edged 
with  scarlet  on  inner  margin  ;  abdomen  same  blue  as  thorax  ;  legs  blue.  Antennae 
wanting. 

Upper  surface,  wings  :  Primaries  black,  with  blue  reflections,  most  noticeable  at 
basal  part,  which  equals  in  luster  the  body  ;  secondaries  shining  blue. 

Primaries  have  the  cost  a  the  greater  part  of  its  length  from  the  base  outward  edged 
with  scarlet  ;  the  submediauuervule,  the  median  nervure  with  its  two  middle  branches, 
and  the  subcostal  inferior  nervule  are  also  of  the  same  fine  scarlet  or  blood  color  ;  fringe 
white. 

Secondaries  with  white  fringe,  and  without  marks,  as  in  other  species. 

Under  surface,  color  as  above,  but  devoid  of  all  the  scarlet  Jines  except  that  which 
edges  the  costa. 

Perhaps  a  better  idea  of  the  ornamentation  of  the  primaries  of  this  species  can  be 
conveyed  to  those  familiar  with  the  North  American  fauna  werti  I  to  state  that  the 
arrangement  of  the  scarlet  lines  is  precisely  the  same  as  is  that  of  the  whitish-yellow 
ones  in  Venoxa.  Of  this,  the  most  superb  of  all  our  species,  one  example,  a  female,  was 
taken  July  1<>  at  Rio  Blanco.  The  antennae,  as  above  stated,  were  wanting,  and  the 
secondaries  were  much  torn  and  broken  at  the  outer  half,  but  the  example  "had  been 
fresh  when  caught  and  was  not  at  all  rubbed  ;  hence  the  description  and  accompany- 
ing figure  were  accomplished  without  difficulty. 

Family  BOMBYCIDJB. 

Genus  CROCOTA  Hiib. 

Crocota  Fr«r/ilix.  n.  sp. 

Expands  !£  inches  ;  head  and  body  ocher  color  above,  inclining  to  flesh-color  below  ; 
wings  above  ocher,  a  little  inclining  to  pinkish  near  and  at  abdominal  margin  of  sec- 
ondaries: beneath,  uniform  flesh-color  or  pinkish. 

One  example  taken  July  21  at  Pagosa  Spring's. 

This  species  lias  the  wings  narrower  and  longer  in  proportion  than  any  other  I  know 
,  of,  and  throughout  it  is  less  robust  in  appearance. 

Genus  XEMEOPHILA  Stph. 
Nemeophila  Plantaginis. 


nla  Plantaginis,  Lixxfi  (Phalcena  P.).  Systema  Naturae,  ed.  x,  p.  501  (1758);  ed.  xii 
p.  8-JO  (1707)  ;  Fauna  suerira,  301  (1761).—  DUNCAN,  Naturalists'  Library,  Ent,  iv,  p.  216,  t. 
21,  f.  l  (1836).—  STAUDINGER.  Catalogue,  p.  56  (1871).—  STRECKEK,  Lepidoptera  Khop.-Het. 

i.  p.  7f>(lS71). 

.:-in<>»j>tiil(i  Cit-Kpitis.  GROTE  &  ROBINSON.  Trans.  American  Entomological  Society,  i,  p.  337, 

t,  6,  f.  41!  (1H5S);  iv.  p.  4'JS  (1873). 

etitcnplt'tlr,  dcliorii  GiiOTE  &  ROBINSON,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  i,  p.  338,  t.  6,  i.  44  (1868)  ;  iv, 

p.  4-.-S  (1873). 

Two  males  near  headwaters  of  San  Juan  River  August  2.  One  of  these  is  like  the 
common  European  form;  the  other  assimilates  to  var.  Matronali*  Fr.  in  the  inner  part 
of  secondaries  being  black.  This  is  an  exceedingly  variable  species.  Some  examples 
(var.  Ho*)>it«  Sch.),  found  in  Colorado  and  Europe,  have  the  ground-color  of  wings 
white  ;  others,  the  form  common  to  Europe  and  Colorado,  have  the  ground-color  yellow  ; 
another  form,  so  far  known  only  from  Europe,  have  the  secondaries  scarlet;  yet 
others  in  which  the  ground-color  is  black;  this  latter  form  is  the  following-cited 
Eupxychomu  (Icomctrica  Grote. 

In  'the  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  iv,  Grote  and  Robinson  redescribed  Plantaginis  as  new 
under  the  name  of  (  >/•*/>///«  and  Cichorii,  adding  that  Cichorii  would  be  readily  distin- 
guished by  the  black  fringe  and  clear  yellow  Hands  of  the  upper  surface  of  primaries. 
The  larva1  of  these  two  species  are  stated  to  be  quite  distinct,  and  to  be  found  on  differ- 
ent food-plants.  These  authors  evidently  had  little  if  any  acquaintance  with  either 
the  European  forms  of  this  species,  or  with  the  habits  of  the  larvae  of  the  Arctiaus,  as 
the  fringes  in  different  European  varieties  of  Plantaginis  are  either  yellow,  black,  or 
both,  and  the  larva1  of  the  Arctians,  as  any  tyro  knows,  will  feed  on  almost  any  green 
thing,  and  in  default  of  vegetable  food  will  even  sometimes  devour  each  other. 

Nemeoplilla  Flantaylnlx  var.  Geomctrlca. 

Eiijtfu/rJioma  Geometrica,  GUOTE,  Proceedings  Entomological  Soc.  Philadelphia,  iv,  p.  318,  t.  2, 

f.  1(1865). 

Eupsychoma  Geometroidef,  GUOTE  &  K«>r.i\sn.v  List  Zyg.  and  Bonibyc.  N.  Am.  p.  7  (1865). 
NemMphila  Plantaginis  var..  STRECKEK,  Lt-pidopteni  Khop.-Het.  p.  79  (1874). 

Augusts,  one  example  taken  near  headwaters  of  the  San  Juan  River,  agrees  exactly 
with  the  figure  in  I'roc.  Ent.  Soc.,  with  the  exception  of  having  one  more  small  white 
mark  near  apex  in  primaries. 

This  variety  of  rianlayhii*  was  first  placed  by  Grote  in  a  new  genus,  Bupsyohoma, 
which  he  made  for  its  reception.  This  genus  he  placed  in  the  Zyy<rHida!.  To  quote 


1860  REPORT    OF   THE   CHIEF    OF    ENGINEERS. 

his  own  words,  ua  Zyga?nid  genus  allied  to  Ctenucha  and  presenting  some 'analogies  in 
the  n eviration  to  Eudryas." 

Another  closely  allied  variety  was  described  by  Walker  in  Cat.  Het.  B.  M.  iii,  p. 
626,  vinder  the  name  of  Nemeophila  Petrosa,  he  not  having  made  the  mistake,  however, 
of  placing  it  in  a  new  genus. 

Genus  ARCTIA  Schr. 
Arctia  Cervinoides. 

Arctia  Cervinoides  STRJSCKER,  Proceedings  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  p. 
151  (1876). 

One  example,  July  15,  Upper  Rio  Blanco,  differs  from  the  type  in  having  the  second- 
aries more  blackish,  and  in  the  white  lines  of  primaries  being  narrower  in  part. 

This  was  described  from  a  unique  example  received  from  Colorado  in  1875.  It  is 
nearer  to  Qtienselii  Payk.  and  Cervini  Fall,  than  to  any  other  known  species.  I  know 
of  no  other  examples  'in  collections  besides  the  type  and  the  one  above  alluded  to. 

Arctia  F-pallida,  n.  sp. 

Male  expands  1  inch.  Head  above  pinkish,  beneath  black ;  thorax  above  pinkish, 
with  three  black  stripes,  beneath  black ;  abdomen  crimson  above,  with  a  black  dorsal 
stripe;  below  black;  antennae  black. 

Wings,  upper  surface  primaries  black,  with  a  large  pale  flesh-colored  mark  resem- 
bling the  letter  F ;  this  is  formed  by  a  mark  extending  from  base  of  wing  some  dis- 
tance from  and  parallel  with  the  inner  margin,  to  nearly  two-thirds  the  length  of 
the  wing ;  from  its  outer  extremity  to  the  costa  extends  a  somewhat  bent  line  of 
same  color  and  width.  Another  such  line  also  extends  from  the  first  mentioned  to 
costa,  about  midway  between  the  last -mentioned  line  and  base  of  wing,  these  three 
lines  thus  forming  a  very  conspicuous  and  distinct  letter  F.  Secondaries  scarlet,  with 
broad  blackish  margin ;  a  not  very  conspicuous  dark  mark  extends  from  base  to  oviter 
margin  about  one-third  in  from  abdominal  margin ;  a  blackish  sp.ot  connects  with  the 
dark  border  of  costa  about  one-third  the  distance  from  the  apex ;  fringe  of  abdominal 
margin  scarlet ;  all  other  fringe  of  all  wings  dark  grayish. 

Oue  example  of  this  handsome  little  species  captured  at  the  Rio  Navajo  July  13 ;  it 
belongs  in  same  group  with  Nais  Dru.,  &c. 

Genus  SPILOSOMA  Stph. 
Spilosoma  Antigone,  n.  sp. 

Female  expands  1|  inches.  Head  and  body  entirely  pure  shining  white ;  antenna? 
white  above,  black  beneath  ;  legs  white,  except  the  coxa?  and  femora  of  anterior  pair, 
which  are  yellow. 

All  wings  same  pure  shining  white  as  the  body ;  primaries  above,  with  an  irregular 
submarginal  row  of  faint  broAvnish  dots ;  the  three  or  fouf  toward  the  apex  are  ones 
that  are  noticeable  without  close  inspection ;  another  brown  point  at  the  intersection 
of  the  median  nervule  with  its  two  middle  branches,  this  spot  or  dot  is  also  very 
faintly  visible  on  the  other  surface,  as  is  also  a  discal  point  on  under  surface  of  sec- 
ondaries. 

One  female,  July  16,  main  Rio  Blanco ;  one  female  previously  from  Georgia. 

There  are,  besides  this,  four  described  species  of  SiJtlosoma,  in -North  America, 
viz,  Virginica  Fab.,  CongruaVflk..,  Vestal  is  Pack.,  and  Latipennis,  Stretch.  From  the 
first  of  these  the  present  species  differs  in  its  immaculate  abdomen ;  from  the  second, 
in  the  absence  of  black  bands  on  the  tarsi  and  of  the  "four  oblique,  very  imperfect, 
and  irregular  bands  composed  of  pale  brown  dots  "  ;  and  from  the  third  and  fourth  in 
the  anterior  coxa?  and  femora  being  yellow  instead  of  rose-colored  or  pink.  I  thought 
at  first  it  might  be  Walker's  Congrua,  as  the  number  of  pale  dots  on  primaries  is  not 
necessarily  specific  in  this  and  allied  genera  (as  can  be  seen  by  the  endless  varieties 
of  Hyphantria  Cunea  Dru.),  but  the  absence  of  black  bands  on  the"  tarsi  and  other  points 
stated  by  Walker  have  satisfied  me  of  its  distinctness. 

Genus  HEMILEUCA  Wrlk. 
Hemilettca  Juno. 

Hemileuca  Juno.  PACKARD,  Annual  Report  of  the  Peabody  Academy  of  Science  for  1871.  p. 
87  (1872). 

Three  male  examples,  at  Rio  Florida,  much  worn.  Packard  says  in  his  description 
of  this  species  that  it  is  "  similar  in  its  form  to  H.  maia."  The  present  examples  do  not 
agree  with  his  description  in  this  respect,  as  the  wings  are  narrower  than  maia,  are  more 
prolonged  apically,  are  less  rounded  on  exterior  margins,  and  the  primaries  are  much 
hollowed  in  on  costa.  Packard  says,  "wings  uniformly  dark -brown."  This  conveys 
an  erroneous  impression  of  the  color,  which  is  the  same,  only  more  dense  and  opaque, 
as  in  the  darker  examples  of  maia,  a  sort  of  crape-like  or  semi-diaphanous  black.  He 


APPENDIX    S  S.  1861 

also  speaks  of  £%a  few  whir.'  smiles  beyond  the  diseal  spot"  on  upper  surl-n  T,  and  "on 
lihul  wind's  there  is  a  round  white  patch  beyond  the  (fiscal  jlot,  and  another  between 
it  and  the  costa."  lu  the  present  examples  are  no  traces  <>!'  anything  like  these,  the 
secondaries  being  destitute  of  all  marks  and  entirely  black  on  both  surface^  but 
these  points  are  not  all  specific,  as  I  have  examples  of  maia  in  which  the  pale  band 
varies  from  the  normal  form,  and  others  where  it  is  entirely  wanting  on  the  primaries. 
In  some  this  band  covers  the  greater  part  of  the  wing  ;  in  others  it  is  reduced  to  a  mere 
line,  or  else  wanting  entirely!  But  the  shape  and  the  color  will  easily  separate  Juno 
from  maia.  In  Juno  the  color  is  dense,  heavy,  and  opaque;  in  main  it  is  filmy,  crape- 
like,  semi-transparent,  and  main  is  a  much  heavier  built  insect.  Throughout.  Juno  is 
closely  allied  to  ll<-mili-i«-a  (Jr»i<i  (Grote  &  Robinson,  in  vol.  ii,  Trans.  Am.  Kiit.  Soc. 
p.  192,  t.  '2.  f.  (50,  ISuX),  and  if  I  may  judge  by  the  figure,  which  is  apparently  a  tail- 
one,  I  would  believe  that  Juno  and  (irotri  are  varieties  of  one  species,  the  main  ditter- 
ences  being  that  the  primaries  are  less  elongated  in  (Irotet,  but  this  might  be  sexual, 
as  the  tignre  is  of  a  female,  and  I  have  only  males  of  Jtt.no  for  comparison,  and  in  the, 
presence  of  a  narrow  white  band  on  secondaries;  traces  of  this  latter  are,  however, 
visible,  as  I  have  mentioned  in  Packard's  types,  and  its  size  or  even  presence  is  not 
essentially  specitic.  The  pale  cross-bands  on  the  abdomen  of  Grote's  figure,  I  presume, 
art1  only  the  hyaline  space  formed  by  the  stretching  of  the  sutures  between  the  seg- 
ments. as  the  abdomen  is  enormously  elongated. 


Genus  PSEUDOHAZIS  Gr.-Rob. 

P$endolta:i*  Hera. 

Psendohazis  Hera.  HARRIS  (S'lturnia  H.),  Rep.  Insects  of  Massachusetts,  p.  286  (1841).—  MOR- 
RIS. ' 

i,  p 


.  .,         .  ,    .  . 

RIS.  Syn.  Lep.  X.  Am.  p.  '221  (1862).—  (Pseudohazis  H.),  STRECKER,  Lepidoptera  Rhop.-Het. 
p.  137,  1.  15,  f.  10,  11,  12  (1877). 


min 


,  TTLK.,Cat.  Het.  B.  M.  vi,  p.  1318  (1855).—  MORRIS  (Saturnia.  P.),  Syn.  Lep. 
X.  Am.  p.  222(1862). 

ne  male,  July  14,  at  Eio  Blanco,  near  its  headwaters  ;  one  male,  July  28,  at  Wee- 
inuche  Creek,  near  Rio  Piedro  ;  August  1,  one  male  and  one  femalej  in  valley  of 
Upper  San  Juan  River.  These  are  all  of  the  Colorado  form,  figured  in  my  work  on 
Lepidoptera,  t.  15.  f.  11,  with  pale,  creamy-tinted  upper  wings  and  rich  yellow  hind 
wir.gs.  These  differ  from  the  Utah  form',  which  has  the  ground-color  of  all  wings 
white,  and  from  the  Arizona  form  P.  XuttaUi,  in  which  the  black  bands  of  wings  are 
much  less  diffuse,  and  in  which  the  black  bands  of  abdomen  are  either  partly  or  wholly 
obsolete.  Wherever  this  species  or  its  varieties  occur  it  is  found  in  great  abundance, 
flying  by  daylight.  The  California  form  P.  Eglanterina  feeds  in  the  larval  state  on 
wild,  rose  or  brier. 

Family  tfOCTTLE. 

Genus  AGROTIS  O. 
Agrotis  Et'd")  macula. 

A'j  <•»?;.«  L'-,);,,ii-i<-ii7,-i.  MORRISON,  Proceedings  Acad.  Xat,  Sciences  of  Pliila.  p.  165  (1874), 

September  11,  several  examples  at  the  Rio  Florida  near  upper  road.     This  is  a  wide- 
spread species,  near  TvwYhita  Harr.  ;  it  is  found  from  Maine  to  Colorado. 


Genus  HADEXA  Tr. 
Had  ota  Liyuicolom. 

Hadena  Lignicolora.  GUEXEE  Xoctuelites,  i.  p.  140  (1852). 
Several  of  this  common  and  widespread  species  were  taken  at  Weemiimche  Creek 

ited  States. 


near  to  Rio  Piedro,  also  at  Pagosa  Springs  and  elsewhere;  they  are  in  no  wise  differ- 
ent from  those  found  elsewhere  m  the  Unil 


Hadena  Morna,  n.  sp. 

Male  expands  If  inches.  Head  and  thorax  cinnamon-colored;  abdomen  of  .same 
color,  but  paler. 

Upper  surface  primaries  same  color  as  head  and  thorax,  darkest  from  discal  spot 
inward:  markings  all  more  or  less  indistinct ;  transverse  anterior  line  deeper  reddish 
and  double:  transverse  posterior  line  apparently  single,  reiiiform,  indistinct,  its  lower 
part  on  the  median  iiervule  filled  with  a  gray  or  lead-colored  spot,  which  is  the  only 
mark  of  any  prominence;  exterior  margin  of  wing  bordered  with  a  dark  shade; 
fringe  same  Color  as  the  last ;  secondaries  reddish  white  with  broad  smoky  border  ex- 
teriorly :  fringe  pale. 

Under  surface  primaries  shining  cinnamon-color,   paler  than   above;    secondaries 

line  color  as  above,  but  devoid  of  dark  border. 

One  male  at  Rio  Blanco  near  its  headwaters. 


I  862  REPORT    OF   THE    CHIEF   OF   ENGINEERS. 

Genus  LEUCANIA  O. 
Leucania  Ligata.  • 

Heliophila  Ligata,  GROTE,  List  Noctuidae,  p.  12  (1875). 

A  number  observed  and  several  taken  at  Pagosa  Springs  July  31 ;  they  are  a  little 
larger  than  the  examples  from  Texas. 

Genus  HELIOTHIS  Tr. 
Heliothis  Meadi. 

Tamila  Meadi,  GROTE,  Bulletin  Buffalo  Society  of  Natural  Sciences,  i,.p.  121,  t.  3,  f.  5  (1874). 
One  example  of  this  lovely  insect  taken  at  Pagosa  Springs  July  31. 

Heliothis  Sulmala,  n.  sp. 

Male  expands  1£  inches.  Head  and  body  silvery  milk-white ;  wings  same  white  as 
body ;  primaries  with  a  sub-basal  band  strongly  bent  outward  at  its  middle,  a  broad 
marginal  band  at  exterior  margin  being  widest  at  inner  half  toward  interior  margin, 
this  marginal  baud  is  divided  through  its  middle  from  costa  to  inner  margin  by  a 
white  line ;  a  large  kidney -shaped  discal  spot ;  this  spot  as  well  as  all  the  bands  are 
of  an  olivaceous  or  yellowish  brown,  not  very  dark  and  semi-metallic,  much  the  tint  of 
the  geometrid  Gorytodes  Trilinearia;  the  whole  arrangement  of  the  bands  is  much  as 
in  Heliothis  Ewulosa  Guen.  and  H.  JKegia  Streck.,  excepting  that  the  portion  of  the 
wing  interior  to  the  sub-basal  baud  has  the  white  ground  of  rest  of  wing ;  fringes 
pure  white ;  secondaries  same  white  as  primaries,  with  a  narrow  border  to  exterior 
margin  and  a  large  lunate  discal  spot  of  same  color  as  bands  and  spot  of  primaries  J 
fringe  pure  white.  Under  surface  same  white  as  above;  primaries  Avith  marginal 
band  much  as  above,  excepting  that  it  becomes  obsolete  toward  the  inner  angle ;  a 
broad  band  extends  from  base  along  costa  to  the  exterior  margin;  this  band  in  a 
measure  absorbs  the  discal  spot;  secondaries  immaculate,  except  the  large  discal 
spot ;  all  fringes  white. 

One  male  of  this  elegant  insect  taken  July  31  at  Pagosa  Springs ;  a  few  more  ob- 
served but  not  captured. 

Family  PHALJ3NIDJE. 

Genus  APLODES  Guen. 

Aplodes  Undinaria,  n.  sp. 

Expands  If  inches.  Head  white  above,  brown  between  the  eyes ;  palpi  white ; 
antennae  white ;  thorax  bright  green ;  tibite  and  tarsi  white ;  femora  bright  green ; 
abdonlen  white  above  and  at  sides,  with  a  pale  green  dorsal  shade,  beneath  green. 

Wings,  upper  surface  primaries  uniform  green,  like  thorax,  minutely  reticulated 
with  white,  the  latter  only  plainly  discernible  under  a  lens ;  two  distinct  white  lines, 
the  first  and  narrowest  extending  from  interior  margin,  not  very  far  from  the  base, 
across  the  wing  to  middle  of  costa,  this  line  is  a  little  curved  or  rounded  outwardly ; 
the  second  line  is  wider  and  extends  from  interior  margin  at  two-thirds  its  distance 
from  base,  to  the  costa  some  little  distance  from  apex ;  costa  very  narrowly  edged  with 
white ;  fringe  green,  edged  outwardly  with  white. 

Secondaries  broadly  green  at  inner  half  of  exterior  margin,  from  whence  they  be- 
come paler,  and  white  toward  apex,  costa,  and  base ;  a  white  line,*a  continuation  of 
the  outer  one  of  primaries,  crosses  the  wing  from  abdominal  margin  to  costa  near  or 
at  apex,  where  it  becomes  lost ;  fringes  green,  edged  with  white  outwardly,  as  on  pri- 
maries. 

Under  surface  all  wings  pale  green,  merging  into  white  toward  inner  half;  lines  of 
upper  side  not  so  conspicuous. 

One  example,  July  13,  at  the  Rio  Navajo. 

Genus  ACIDALIA  Tr. 
Acidalia  Peralbata. 

Acidalia  Peralbata,  PACKARD,  Fifth  Report  Peabody  Academy  of  Sciences,  p.  70  (1873) ;  IT. 
S.  Geo.  Survey  of  Territories,  Hay  den,  x,  p.  332,  t,  10,  f.  48  (1876). 

A  number  of  examples  taken  at  West  Fork  of  San  Juan  River. 

Genus  FIDONIA  Tr. 
Fidonia  Acidaliata. 

Fidonia  Acidaliata,  PACKARD,  Sixth  Report  Peabody  Acad.  of  Sciences,  p.  48  (1874). 
Loxofidonia  Acidaliata,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  of  the  Territories,  Hayden,  x,  p.  224,  t.  9,  f. 
44  (1876). 

Two  examples,  Pagosa  Springs.  This  species  bears  a  strong  resemblance  to  Zono- 
somu  Triliiian'ia  Bkh.,  a  European  species. 


APPENDIX    SS.  1863 

Fidonia  Stalaelttaria.  n.  sp. 

Expands  %  inch.  Shape  of  F.  Finidaria  G.-R.,  to  which  it  is  closely  allied.  Head 
and  body  powdered  with  whitish  and  Idark  scales. 

I'pper  surface  wings  rich  orange  color;  primaries  whitish  gray  along  the  inner  half 
of  costa.  A  short  dark-brown  band  extends  from  middle  of  costa  to  the  median 
nervnre,  where  it  is  narrower  than  at  the  costa:  half-Way  between  this  and  exterior 
margin  is  another  band,  which  extends  from  costa,  where,  it  is  broadest, to  inner  margin. 
This  last  band  is  in  part  almost  continent  with  a  broad  brown  border  of  exterior 
margin;  between  the  latter  and  this  band,  at  and  near  the  costa,  is  a  pale  yellowish- 
white  mark  narrower  than  in  I<'h)tct(irhi ;  median  nervnre  brown.  Secondaries  with  a 
broad  brown  border  to  exterior  margin  ;  this  border  incloses  a  row  of  almost  continent 
orange  spots,  which  commences  at  the  anal  angle  and  extends  two-thirds  in  toward 
the  apex;  interior  to  the  marginal  border,  and  parallel  with  it,  is  a  brown  mesial  line; 
all  fringes  pale  yellow,  alternated  with  in-own  terminations  of  veins. 

Cinder  surface,  primaries  bright  orange,  except  at  costa  and  apex,  where  tin- color 
is  pale  yellow,  the  dark  lines  same  as  above  but  paler,  and  the  outer  one  does  not  reach 
to  the  exterior  margin,  there  being  a  narrow  pale  space  between.  Secondaries  pale- 
brownish  with  three  irregular  bands  composed  o  I'm  ore  or  less  closely  connect  eel  pale-yel- 
low irregularly  shaped  spots:  also  between  the  innermost,  of  these  bands  and  the  base 
are  several  more  irregular  pale  yellow  marks;  there  are  traces  of  silver  in  the  spots  of 
under  side  of  secondaries,  as  in  FhiH'tnr'Hi.  though  there  is  considerable  resemblance  in 
the  arrangement  of  all  the  markings. 

Two  examples.  August  10.  at  Rio  Xavajo,  near  mouth  of  canon  of  its  headwaters. 


Genus  METROCAMPA  Latr. 

Met i 'oca mpa  Pcrla ta . 

Metrocampa  Perlata,  GT.-RNEE.  Uranides  et  Phal6nites,  i,  p.  128  (1857).— WALKER,  List,  Lep.  B. 

M.  Het.  xx.  p.  157  (I860). 
Metrocampa  Virida-perlata,  PACKARD,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  xvi,  p.  38  (1874). 

Three  examples,  July  27,  head  of  Tule  Valley,  at  Weemhmche  Creek.  August  11, 
RioNavajo,  at  its  headwaters  and  at  other  points.  These  are  in  no  way  different  from 
Eastern  examples;  it  is  found  in  British  Columbia  and  in  all  parts  of  the  United  States 
and  Territories  except  in  the  far  South. 

Some  years  since  I  obtained  a  large  number  from  S.  Labrador;  these  were  all  of  small 
size.  The  largest  I  ever  saw  were  from  California  and  Pennsylvania  ;  when  fresh  caught 
and  unsullied  this  is  a  most  lovely  thing  to  behold,  but  in  a  very  short  time  the  beau- 
tiful pale  sea-given  shade  disappears. 

Genus  EUGOXIA  Hub. 

Engott ia  Colomdaria. 

Ewnomos  Coloradaria,  GROTE,  Annals  Lyceum  of  Natural  History  of  New  York,  viii,  t.  16,  f. 

11  (1867). 
Tetrads  Coloradaria,  PACKARD,  U.  S.  Geo.  Sur.  Terr.  Hayden,  x,  p.  550,  t.  12,  f.  47  (1876). 

One  of  this  fine  species,  July  21,  at  Pagosa  Springs.  It  is  easily  distinguished  from  all 
others  of  its  genus  by  the  two  heavy  black  bands  (rather  than  lines)  of  primaries. 

Genus  EUASPILATES  Pack. 

EuaHpHuteft  Sjjinahiria. 

Euaspilates  Spinataria,  PACKARD,  Sixth  Report  Peabody  Acad.  Sci.  p.  45  '(1874) ;  TJ.  S.  Geo. 
Sur.  Terr.  Hayden,  x.  p.  204,  figure  (1876). 

Two  examples  were  taken  :  both  have  the  dark  lines  of  primaries  much  heavier  than 
represented  in  Packard's  figure. 

Genus  HETEROLOCHA  Led. 
Hfterolocha  JEdwardxala. 

Heterolocha  Edwardsata,  PACKARD,  Proceedings  of  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History, 
xiii,  p.  383  (1871) ;  U.  S.  Geo.  Sur.  Terr.  Hayden,  x,  p.  478,  t.  11.  f.48  (1876). 

This  species  was  quite  abundant;  it  was  taken  at  the  West  Fork  of  the  Rio  Xavajo, 
near  its  headwaters,  at  the  Rio  Blanco,  and  at  the  Rio  de  los  Piuos  near  the  crossing 
of  the  upper  road;  it  was  in  no  particular  different  from  California  examples. 

Genus  EURYMEXE  Dup. 
Eurymene  Excelxa,  n.  sp. 

Expands  1£  inches.  Mead  and  thorax  bright  orange  ocher;  abdomen  yellowish- 
white. 

Upper  surface  wings:  primaries  same  color  as  thorax,  and  crossed  from  interior 
margin  to  costa  by  two  distinct  brownish-gray  lines :  the  firs!  or  sub-basal  is  edged 


1864        REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  ENGINEERS. 

inwardly,  and  the  second  outwardly,  with  white  ;  the  sub-basal  is  almost  straight, 
the  other  curves  inward  a  little  near  the  costa  ;  a  minute  brown  discal  point  or  dot  ; 
exterior  margin  edged  narrowly  or  with  a  mere  line,  rather,  of  brown  ;  fringe  whitish. 
Secondaries  whitish  with  faint  ochraceous  tinge  ;  a  minute  discal  point  and  a  small 
bla<fck  mark  on  abdominal  margin  one-third  in  from  the  anal  angle. 

Under  surface  whitish  with  an  ochraceous  tinge,  the  latter  most  perceptible  at  costa 
and  exterior  margin  of  primaries  ;  dark  lines  and  discal  spots  of  upper  surface  repeated, 
but  fainter. 

One  example  of  this  handsome  insect  was  taken  July  14  at  Pagosa  Springs. 

Genus  CIDARIA  Tr. 
Cidaria  Tmncata. 

Geometra  Truncata,  HUFNAGEL,  Tabellen  Berliner  Magazin,  iv,  602,  625  (1769). 
Geometra  Russata,  WIEX.  Verz.  113  (1776). 

Polyphasia  Centumnotata,  STEPHENS,  Illustrations  Brit.  Ent.  iii,  230  (1829). 
Petrophora  Truncata,  PACKARD,  T7.  S.  Geo.  Sair.  Ten1.  Hayden,  x  (1876). 

Taken  at  various  points  along  the  route  during  the  mouth  of  August.  It  is  found 
in  British  Columbia,  in  all  parts  of  the  United  States,  except  the  Southern  States,  as 
well  as  in  Europe  and  Siberia. 

Cidaria  Hastata. 

Phalcena  Hastata,  LTNXE,  Systema  Nature,  ed.  x.  p.  527  (1758)  ;  ed.  xii,  p.  870  (1767)  ;  Fauna 

Suecica,  p.  335  (1761). 
Melanippe  Gothicata,  GUEXEE,  Uranides  et  Phalenites,  ii,  p.  388  (1857). 

One  medium-sized  example  of  this  exceedingly  variable  species  was  taken  ;  it  has 
less  black  on  it  than  any  example  I  have  yet  seen,  either  American  or  European.  It  is 
likewise  a  species  of  large  range,  being  found  in  Labrador  and  United  States,  Europe, 
Siberia,  and  Alaska. 

Genus  MARMOPTERYX  Pack. 

Marmopieryx  Formomta,  n.  sp. 

Female  expands  1£  inches  ;  head  whitish  gray,  brown  between  the  eyes  ;  thorax  and 
abdomen  whitish  gray;  wings  shaped  much  as  in  N.  Marmorata  Pack.,  to  which  it  is 
allied.  Upper  surface  pure  satin,  white  ;  primaries  with  an  exterior  border  of  pale 
grayish  or  fawn,  very  broad  at  costa  and  narrowing  gradually  to  the  inner  angle  ; 
within  this  border,  near  apex,  is  a  white  mark  ;  interior  to  the  border,  extending  from 
the  costa  to  the  median  nervure,  is  a  narrow  shade  of  the  same  color  as  the  border. 
Secondaries  immaculate,  but  the  markings  of  under  side  faintly  appear  through  them  ; 
all  fringes  pure  white,  alternated  at  veins  with  pale  fawn. 

Under  surface  primaries  pure  silky  white,  yellow  along  costa  and  at  apical  parts  ; 
this  yellow  striated  loosely  on  costa  and  densely  at  apex  with  scarlet  ;  within  the 
apical  patch  is  a  white  mark  corresponding  to  that  within  the  fawn-colored  exterior 
margin  of  upper  surface.  Secondaries  yellow,  striated  densely  with  scarlet  ;  a  broad 
pure  white  mesial  band  bent  at  nearly  a  right  angle  in  the  middle,  in  the  space  ex- 
terior to  this  band  directly  opposite  the  angle  formed  by  the  bend  in  same  is  a  yellow 
and  white  space  caused  by  the  non-segregation  of  the  striae  ;  in  the  middle,  about,  of 
the  space  between  the  base  of  wing  and  the  mesial  band  is  a  large  white  spot  ;  the 
etriation  from  this  spot  to  the  abdominal  margin  and  extending  to  the  inner  edge  of 
mesial  band  is  blackish  purple  ;  the  costa  near  base  has  a  conspicuous  white  mark  ; 
all  fringes  as  on  upper  surface. 

The  Avings,  especially  the  secondaries,  are  not  near  as  much  prolonged,  especially  as 
in  Marmorata  Pack.  The  ornamentation  is  in  the  same  style  somewhat  as  in  that  spe- 
cies, but  the  coloration,  particularly  on  under  side,  is  far  more  beautiful;  this  is 
certainly  the  handsomest  and  most  notable  of  the  four  species  now  known. 

Two  examples  were  taken  at  the  Rio  Florida. 

COLEOPTERA. 


Genus  CYMINDIS. 
Cymindis  Brevipennis  Ziui. 

PTEROSTICHUS. 

Pterostickus  Protractus  Lee. 
Plerostickns  Luczotii  DEJ. 


Peltis  Lapponica  Hb. 


Marmoradts  Say. 


Tcnebrioidex  c.o*H<.'<(Ii*  Mels. 

Hippodamia  5-signata  Kby. 
Coccinella  9-notata  Hb. 

Aphonus  Pyriformis  Lee. 
Macronoxia  Decemlineata  Say. 
Diplotcucis  Haydenii  Lee. 


APPENDIX    S  S. 

SILPHIDJG. 

PELTIS. 

DEEMESTID^. 

DERMESTES. 

TEOGOSITID^S. 
TENEBRIOIDES. 

COCCINELLID.E. 

HIPPODAMIA. 

COCCL\ELLA. 


1865 


APHONUS. 
MACRONOXIA. 
DIPLOTAXIS. 


Chalcoplwm  Anyiilicollix  Lee. 
Buprestis  Eusticorum  Kby. 
Mdanoplrila  Dnimmondi  Kby.. 

Anelastcs  Drnry'ri  Kby. 
Corymbites  EReroglypkicus  Say. 

Chaulioynathtis  Basalts  Lee. 

HomactJtests  Emarginatua  Say. 
Leptura  Crilr'tpcnnis  Lee.      4 


CHALCOPHORA. 

BUPRESTIS. 
MELANOPHILA. 

ELATEEIDJB. 

ANELASTES. 

CORYMBITES. 

TELEPHOEID.E. 

CHAULIOGNATHUS. 

CEEAMBYCID^. 

HOMAGTHESIS. 

LEPTURA. 


1866 


REPORT   OF   THE    CHIEF   OF   ENGINEERS. 
PACHYTA. 


Pachyta  Liturata  Kby. 


Monohammm  Oregonensis  Lee. 


Chrysomela  Multipunctata  Say. 


Disonycha  Alter  nata  Illig. 


Asida  Sordida  Lee. 
Asida  Actuosa  Lee. 
Asida  Elata  Lee. 


Eleodes  Extricata  Say, 
Eleodes  Longicollis  Lee. 
Eleodes  Sulcipennis  Mann. 


Epicauta  Maura  Lee. 
Cantharis  Cyanipennis  Say. 

Pissodes  Cortatus  Mann. 


MONOHAMMUS. 

CHEYSOMELIDJS. 
CHRYSOMELA. 

DISONYCHA. 


ASIDA. 
ELEODES. 

MELOIDJB. 
EPICAUTA. 

CANTHARIS. 

CUECULIONID^B. 

PISSODES. 


SCOLYTID^B. 

DENDROCTONUS. 
Dendroctonus  Terebrans  Lee. 
With  the  collection  also  were  sent  to  me  the  following  reptiles : 

Class  BATRAOHIA. 

Order  URODELA. 
Suborder  CADUCIBBANCHIATA  Latr. 

Family  AMBLYSTOMID^E  Cope. 
Amblystoma  Mavortium  Bd. 

Four  larval  examples  are  no  doubt  of  the  above  species.     They  (the  larvae)  were 
formerly  regarded  as  a  distinct  genus  under  the  name  of  Siredon. 


APPENDIX    S  S. 

Order  OPHIDIA. 

Suborder  ASINEA  Mull. 

Family  COLUBRID.E  Cope. 


1867 


Cyclopkis  Vernalis  B.  &  G.     (Green  Snake.) 
Eutaenia  Vagram  B.  &  G.     (Garter  Snake.) 

Order  LACERTILIA  Owen. 

Suborder  PLEURODOXDTA  Cope. 

Family  IGUANIDJE  Cope. 

riirynosoma  Douglassii  Bell.     (Horned  Toad.) 

Sceloporus 1 

i 

This  example  was  too  much  discolored  and  too  immature  to  decide  with  certainty 
as  to  the  species. 


PLATE  I. 

FIGS.  1, 2.  Parnassim  (Delius)  var.  Smintheus  Dbldy.,  ab. 
FIGS.  3, 4.  Argynms  Nokomw  W.  H.  Edwards,  ab. 
FIGS.  5, 6.  Argynnis  KriemUld  Strecker. 


Jf  !(!((>      I. 


PLATE  II. 

FIG.  1.  Macroylossa  Senta  Strecker. 
FIG.  2.  Ctenucha  Sangmnaria  Strecker. 
FIG.  3.  Arctia  F-pallida  Strecker. 
FIG.  4.  Arctia  Cervinoides  Strecker. 
FIG.  5.  HeUothis  Sulmala  Strecker. 
FIG.  6.  Fidoma  Stalaclitaria  Strecker. 
FIG.  7.  Cidaria  Hastata  Linn^,  ab. 
FIG.  8.  Aplodes  Undinaria  Strecker. 
FIG.  9.  Eurymene  Excelsa  Strecker. 


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